Mineral Exploration Tel: (07) 3316 2531 Fax: (07)3295 9570 .
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Transcript of Mineral Exploration Tel: (07) 3316 2531 Fax: (07)3295 9570 .
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Mineral Exploration
Tel: (07) 3316 2531 Fax: (07)3295 9570www.oresomeresources.com
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Demand for minerals (especially from the developing world)
Demand for products made from minerals.
Why explore for minerals?
Predicted demand for copper world wideSource: Courtesy of Queensland Government Dept Mines and Energy
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Satellite photographs
(remote sensing)Remote Sensing is the science and art of acquiring information without coming
into physical contact with the objects. In remote sensing, information transfer is accomplished by use of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). EMR is considered to span the spectrum of wavelengths from 10 mm to cosmic rays up to 1010 mm.
Energy Interactions, Spectral Reflectance and Colour Readability in Satellite ImageryAll matter is composed of atoms and molecules with particular compositions. Therefore, matter will emit or absorb electro-magnetic radiation on a particular wavelength with respect to the inner state. All matter reflects, absorbs, penetrates and emits Electro-magnetic radiation in a unique way. Electro-magnetic radiation through the atmosphere to and from matters on the earth’s surface are reflected.
Therefore, each mineral is highlighted on the satellite imagery at a particular wavelength (colour)
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Difficult to find
Deeper locations
Grades of ore are lower
The search begins
Satellite Image
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Size and quality of the deposit
Geographical location
Depth at which it is found
Environmental impact
Marketability
Is it worth mining?
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Satellite Imagery
Magnetometers
Aerial Exploration
Source: Queensland Resources Council
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Magnetic Surveys
The orientation and strength of the earth’s magnetic field has been measured and studied in detail at many locations.
A magnetic high is where the measured field strength is higher than the value predicted by the global model, and a magnetic low is where the measured field strength is lower than the value predicted by the global model.
In most cases these rock masses contain the mineral magnetite. Rocks which contain lots of magnetite include gabbro, diorite, basalt and other “mafic” igneous rocks. These rocks will show up as a strong magnetic high on a map of the total field strength.
Felsic igneous rocks, like granite or rhyolite, and most sedimentary rocks are notably non-magnetic except in rare cases. These rocks may show up as distinct magnetic lows.
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Measure the earth's magnetic and gravitational and electrical properties
Aerial Geophysical Surveys
Image courtesy of Queensland Government Dept Mines and Energy
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Measure:• the earth’s magnetic conditions• resistance to the electric current • local gravitational effects
Geophysicists
Image courtesy of Queensland Government Dept Mines and Energy
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Indicates a viable spot
Maybe worth mining
Can lead to aerial surveys
Applies computer manipulation to maps to secure more information
An anomaly
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Land based exploration
Source: Queensland Resources Council
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Analyse the mineral content of soil, water, vegetation
Provide indications on what lies beneath the surface.
Geochemists
Image courtesy of Queensland Government Dept Mines and Energy
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Surface Drilling
Source: Queensland Resources Council
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Surface and Ground Water
Ground water collected from wells, springs, and drill holes may provide clues to the presence of covered deposits. This water moves very slowly through the overburden until it discharges at the surface as a spring or seeps into a body of water.
Subsurface flow rates vary from almost zero to over 100 feet per year. The slower rates cause water to have a longer contact time with the subsurface gravels, rocks, and, if present, ore deposits, permitting minute amounts of metals to be leached from the rocks.
Detecting gold in a ground-water
dispersion pattern requires an
extremely sensitive analytical
technique which measures gold in
water at the one-part-per-trillion (ppt)
determination level.
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• Collate and analyse information from maps, geophysical aerial surveys, satellite images and previous surveys
• Use information from the geological survey sections of state government mines departments, Geoscience Australia
Geologists
Source: Queensland Resources Council
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Economic Assessment
Exploratory Shaft
Ore Analysis
Further studies
Image courtesy of CSIRO
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Commercial Viability
Environmental Affects
Community support
The final decision!
Distribution of metal deposits in QueenslandImage courtesy of Queensland Government Dept Mines and Energy