Minerals and Rocks What is a mineral? What is a mineral? –naturally occurring, inorganic, solid...

Minerals and RocksMinerals and Rocks What is a mineral?What is a mineral?

– naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or compound naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or compound with a definite chemical composition and a regular internal with a definite chemical composition and a regular internal crystal structurecrystal structure

What is rock?What is rock?– solid, cohesive, aggregate of one or more mineralssolid, cohesive, aggregate of one or more minerals– Each rock type has a characteristic mixture of mineralsEach rock type has a characteristic mixture of minerals

What is an Ore?What is an Ore?– Rock with large concentration of a particular maineral to Rock with large concentration of a particular maineral to

make it profitablemake it profitable– High and low grade oresHigh and low grade ores

» NON- Metalic MineralNON- Metalic Mineral Sand, gravel, limestoneSand, gravel, limestone

» MetalicMetalic Aluminum, Steel, manganese, cobalt, chromium, Copper, GoldAluminum, Steel, manganese, cobalt, chromium, Copper, Gold

Types of Mining:

• Surface Mining: Scoop ore off surface or earth. • cheap. • safe for miners. • large environmental destruction.

• Underground Mining: Use of shafts to reach deeply buried ores. • expensive. • hazardous for miners. • less environmental damage.

Mining: Extract Ore from GroundMining: Extract Ore from Ground

Strip MiningStrip Mining strip-mining: scoop off rock

overburden, and then scoop off ore material.

• Economics of strip mining depend on stripping ratio

• Large land area can be involved, especially for coal and bauxite.

Results of Mining utube

Surface MiningSurface Mining open pit mining:

• circular hole in ground, with ramp circling down along sides, allows deeper ore to be reached.

Video of Pit mining for gold

Mountain Top RemovalMountain Top Removal

Removing Overburden

Gold in QuartzGold in Quartz

A large quartz boulder with a lot of visible gold. A large quartz boulder with a lot of visible gold. Usually, the gold is much finer and hard to see.Usually, the gold is much finer and hard to see.

Placer DepositionPlacer Deposition

Panning for Panning for gold in a gold in a placer placer depositdeposit

Aeolian PlacersAeolian Placers

The "diamond crawl" in a The "diamond crawl" in a deflation basin, Diamond deflation basin, Diamond Area No 1, NamibiaArea No 1, Namibia

Diamond concentrations Diamond concentrations were increased by wind were increased by wind erosionerosion

CassiteriteCassiterite tin oxide ore mineral, SnO2. It is generally tin oxide ore mineral, SnO2. It is generally

opaque but is translucent in thin crystals. Its opaque but is translucent in thin crystals. Its luster and multiple crystal faces produce a luster and multiple crystal faces produce a desirable gem. Cassiterite has been the chief desirable gem. Cassiterite has been the chief tin ore throughout ancient history and tin ore throughout ancient history and remains the most important source of tin remains the most important source of tin today today

TinSoldiers

Acid Mine DrainageAcid Mine Drainage

Non-Non-renewable renewable Mineral Mineral

Resource Resource Depletion Depletion

CurvesCurves

Source: Miller, G. Tyler, Living In The Environment. (2000) Wadsworth Publishing. New York.

Environmental Impact of Environmental Impact of MiningMining

EnergyEnergy Chapters 15 -18Chapters 15 -18

Living in the EnvironmentLiving in the Environment, 16, 16thth Edition, Miller Edition, MillerAdvanced Placement Environmental ScienceAdvanced Placement Environmental Science

La Canada High SchoolLa Canada High School

Dr. E A. Friedland andDr. E A. Friedland and

With a few links and additions by Ms. WilkinsWith a few links and additions by Ms. Wilkins

New Yorker Magazine

1. Energy Resources1. Energy Resources

2. Oil2. Oil

3. Natural Gas3. Natural Gas

4. Coal4. Coal

5. Nuclear Energy5. Nuclear Energy

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Energy SourcesEnergy Sources Modern society requires large quantities of energy that Modern society requires large quantities of energy that

are generated from the earth’s natural resources.are generated from the earth’s natural resources.

Primary Energy Resources:Primary Energy Resources: The fossil fuels(oil, gas, The fossil fuels(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy.solar energy.

Secondary Energy ResourcesSecondary Energy Resources: Those sources which : Those sources which are derived from primary resources such as electricity, are derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels.gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels.

www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

Changes in U.S. Energy Changes in U.S. Energy UseUse


Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium


E.I. = Population X Resource Used/Person

X Impact of Resource

Friedland/Relyea 2011

Today6.8B

"We are surrounded with people who think that what we have been doing for one fortieth of the [last] second can go on indefinitely. They are considered normal, but they are stark raving mad.”David Brower as quoted by John McPhee in Encounters With The Archdruid.

1740

1830

Abandoned (1910)

Post-agricultural (1930)

Diorama from Harvard Forest

Vermont & New Hampshire are 80%-90% forested today

Nonrenewable Nonrenewable EnergyEnergy

Chapters 15Chapters 15 Living in the EnvironmentLiving in the Environment, 15, 15thth Edition, Miller Edition, Miller

Advanced Placement Environmental ScienceAdvanced Placement Environmental ScienceLa Canada High SchoolLa Canada High School

Dr. EDr. E

With a few links and additions by Ms. WilkinsWith a few links and additions by Ms. Wilkins

Problems with Fossil Problems with Fossil FuelsFuels

Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resourcesFossil fuels are nonrenewable resources– At projected consumption rates, natural gas At projected consumption rates, natural gas

and petroleum will be depleted before the end and petroleum will be depleted before the end of the 21st centuryof the 21st century

Impurities in fossil fuels are a major source Impurities in fossil fuels are a major source of pollutionof pollution

Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of COof CO22, which contributes to global , which contributes to global

warmingwarmingwww.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

1. Energy Resources 1. Energy Resources

2. Oil2. Oil3. Natural Gas3. Natural Gas

4. Coal4. Coal



OilOil Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within

the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a wella well

Fossil fuel, produced by the decomposition of Fossil fuel, produced by the decomposition of deeply buried organic matter from plants & deeply buried organic matter from plants & animalsanimals

Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impuritiesimpurities

How Oil Drilling WorksHow Oil Drilling Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D. by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D.

Sources of OilSources of Oil•Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) -- 13 countries have 67% world reserves:

• Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, & Venezuela

•Other important producers: Alaska, Siberia, & Mexico.


Oil in U.S.Oil in U.S.•2.3% of world reserves

•uses nearly 30% of world reserves;

•65% for transportation;

•increasing dependence on imports. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged / prevented improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies favoring renewable resources.


• Burning any fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and thus promotes global warming.

• Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power.


OilOil Crude oil is transported to a Crude oil is transported to a

refinery where distillation produces refinery where distillation produces petrochemicalspetrochemicals– How Oil Refining WorksHow Oil Refining Works

by Craig C. by Craig C.

Freudenrich, Ph.D.Freudenrich, Ph.D.


2. Oil2. Oil

3. Natural Gas3. Natural Gas4. Coal4. Coal



Natural Gas - Fossil Natural Gas - Fossil FuelFuel

• Mixture •50–90% Methane (CH4)

•Ethane (C2H6)

•Propane (C3H8)

•Butane (C4H10)

•Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Sources of Natural Sources of Natural GasGas

•Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply.

•Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%);

•90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (~411,000 km = 255,000 miles of pipeline).


billion cubic metres

Natural GasNatural Gas Experts predict increased use of natural gas Experts predict increased use of natural gas

during this centuryduring this century

Natural GasNatural Gas When a natural gas field is tapped, propane When a natural gas field is tapped, propane

and butane are liquefied and removed as and butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

The rest of the gas (mostly methane) is The rest of the gas (mostly methane) is dried, cleaned, and pumped into pressurized dried, cleaned, and pumped into pressurized pipelines for distributionpipelines for distribution

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker shipsin refrigerated tanker ships


2. Oil2. Oil


4. Coal4. Coal5. Nuclear Energy5. Nuclear Energy


Coal: Supply and Coal: Supply and DemandDemand

Coal exists in many forms therefore a chemical Coal exists in many forms therefore a chemical formula cannot be written for it.formula cannot be written for it.

Coalification: After plants died they Coalification: After plants died they underwent chemical decay to form a product underwent chemical decay to form a product known as peatknown as peat– Over many years, thick peat layers formed. Over many years, thick peat layers formed. – Peat is converted to coal by geological events such Peat is converted to coal by geological events such

as land subsidence which subject the peat to great as land subsidence which subject the peat to great pressures and temperatures.pressures and temperatures.


garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

Ranks of CoalRanks of Coal Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality (i.e., Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality (i.e.,

low heat content per unit) with high inherent moisture low heat content per unit) with high inherent moisture and volatile matter. Energy content is lower 4000 and volatile matter. Energy content is lower 4000

BTU/lb.BTU/lb. Subbituminous: Black lignite, is dull black and Subbituminous: Black lignite, is dull black and

generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture Energy generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture Energy

content is 8,300 BTU/lb.content is 8,300 BTU/lb. Bituminous: most common coal is dense and black Bituminous: most common coal is dense and black

(often with well-defined bands of bright and dull (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). Its moisture content usually is less than 20 material). Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb.percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb.

Anthracite :A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred Anthracite :A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb.Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb.

www.uvawise.edu/philosophy/Hist%20295/ Powerpoint%5CCoal.ppt

PEATPEAT

LIGNITELIGNITE


BITUMINOUSBITUMINOUS

ANTHRACITEANTHRACITE


Main Coal DepositsMain Coal Deposits

BituminousBituminous

AnthraciteAnthracite

SubbituminousSubbituminous

LigniteLignite


Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages and Disadvantages

Pros•Most abundant fossil fuel•Major U.S. reserves•300 yrs. at current consumption rates•High net energy yield

Cons•Dirtiest fuel, highest carbon dioxide•Major environmental degradation•Major threat to health © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP


Coal Producing Electricity Producing Electricity

with Coalwith Coal Coal gasification Coal gasification Synthetic Synthetic natural gas (SNG)natural gas (SNG)

Coal liquefaction Coal liquefaction Liquid Liquid fuelsfuels

DisadvantageDisadvantage– CostlyCostly– High environmental impactHigh environmental impact

Deep MiningDeep Mining

Sulfur in CoalSulfur in Coal When coal is burned, sulfur is released When coal is burned, sulfur is released

primarily as sulfur dioxide (SOprimarily as sulfur dioxide (SO22 - serious - serious

pollutant)pollutant)

– Coal Cleaning - Methods of removing sulfur Coal Cleaning - Methods of removing sulfur from coal include cleaning, solvent refining, from coal include cleaning, solvent refining, gasification, and liquefaction Scrubbers are used gasification, and liquefaction Scrubbers are used to trap SOto trap SO22 when coal is burned when coal is burned

– Two chief forms of sulfur is inorganic (FeSTwo chief forms of sulfur is inorganic (FeS22 or or

CaSOCaSO44) and organic (Sulfur bound to Carbon)) and organic (Sulfur bound to Carbon)www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt

Acid Mine Acid Mine DrainageDrainage

The impact of The impact of mine drainage mine drainage on a lake after on a lake after

receiving receiving effluent from effluent from

an abandoned an abandoned tailings tailings

impoundment impoundment for over 50 for over 50

yearsyears

Relatively fresh tailings in an Relatively fresh tailings in an impoundment. impoundment.

The same tailings impoundment The same tailings impoundment after 7 years of sulfide after 7 years of sulfide

oxidation. The white spots in oxidation. The white spots in Figures A and B are gulls. Figures A and B are gulls.

http://www.earth.uwaterloo.ca/services/whaton/s06_amd.html

Mine Mine effluent effluent

discharging discharging from the from the

bottom of a bottom of a waste rock waste rock

pilepile

Shoreline Shoreline of a pond of a pond receiving receiving

AMD AMD showing showing massive massive

accumulatiaccumulation of iron on of iron

hydroxides hydroxides on the on the pond pond

bottom bottom

Groundwater flow Groundwater flow through a tailings through a tailings impoundment and impoundment and

discharging into lakes or discharging into lakes or streams. streams.

Environmental Impact of Environmental Impact of MiningMining


2. Oil2. Oil


4. Coal4. Coal



Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy In a conventional nuclear In a conventional nuclear

power plantpower plant– a controlled nuclear fission a controlled nuclear fission

chain reaction chain reaction – heats waterheats water– produce high-pressure steam produce high-pressure steam – that turns turbines that turns turbines – generates electricity. generates electricity.

Nuclear EnergyNuclear EnergyControlled Fission Chain Reaction

neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as of Uranium or Plutonium

release energy (heat)



UtubeVideo

• Radioactive decay continues until the the original isotope is changed into a stable isotope that is not radioactive

• Radioactivity: Nuclear changes in which unstable (radioactive) isotopes emit particles & energy

RadioactivityRadioactivity


• Types• Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons,

and therefore are positively charged• Beta particles are negatively charged (electrons)• Gamma rays have no mass or charge, but are a form

of electromagnetic radiation (similar to X-rays)

• Sources of natural radiation• Soil• Rocks• Air• Water• Cosmic rays

RadioactivityRadioactivity


The time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation to form a different isotope

Half-time emitted Uranium 235 710 million yrs alpha, gammaPlutonium 239 24.000 yrs alpha, gamma

During operation, nuclear power plants produce radioactive wastes, including some that remain dangerous for tens of thousands of years

Half-LifeHalf-Life


Diagram of Radioactive Diagram of Radioactive DecayDecay

cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

• Genetic damages: from mutations that alter genes

• Genetic defects can become apparent in the next generation

• Somatic damages: to tissue, such as burns, miscarriages & cancers

Effects of RadiationEffects of Radiation


www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/ EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

1. Low-level radiation (Gives of low amount of radiation)• Sources: nuclear power plants, hospitals &

universities• 1940 – 1970 most was dumped into the ocean• Today deposit into landfills

2. High-level radiation (Gives of large amount of radiation)• Fuel rods from nuclear power plants• Half-time of Plutonium 239 is 24000 years• No agreement about a safe method of storage

Radioactive WasteRadioactive Waste


Radioactive WasteRadioactive Waste1. Bury it deep underground.

• Problems: i.e. earthquake, groundwater…2. Shoot it into space or into the sun.

• Problems: costs, accident would affect large area.3. Bury it under the Antarctic ice sheet.

• Problems: long-term stability of ice is not known, global warming

4. Most likely plan for the US• Bury it into Yucca Mountain in desert of Nevada • Cost of over $ 50 billion• 160 miles from Las Vegas• Transportation across the country via train & truck


Yucca Yucca MountainMountain


Reprocess Nuclear FuelReprocess Nuclear Fuel During the operation of a nuclear During the operation of a nuclear

reactor the uranium runs outreactor the uranium runs out Accumulating fission products Accumulating fission products

hinder the proper function of a hinder the proper function of a nuclear reactornuclear reactor

Fuel needs to be (partly) renewed Fuel needs to be (partly) renewed every yearevery year


Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy Concerns about the safety, Concerns about the safety,

cost, and liability have cost, and liability have slowed the growth of the slowed the growth of the nuclear power industrynuclear power industry

Accidents at Chernobyl and Accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island showed Three Mile Island showed that a partial or complete that a partial or complete meltdown is possiblemeltdown is possible

Nuclear Power Plants in Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.U.S.

cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

Three Mile IslandThree Mile Island•March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA lost coolant water because of mechanical and human errors and suffered a partial meltdown

•50,000 people evacuated & another 50,000 fled area

•Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released

•Partial cleanup & damages cost $1.2 billion

•Released radiation increased cancer rates.


ChernobylChernobyl• April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) flung radioactive debris into atmosphere

• Health ministry reported 3,576 deaths

• Green Peace estimates32,000 deaths;

• About 400,000 people were forced to leave their homes

• ~160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated

• > Half million people exposed to dangerous levels of radioactivity

• Cost of incident > $358 billionwww.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Use of Nuclear Use of Nuclear EnergyEnergy• U.S. phasing out

• Some countries (France, Japan) investing increasingly

• U.S. currently ~7% of energy nuclear• No new U.S. power plants ordered since 1978• 40% of 105 commercial nuclear power expected

to be retired by 2015 and all by 2030• North Korea is getting new plants from the US• France 78% energy nuclear


End HereEnd Here You must go to hippocampus.orgYou must go to hippocampus.org

Minerals and Rocks What is a mineral? What is a mineral? –naturally occurring, inorganic, solid...

Documents

Transcript of Minerals and Rocks What is a mineral? What is a mineral? –naturally occurring, inorganic, solid...