Minerals
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Transcript of Minerals
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MineralsPrepared by;
Dion B. Orquia
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Mineralogy (mineral = mineral, ology = the study of)- the study of minerals
Minerals can form from volcanic gases, sediment formation, oxidation, crystallization from magma, or deposition from a saline fluid.• The first minerals mined were flint and chert, which people fashioned
into weapons and cutting tools.
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• As early as 3700 B.C, Egyptians began mining gold, silver and copper
• By 2200 B.C., humans discovered how to combine copper with tin to make bronze,
a tough, hard alloy
• The Bronze Age began its decline when the ability to extract iron from minerals
such as hematite was discovered
• By about 800 B.C., iron working technology had advanced to the point that
weapons and many everyday objects were made of iron rather than copper,
bronze, or wood.
• During the Middle Ages, mining of a variety of minerals was common throughout
Europe, and the impetus for the formal study of minerals was in place.
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• Geologists define mineral as any naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline structure and a well-defined chemical composition.
Characteristics of Minerals1. Naturally occurring2. Solid3. Orderly crystalline structure4. Well-defined chemical composition5. Generally inorganic
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Orderly Crystalline Structure
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Properties of MineralsPrimary physical properties – commonly used to identify hand samples
1. Luster 6. Hardness2. Color 7. Cleavage3. Streak 8. Fracture4. Crystal Shape (Habit) 9. Density or Specific Gravity5. Tenacity
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Streak – color of powdered mineral
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Crystal Shape (Habit) – characteristic shape of crystal
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Tenacity – describes mineral’s toughness
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Secondary (or special) properties – exhibited by a limited number of minerals
• Taste – ex. Halite, ordinary salt• Feels – ex. Talc and Graphite, both have distinctive feels: Talc feels soapy &
Graphite feels greasy• Smell – Ex. Streak of sulfur-bearing minerals smell like rotten egg.• Magnetism – ex. Magnetite, have high iron content and can be picked up with a
magnet• Double Refraction – some minerals exhibit special optical properties, Ex.
Transparent piece of Calcite is placed over printed material, the letters appear twice.• Chemical Reaction to Hydrochloric Acid – One very simple chemical test
involves placing a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid from a dropper bottle onto a freshly broken mineral surface. Certain minerals, called carbonates, will effervesce (fizz) as carbon dioxide gas is released. This test is especially useful in identifying the common carbonate mineral Calcite.
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Mineral Groups
• Silicate Minerals – most abundant type of mineral, containing oxygen and silicon atoms
- have the same fundamental building block, the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron (tetra = four, hedra = a base), this structure consists of four oxygen atoms surrounding a much smaller silicon atom.
Nonsilicate Minerals – minerals that do not contain compounds of silicon and oxygen- Carbonates, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, native elements, halides
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Rock cycle