Minerals Formation, Characteristics and Identifying Properties.
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Transcript of Minerals Formation, Characteristics and Identifying Properties.
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MineralsMineralsFormation, Characteristics and Formation, Characteristics and Identifying PropertiesIdentifying Properties
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What is a Mineral?What is a Mineral?
A Naturally occurringA Naturally occurring
InorganicInorganic
HomogenousHomogenous
CrystallineCrystalline
Single solid substanceSingle solid substance
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Why study minerals?Why study minerals?
Minerals are important in our everyday lives Minerals are important in our everyday lives ( go on a mineral scavenger hunt...)( go on a mineral scavenger hunt...)
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Asbestos Asbestos All pictures are from:All pictures are from:
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CalciteCalcitenote shape of crystalnote shape of crystal
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GarnetGarnetNY State MineralNY State Mineral
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DiamondDiamondThe hardest mineralThe hardest mineral
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What is a crystal?What is a crystal?
A solid with a regular geometric shape A solid with a regular geometric shape resulting from the internal arrangement of resulting from the internal arrangement of atoms which make it upatoms which make it up
6 basic shapes6 basic shapes
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What do all these What do all these minerals have in minerals have in common?common?
• List in your notes:List in your notes:
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Crystal Shapes: (see Crystal Shapes: (see handout)handout)
Crystal shape is due to the molecular Crystal shape is due to the molecular arrangement of atomsarrangement of atoms
Shapes include: Shapes include:
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How Do Minerals Form?How Do Minerals Form?
Cooling of magma (crystallization)Cooling of magma (crystallization)
Heat and pressure (recrystallization)Heat and pressure (recrystallization)
Evaporates or precipitates from seawaterEvaporates or precipitates from seawater
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Cooling from magmaCooling from magma
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What Determines the What Determines the Size of the Size of the Crystal/Mineral?Crystal/Mineral?
Cooling timeCooling time
coarse or large crystals coarse or large crystals have a long cooling timehave a long cooling time
fine or small crystals have a fine or small crystals have a short cooling timeshort cooling time
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Identifying Minerals:Identifying Minerals:
We use observable and testable characterics to We use observable and testable characterics to identify mineralsidentify minerals
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Easily Observable Easily Observable Characteristics:Characteristics:
ColorColor
Luster(way the Luster(way the mineral reflects mineral reflects light)light)
Crystal ShapeCrystal Shape
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Testable Characteristics:Testable Characteristics:
Hardness (Moh’s Hardness (Moh’s Scale)Scale)
Streak (color of Streak (color of mineral in powdered mineral in powdered form)form)
Acid TestAcid Test
Cleavage vs. FractureCleavage vs. Fracture
Specific Gravity Specific Gravity
FluorescenceFluorescence
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ColorColor
This is the least This is the least reliable property to reliable property to use to identify a use to identify a mineralmineral
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LusterLuster
Metallic orMetallic or
Non-metallicNon-metallic
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StreakStreak
Rub mineral along Rub mineral along porcelain streak porcelain streak plateplate
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Moh’s Scale Moh’s Scale
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Cleavage vs. FractureCleavage vs. Fracture
This is the way the This is the way the mineral breaks -if it mineral breaks -if it breaks along a breaks along a plane then it plane then it cleaves, if it cleaves, if it shatters then it shatters then it fracturesfractures
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Use these tests to help Use these tests to help you identify minerals in you identify minerals in lab...lab...
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Other mineral Other mineral properties-properties-Flourescence-Flourescence-These minerals glow under These minerals glow under special lightspecial light
Double refraction-bendsDouble refraction-bends light so words appear twice light so words appear twice (calcite)(calcite)
MagnetismMagnetismAre magneticAre magnetic
Specific gravity-Specific gravity- density density of mineral compared to of mineral compared to waterwater
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Mineral FamiliesMineral FamiliesNative Elements: consist of a single elementNative Elements: consist of a single element
Halides: consist of a metal plus a halogen Halides: consist of a metal plus a halogen (noble gas-Cl, F, Ne, He)(noble gas-Cl, F, Ne, He)
Carbonates: consist of a metal and Carbonates: consist of a metal and carbonate group (COcarbonate group (CO33))
Sulfides: consist of metal and sulfurSulfides: consist of metal and sulfur
Sulfates: consist of a metal and sulfate group Sulfates: consist of a metal and sulfate group (SO(SO44))
Oxides: consist of metal and oxygenOxides: consist of metal and oxygen
Silicates: consist of silicon and oxygen (SiOSilicates: consist of silicon and oxygen (SiO44 or SiOor SiO22))
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Other facts:Other facts:Rare minerals of great beauty and value are Rare minerals of great beauty and value are
classified as gems (ex: diamonds, rubies)classified as gems (ex: diamonds, rubies)
Minerals that have a commercial value and Minerals that have a commercial value and use and can be extracted from the earth use and can be extracted from the earth are ores. These are usually metals. (ex: are ores. These are usually metals. (ex: lead, iron)lead, iron)
We are studying minerals or mineralologyWe are studying minerals or mineralology