Minerals and Rocks - WOU Homepagebrownk/ES105/ES105.2010.0223.MinRocks.f.pdfMinerals and Rocks...
Transcript of Minerals and Rocks - WOU Homepagebrownk/ES105/ES105.2010.0223.MinRocks.f.pdfMinerals and Rocks...
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Minerals and Rocks
Chapter 20Chapter 20
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Emily and MeganEmily and Megan
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Earth System ScienceEarth System Science
• Interconnected• Rocks and mineralsRocks and minerals• Interior processes• Erosion and deposition• Water and air• Water and air
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Elements of Earth by weightElements of Earth by weight
• Made of atoms• Earth is mostlyEarth is mostly
iron, by weight
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Crust Elements, by weight
M d f• Made of atoms
• Earth is mostly iron, y ,by weight
• Surface is• Surface is mostly oxygen byoxygen, by weight
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MineralsMinerals
• Naturally occurring• Not composed of ‘organic’ moleculesNot composed of organic molecules• Crystalline solid• Specific chemical composition
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CrystalsCrystals
• Halite crystals• NaClNaCl
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CrystalsCrystals
A th t t• Amethyst quartz• Pyritey
Shape reflectsShape reflects internal arrangement ofarrangement of atoms
• Rhodochrosite• Asbestos
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Mineral ClassificationMineral Classification
• Crust is mostly oxygen and silicon
• Silicon always bonded to oxygento oxygen
• ‘SILICATES’• 92% of minerals of
crustcrust
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Silicate MineralsSilicate Minerals
Sili b d d t t l• Silica bonded to metals• Aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, , p ,
– Feldspar: Most abundant mineral– ‘felsic minerals’felsic minerals– Pale, less dense than ferromags
• Examples of felsic minerals• Examples of felsic minerals– Feldspar– Quartz– Muscovite mica
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Silicate MineralsSilicate Minerals
Sili b d d t t l• Silica bonded to metals• Iron, magnesium, g
– Ferromagnesian silicates: ‘ferromags’– Dense darkDense, dark
• Examples of ferromagsA hib l– Amphibole
– Pyroxene– Biotite mica– Olivine
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Silicate StructureSilicate Structure
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HardnessHardness
• Resistance to scratching• Compare to glass/steel penny fingernailCompare to glass/steel, penny, fingernail
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Breaking mineralsBreaking minerals
• Strength of bonds within crystalsy
• CleavageS l ith k– Some planes with weak bonding
– Break along these
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Breaking mineralsBreaking minerals
• Strength of bonds within crystalsy
• FractureN l t f– No planar arrangement of weak bonds
– Conchoidal or irregular
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Non silicatesNon-silicates
C b t• Carbonates– Calcite: CaCO3
• Oxides– Fe2O3 Fe3O4Fe2O3, Fe3O4– tin, chromium, uranium
• Sulfides• Sulfides– Zinc, lead, mercury– Pyrite: FeS2
• Native elements: Au, Cu,
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Minerals crystallizeMinerals crystallize
• From liquid (usually) or gas (occasionally)• Magma: molten rockMagma: molten rock• Watery solutions
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Crystallization of MagmaCrystallization of Magma
• Cools, atoms attracted to one another• Arrange in orderly crystalline structuresArrange in orderly crystalline structures• When very hot, low-silica forms• Cooler, greater amounts of silica in them• Composition of magma changes as• Composition of magma changes as
crystallization proceeds
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Crystallize from watery solutionsCrystallize from watery solutions
• Change solubility by changing physical or chemical conditions in magmatic water leftg– pH, other ion content
Temperature pressure– Temperature, pressure• Chemical sedimentary rock
– Carbonates: made by organisms, mostly– Increase concentration by evaporation:Increase concentration by evaporation:
evaporites
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Rock TypesRock Types
• Igneous• SedimentarySedimentary• Metamorphic
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Rock cycle diagramRock cycle diagram
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Sedimentary rocksSedimentary rocks
• Cover 2/3 of Earth’s surface• Record conditions at time of depositionRecord conditions at time of deposition• Include remains of organisms preserved
f ilas fossils
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Sedimentary rocksSedimentary rocks
Sediment is derived from weatheringCarried by fluidCarried by fluidFormed at Earth’s surfaceImportant to reconstruct much of Earth's
historysto y
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Sedimentary rocksSedimentary rocks Features of sedimentary rocksFeatures of sedimentary rocks
• Strata, or beds (most characteristic)• Bedding planes separate strata
May have important characteristics• Size, shape and distribution of grain sizes• FossilsFossils
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Sedimentary rocksSedimentary rocks
Two main types • Rocks formed by deposition of sediment—Rocks formed by deposition of sediment
ClasticR k f d b i it ti f t• Rocks formed by precipitation from water--Chemical (includes rocks formed by organisms)
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Clastic Sediment GrainsClastic Sediment Grains
• Particle loosened from pre-existing rock• Transported to place of depositionTransported to place of deposition• Shape, size, and sorting of grains can tell
b t th i t f d itiabout the environment of deposition
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LithificationLithification
Process of becoming stone• Burial and compaction• Burial and compaction• Precipitation of cement• Each reduces ‘pore space’
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CementCement
• Brought in by water• Mineral material between grainsMineral material between grains• Fills in pore spaces• Commonly calcite, silica, and sometimes
iron oxideo o de
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Bedding and bedding planesBedding and bedding planes
• http://www.birdandhike.com/Hike/General_Info/Glossary/Gloss4.htm
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Types of Clastic RocksTypes of Clastic Rocks
• Shale (most abundant)• SandstoneSandstone• Conglomerate
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FossilsFossils
• Traces or remains of prehistoric life • Are the most important inclusionsAre the most important inclusions • Help determine past environments • Used as time indicators • Used for matching rocks from different• Used for matching rocks from different
places
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Shale with plant fossilsShale with plant fossils
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ShaleShale
• Composed of very fine grained sediment• Shows obvious tendency to split alongShows obvious tendency to split along
planes (fissile)U ll• Usually gray
• Most common type of sedimentary outcropost co o type o sed e ta y outc op
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SandstoneSandstone
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SandstoneSandstone
C d f d i ti l• Composed of sand-size particles– Between 1/16 mm and 2 mm diameter– Particles may be individual mineral grains or
rock fragments– Quartz most common type of grain
• Environments includeEnvironments include•Beach, •shallow sea, •river, •sand dunes
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ConglomerateConglomerate
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ConglomerateConglomerate
• Composed of particles larger than 2 mm• Usually particles are rock fragmentsUsually particles are rock fragments
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Clastic rocksClastic rocks
• Shale is the most common one• Made from solid particlesMade from solid particles• Classified by particle size
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Chemical rocksChemical rocks Material was once in solution and
precipitates to form sediment p p• Directly precipitated as the result
of physical processes orof physical processes, or • Through life processes
(biochemical origin)
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Chemical rocksChemical rocksLimestoneLimestone
• Composed of the mineral calcite (calcium carbonate)• Much of this calcite was precipitated by organisms• Considered an ‘organic chemical sediment’ if from g
organisms• Most common type of chemical rock—Most common type of chemical rock• second most common type of sedimentary rock
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ChalkChalk
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Fossiliferous limestonelimestone
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CoquinaCoquina
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Close up of coquinaClose up of coquina
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Chemical rocksChemical rocksDirect mineral precipitation from waterDirect mineral precipitation from water
• Evaporites such as rock salt or gypsum• Microcrystalline quartz (precipitated
quartz) known as chert, flint, jasper, opal q ) , , j p , por agate
• Travertine (calcite) and sinter (silica) from• Travertine (calcite) and sinter (silica) from hotspring deposits
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TravertineTravertine
• http://njminerals.org/travertine.html
• http://www.cis.nctu.edu.tw/~whtsai/World%20Highlig~whtsai/World%20Highlights/New%20Side%20Show%20Webpages/imagepages/Turkey%202001---Travertine%20stones%20
d%20 %20i %20Pand%20water%20in%20Pamukale.html
• http://www.gonomad.com/destinations/0409/hot_springs_of_the_sierras.html
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Evaporites
• http://www.bonnevillehealeyclub.org/
• http://www.img.uni-karlsruhe.de/925.php
• http://www pitt edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Mi• http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/2SedimentaryMineralz/Gypsum.html
• http://www.paintersflat.net/saltflat.html • http://www.nv.blm.gov/Winnemucca/blackrock/BRHR_Planning.htm
• http://www.flickr.com/photos/snogun/191723596/
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Rock saltRock salt
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htt // / f / l i / t i / i di t ht l
• http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photochert.html
http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/stories/marin_sedimentary.html
ChertChert
• http://homestake.sdsmt.edu/Photos/Surface_geology_photos.htm
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Classification of sedimentary rocks
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Features of sedimentary rocksFeatures of sedimentary rocks
• Porosity• Porosity• Permeability
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Sedimentary rocksSedimentary rocks Economic importance
• CoalCoal• Petroleum and natural gas • Precipitation of iron and
aluminum a u u• Deposition of gold and tin• Sand, gravel, clay