Minamata disease.docx

8/10/2019 Minamata disease.docx

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Minamata disease(Japanese:Hepburn:Minamata-by?),

sometimes referred to as Chisso-Minamata disease ( Chisso-

Minamata-by?), is aneurologicalsyndrome caused by severemercury

poisoning.Symptoms includeataxia,numbnessin the hands and feet,

generalmuscle weakness,narrowing of thefield of vision,and damage

tohearing andspeech.In extreme cases,insanity,paralysis,coma,anddeathfollow

within weeks of the onset of symptoms. Acongenitalform of the disease

can also affectfoetusesin the womb.

Minamata disease was first discovered inMinamatacity inKumamoto

prefecture,Japan,in 1956. It was caused by the release

ofmethylmercuryin the industrialwastewaterfrom theChisso

Corporation's chemical factory, which continued from 1932 to 1968. This

highlytoxicchemicalbioaccumulatedin shellfish and fish inMinamata

Bay and theShiranui Sea,which, when eaten by the local populace,

resulted in mercury poisoning. While cat, dog, pig, and human deaths

continued for 36 years, the government and company did little to prevent

the pollution. The animal effects were severe enough in cats that they came

to be called dancing cat fever.

[1]

As of March 2001, 2,265 victims had been officially recognised as having

Minamata disease (1,784 of whom had died)

[2]

and over 10,000 had received

financial compensation from Chisso.

[3]

By 2004, Chisso Corporation had

paid $86 million in compensation, and in the same year was ordered to

clean up its contamination.

[4]

On March 29, 2010, a settlement was reached
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to compensate as-yet uncert i f ied vict ims.

Organic farmers are different from conventional farmers because they choose not to use

anychemicals on their farm. This means that they never spray their fields with pesticidesor

spread any kind of chemical fertilizers. This also means that they never give their animals any

non-organic feed or give their animals any drug past a certain age. For a farmer to be able to

sell his product as certified organic in Ohio, the soil must have been chemical-free for at least

four years. However, it varies from state to state. While in California your soil only has to be

chemical-free for one year in some states it may have to be chemical-free for ten! Each

organic farmer has his own reasons for choosing to farm organic. Some farmers do it becausethey feel that it is cheaper to farm organic. They don't have to pay for the chemicals, they get

higher prices for their products and they can use acrop rotation to produce the same kind of

crop yields. Other farmers do it because they feel that they are producing a healthier product.

Most farmers choose to farm organic for a combination of those reasons and others.
http://www2.kenyon.edu/projects/farmschool/nature/chem.htmhttp://www2.kenyon.edu/projects/farmschool/nature/soy.htmhttp://www2.kenyon.edu/projects/farmschool/nature/soy.htmhttp://www2.kenyon.edu/projects/farmschool/nature/chem.htm


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Electronic waste describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. The used

electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling or disposal

are also considered as e-waste. Informal processing of electronic waste in

developing countries may cause serious health and pollution problems, as thesecountries are not used to recycle e waste due to its growing income.

All electronic scrap components, such asCRTs,may contain contaminants such

aslead,cadmium,beryllium,orbrominated flame retardants.Even in developed

countriesrecycling and disposal of e-waste may involve significant risk to

workers and communities and great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure

in recycling operations and leaking of materials such as heavy metals

fromlandfillsandincinerator ashes. Scrap industry and U.S.EPA officials agree

that materials should be managed with caution[1]

The term - nation bui lding - is usually used to refer to a constructive process of

engaging al l citi zens in buil ding social cohesion, economic prosperity and poli tical

stabil ity in an inclusive and democratic way. I t is important to note that the pri celess

resource of any countr y is its human resource. There is no other r esource that matches

the human being, because mankind is the foundation or the corner stone of any

development and civi li zation. Out of the human intellect a nation is bui lt . Thi s can beconfi rmed by the fact that many countr ies are able to attain steady growth and

development wi th l imited natural r esources through the in tel li gence of their people and

the labour force. Young people are a crucial segment of a nation s development. Their

contri bution therefore is highly needed. Young people are social actors of change and

as the saying goes " youth are not onl y the leaders of tomorrow, but also the partners of

today.
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As scholars have stated, " time is not evaluated by what has been harvested, but what

has been planted" . The government and society at large have equal responsibi l i ty to

provide the youth wi th suitable grounds and thereby bringing about a matured and

responsible population for the coming generation to lead a better l if e. As such the

establishment of the a Department of State for Youth , the development of acomprehensive National Youth Pol icy, the establishment of National Youth Service

Scheme,

Meanwhi le, it is good to have these structur es in place but i f the youths do not make

the best use of them no benefi cial resul t wi ll be reali zed. As young people we must be

ready and wil li ng to take advantage of any opportuni ty that comes our way. It s

important to note that we can t al l work in of f ices, therefore some of us would have to

train our selves to be welders, plumbers, electr icians, carpenters, craf tsmen, farmers

and so on. I t s wise to note that tr aveling to Europe does not serve as a solu tion for

youths as others might take it for granted. Much more by i ll egal means, which has

made this country, lost a lot of able-bodied men over the past few years.As the rain

season is fast approaching, the youth should embrace and adhere to the call made by

the Gambian leader for youths to go back to the land as agri cul tur e is the backbone of

the countr y s economy. I t is interesting to know that the issue of migration, both with in

and outside the country, has also had a negative impact on the country s agricultur al

productivity.

Srinivasa Ramanujan)) (22 December 1887 26 April 1920) was an Indian mathematician

andautodidactwho, with almost no formal training inpure mathematics,made extraordinary

contributions tomathematical analysis,number theory,infinite series,andcontinued fractions.

Ramanujan initially developed his own mathematical research in isolation, which was quickly

recognized by Indian mathematicians. When his skills became apparent to the wider

mathematical community, centered in Europe at the time, he began a famous partnership withthe English mathematicianG. H. Hardy.He rediscovered previously known theorems in addition

to producing new work. Ramanujan was said to be a natural genius, in the same league as

mathematicians such asEulerandGauss.[1]
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During his short life, Ramanujan independently compiled nearly 3900 results

(mostlyidentitiesandequations).[2]Nearly all his claims have now been proven correct, although

a small number of these results were actually false and some were already known.[3]He stated

results that were both original and highly unconventional, such as theRamanujan primeandtheRamanujan theta function,and these have inspired a vast amount of further

research.[4]The Ramanujan Journal, an international publication, was launched to publish work in

all areas of mathematics influenced by his work.[5]
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