Mineral Identification
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Transcript of Mineral Identification
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Objective
3 Define chemical and physical properties of minerals to include luster, hardness, cleavage, fracture, streak, color, specific gravity, and special traits.
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Enduring Understanding
• Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
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Mineral Identification
• With more than 3,000 minerals in Earth’s crust how does one go about identifying an unknown mineral?
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Mineral Identification
• Geologists rely on several simple tests that are based on a mineral’s physical and chemical properties. It is usually best to use a combination of tests rather than just one to identify minerals
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Mineral Properties
• Color is one of the most noticeable but least reliable characteristics
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Mineral Properties
• Sometimes caused by the presence of trace elements or compounds
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Mineral Properties
• Streak is the color of the mineral when it is broken up into a powder and is a much more reliable identification method because it rarely changes
Both of these samples are hematite; both have a reddish-brown streak
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Mineral Properties
• Streak is easily determined by rubbing the mineral across an unglazed porcelain plate
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Mineral Properties
• Streak is used to distinguish pyrite from gold
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Mineral Properties
• Streak is used to distinguish pyrite from gold
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Mineral Properties
• Luster is the way a mineral reflects light from its surface and is caused by differences in mineral chemical compositions
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Mineral Properties
• Either metallic or nonmetallic (dull, pearly, waxy, silky)
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Mineral Properties
• Texture describes how a mineral feels to the touch– Rough, smooth, ragged, greasy, soapy, glassy
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Mineral Properties
• Hardness is a measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched and is determined by the arrangement of it’s atoms.
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Mineral Properties
• The Mohs hardness scale is used to compare a sample to the hardness of ten known minerals
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Mineral Properties
• Cleavage determines whether a mineral will split easily and evenly along one or more flat planes
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Mineral Properties
• Mica has perfect cleavage in one direction
• Halite has cubic cleavage (3 planes)
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Mineral Properties
• Fracture means the mineral is tightly bonded and breaks with rough or jagged edges– Quartz has fracture
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Mineral Properties
• Specific Gravity compares the weight of the mineral to an equal volume of water at 4 degrees C
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Mineral Properties
• Special Properties such as light reflection and reactions to acids are also useful tools
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Mineral Properties
• Calcite fizzles when in contact with HCl
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Mineral Properties
• Calcite also can cause double images
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Mineral Properties
• Magnetite will attract iron
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Mineral Properties
• Sulfur produces a rotten egg odor
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MINERALS GENERAL NOTES
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Minerals
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•Minerals have four characteristics
4
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Naturally occurring—formed by processes on or inside Earth with no input from humans
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Living
Inorganic—not made by life processes
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Element or compound with a definite chemical composition
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Orderly arrangement of atoms; all minerals are crystalline solids
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Crystal—solid with atoms arranged in orderly, repeating patterns
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Some crystals form from magma, hot melted rock below the Earth’s surface.
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When magma cools slowly, crystals are large.
When magma cools quickly, crystals are small.
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Crystals can form from solutions as water evaporates or if too much of a substance is dissolved in water.
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• Mineral groups are defined by their composition.• Silicates contain silicon, oxygen, and one
or more other elements; they include most common rock-forming minerals.• Silicon and oxygen are the two most
abundant elements in Earth’s crust; they form the building blocks of many minerals.
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DISCUSSION QUESTION:• What processes can cause crystals to form?
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DISCUSSION QUESTION:• What processes can cause crystals to form? Crystals form from cooling magma, from
evaporating solutions, and from solutions in which too much of a substance is dissolved.
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Mineral Identification
• Color and appearance are not enough to distinguish most minerals.
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• Hardness is a measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched; the Moh’s scale compares mineral hardness.
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1. Talc - easily scratched by the fingernail 2. Gypsum - just scratched by the fingernail 3. Calcite - scratches and is scratched by a copper coin 4. Fluorite - not scratched by a copper coin and does not
scratch glass 5. Apatite - just scratches glass and is easily scratched by a
knife 6. Orthoclase - easily scratches glass and is just scratched by a
file 7. Quartz - (amethyst, citrine, tiger's-eye, aventurine) not
scratched by a file 8. Topaz - scratched only by corundum and diamond 9. Corundum - (sapphires and rubies) scratched only by a
diamond 10.Diamond - scratched only by another diamond
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• The way a mineral reflects light is its luster.• Luster can be metallic or nonmetallic
• Nonmetallic lusters include dull, pearly, silky, and glassy.
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Specific gravity is the relationship between a mineral’s density to the density of water. If the specific gravity is larger than one it will sink in water, if it is smaller than one it will float in water.
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Streak is the color of a mineral in powdered form, but the streak test is useful only for minerals softer than the streak plate.
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The way a mineral breaks can be a distinguishing characteristic.
Minerals with cleavage break along smooth, flat surfaces.
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Minerals with fracture break with uneven, rough, or jagged surfaces.
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Some minerals have unique properties that involve light or magnetism.
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DISCUSSION QUESTION:• What are five properties that could be
examined to identify a mineral?
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DISCUSSION QUESTION:• What are five properties that could be
examined to identify a mineral? hardness, luster, specific gravity, streak,
cleavage, and fracture
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Gems—rare and beautiful minerals that are highly prized
The Cullinan diamond and the Hope diamond are famous historical gems.
Gems have industrial applications in abrasives, lasers, and electronics.
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Minerals can contain other useful elements.
An ore is a mineral or rock containing a substance that can be mined at a profit.
Elements must be refined, or purified, from ores.
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• Some elements dissolve in fluids, travel through weaknesses in rocks, and in those weaknesses form mineral deposits called vein mineral deposits.
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Titanium is a useful element derived from the minerals ilmenite and rutile.
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Mica is an example of a mineral with the characteristic of cleavage, because it can be separated into sheets.
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Graphite is one of the softest minerals and is used in pencils.
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Sulfur is a bright yellow mineral with the distinctive odor of spoiled eggs.
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Calcite is a hard carbonate mineral
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Feldspar is the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust
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Hematite is an iron based mineral, colored black, silver-gray, reddish brown, or red.
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Halite – the mineral sodium chloride also known as table salt