MILITARY MILITARY LEADERSHIP AND LEADERSHIP AND

COMMANDCOMMAND

MILITARY LEADERSHIP MILITARY LEADERSHIP

- is the art of influencing and - is the art of influencing and directing men to an assigned goal in directing men to an assigned goal in such way as to obtain their such way as to obtain their obedience, confidence, respect and obedience, confidence, respect and loyal cooperation in order to loyal cooperation in order to accomplish the mission. accomplish the mission.

LEADERSHIP LEADERSHIP

- is the art of inducing others to - is the art of inducing others to cooperate towards achieving a cooperate towards achieving a common goal. common goal.

LEADER LEADER

- a person who influences and directs - a person who influences and directs others. others.

COMMANDER COMMANDER

- the person formally designated to - the person formally designated to direct the activities of a unit of any direct the activities of a unit of any size. size.

COMMANDCOMMAND

- is the authority of an individual to - is the authority of an individual to impose his will lawfully upon impose his will lawfully upon subordinates by virtue of his rank subordinates by virtue of his rank and assignment. and assignment.

COMMAND CARRIES WITH IT COMMAND CARRIES WITH IT RESPONSIBILITY RESPONSIBILITY

- this means that the leader is held - this means that the leader is held answerable for all activities under his answerable for all activities under his command. command.

- since the success depends on the - since the success depends on the right actions of a leader in the right actions of a leader in the execution of missions assigned to him execution of missions assigned to him and his unit, it is therefore said that and his unit, it is therefore said that leadership is the proper exercise of leadership is the proper exercise of command. command.

RESPONSIBILITY RESPONSIBILITY

- refers to the obligation to perform - refers to the obligation to perform duties and functions and to bear the duties and functions and to bear the consequences of activities under consequences of activities under one’s command. one’s command.

BASIC BASIC ELEMENTS OF ELEMENTS OF LEADERSHIPLEADERSHIP

INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE

- a leader must have the ability to - a leader must have the ability to understand and deal with problems understand and deal with problems in a given situation. In the military, in a given situation. In the military, the troop leader has to make correct the troop leader has to make correct and decisive actions because of the and decisive actions because of the sensitive nature of the organization. sensitive nature of the organization.

CHARACTER CHARACTER

- to be a leader, a person must be of - to be a leader, a person must be of good moral character. This indicated good moral character. This indicated by her/his own honesty, courage, by her/his own honesty, courage, good manners, industry, bravery, good manners, industry, bravery, hard work and self-control. hard work and self-control.

ALERTNESS ALERTNESS

- this prerequisite refers to the - this prerequisite refers to the physical and mental watchfulness and physical and mental watchfulness and promptness in countering threats and promptness in countering threats and dangers and in coping with dangers and in coping with emergencies. emergencies. MENTAL ALERTNESS means MENTAL ALERTNESS means watchfulness, vigilance and being watchfulness, vigilance and being observant of the things around observant of the things around her/him. PHYSICAL ALERTNESS refers her/him. PHYSICAL ALERTNESS refers to bodily movements which should be to bodily movements which should be fast, nimble and agile with stealth. fast, nimble and agile with stealth.

SPECTRUM OF LEADERSHIP SPECTRUM OF LEADERSHIP

A number of people often stated that A number of people often stated that “Leaders are not made, they are “Leaders are not made, they are born”. Leaders are born with things born”. Leaders are born with things developed and recognized. developed and recognized.

THE “INHERENT” LEADER THE “INHERENT” LEADER

The inherent leader is born with The inherent leader is born with definite traits and attributes of definite traits and attributes of leadership. Such people are leadership. Such people are “spotted” or “marked” at an early “spotted” or “marked” at an early age. age.

THE “ACCLAIMED” OR THE “ACCLAIMED” OR “NOMINATED” LEADER “NOMINATED” LEADER

This type of leader rises to the This type of leader rises to the occasion, crises or emergency that occasion, crises or emergency that requires the action of a leader. At requires the action of a leader. At times, though he may not make any times, though he may not make any effort to display leadership, his effort to display leadership, his companions acclaim him to be the companions acclaim him to be the leader. It is very often that he is leader. It is very often that he is recognized by his group. recognized by his group.

THE LEADER BY AUTHORITY THE LEADER BY AUTHORITY

This is the designated leader, in that This is the designated leader, in that he gets his mandate from a higher he gets his mandate from a higher authority and not necessarily from authority and not necessarily from his peers. his peers.

2 TYPES OF A LEADER 2 TYPES OF A LEADER

AUTHORITARIAN AUTHORITARIAN

- Leads by his rank - Leads by his rank and position. It is and position. It is recognized recognized normally by the normally by the dogmatic use of dogmatic use of authority or power. authority or power.

PERSUASIVE PERSUASIVE

- Leads by consulting - Leads by consulting his men and his men and setting the setting the example. example.

LEADERSHIP TRAITS LEADERSHIP TRAITS

These are human characteristics which These are human characteristics which enable an individual to lead men and enable an individual to lead men and these are personal qualities that are of these are personal qualities that are of great value to the commander in great value to the commander in gaining the willing obedience, gaining the willing obedience, confidence, respect and loyal confidence, respect and loyal cooperation of his men. These can be cooperation of his men. These can be developed by self-analysis and developed by self-analysis and practice. practice.

BEARING – the act of creating a BEARING – the act of creating a favorable impression in carriage, favorable impression in carriage, physical appearance, dress and physical appearance, dress and personal conduct at all times. personal conduct at all times.

COURAGE – the mental quality to act COURAGE – the mental quality to act calmly in times of danger and calmly in times of danger and hardship. hardship.

DECISIVENESS – the ability to make DECISIVENESS – the ability to make decisions promptly and express them decisions promptly and express them ion clear and forceful manner. ion clear and forceful manner.

DEPENDABILITY – the ability to make DEPENDABILITY – the ability to make decisions promptly and express them decisions promptly and express them in clear and forceful manner. in clear and forceful manner.

ENDURANCE – the physical and mental ENDURANCE – the physical and mental stamina measured by the ability to stamina measured by the ability to withstand pain, fatigue, stress and withstand pain, fatigue, stress and hardship. hardship.

ENTHUSIASM – the display of sincere ENTHUSIASM – the display of sincere interest and zeal in the performance of interest and zeal in the performance of duties. duties.

FORCE – the ability to compel obedience FORCE – the ability to compel obedience to her/his subordinates. to her/his subordinates.

HUMILITY – the state of being reasonably HUMILITY – the state of being reasonably proud but not arrogant and boastful. proud but not arrogant and boastful.

HUMOR – the ability to appreciate and HUMOR – the ability to appreciate and narrate amusing situations with bearing. narrate amusing situations with bearing.

INITIATIVE – the ability to start or INITIATIVE – the ability to start or originate an idea or work even when originate an idea or work even when others are absent. others are absent.

INTEGRITY – is the good moral INTEGRITY – is the good moral character of a leader that must be character of a leader that must be unquestioned. unquestioned.

JUDGEMENT – the ability to make quick JUDGEMENT – the ability to make quick and wise decisions on valid facts. and wise decisions on valid facts.

JUSTICE – impartiality in dealing with JUSTICE – impartiality in dealing with others in giving credits when due and others in giving credits when due and punishment when so demands. punishment when so demands.

KNOWLEDGE – understanding of the KNOWLEDGE – understanding of the characteristics of men. characteristics of men.

LOYALTY – the quality of sincerity LOYALTY – the quality of sincerity and faithfulness to superiors, and faithfulness to superiors, subordinates, your unit and country. subordinates, your unit and country.

SYMPATHY – the mutual feeling for SYMPATHY – the mutual feeling for others. The capacity of sharing the others. The capacity of sharing the feelings of those with whom one is feelings of those with whom one is associated. associated.

TACT – the ability to deal with TACT – the ability to deal with situations without hurting the situations without hurting the feelings of others. feelings of others.

UNSELFISHNESS – the avoidance of UNSELFISHNESS – the avoidance of personal consideration that gives personal consideration that gives disadvantage to others. disadvantage to others.

LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES

These are the fundamental These are the fundamental guidelines for the selection of guidelines for the selection of appropriate actions and orders in the appropriate actions and orders in the proper exercise of command. These proper exercise of command. These are the rules, characteristics, traits are the rules, characteristics, traits policies and techniques of leading policies and techniques of leading men in order to control and guide the men in order to control and guide the actions of his followers. actions of his followers.

KNOW YOUR JOB. KNOW YOUR JOB. KNOW YOUR MEN AND LOOK OUT KNOW YOUR MEN AND LOOK OUT

FOR THEIR WELFARE. FOR THEIR WELFARE. KNOW YOURSELF AND SEEK SELF KNOW YOURSELF AND SEEK SELF

IMPROVEMENT. IMPROVEMENT. BE SURE THAT ORDERS ARE BE SURE THAT ORDERS ARE

UNDERSTOOD, SUPERVISED AND UNDERSTOOD, SUPERVISED AND ACCOMPLISHED. ACCOMPLISHED.

KEEP YOUR MEN INFORMED. KEEP YOUR MEN INFORMED. SET AN EXAMPLE. SET AN EXAMPLE. TRAIN YOUR MEN TO WORK AS A TRAIN YOUR MEN TO WORK AS A

TEAM. TEAM.

SEEK RESPONSIBILITY AND DEVELOP SEEK RESPONSIBILITY AND DEVELOP A SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY AMONG A SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY AMONG SUBORDINATES. SUBORDINATES.

MAKE SOUND AND TIMELY MAKE SOUND AND TIMELY DECISIONS. DECISIONS.

EMPLOY YOUR COMMAND IN EMPLOY YOUR COMMAND IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS ACCORDANCE WITH ITS CAPABILITIES. CAPABILITIES.

TAKE RESPONSIBILITIES FOR YOUR TAKE RESPONSIBILITIES FOR YOUR ACTIONS. ACTIONS.

LEADERSHIP TECHNIQUES LEADERSHIP TECHNIQUES

These are actions taken by a leader These are actions taken by a leader to meet leadership problems, using to meet leadership problems, using leadership principles as a guide in leadership principles as a guide in selecting the techniques to be used. selecting the techniques to be used. This can be improved by observation This can be improved by observation and experience. and experience.

EFFECTIVE UNIT EFFECTIVE UNIT

One which accomplishes with the One which accomplishes with the minimum expenditure of means and minimum expenditure of means and time, any mission assigned or time, any mission assigned or implied, for which it has been implied, for which it has been organized, equipped and trained. organized, equipped and trained.

LEADERSHIP ACTIONS AND LEADERSHIP ACTIONS AND ORDERS ORDERS

Anything a leader does or says to Anything a leader does or says to enable him to influence and direct enable him to influence and direct his command. his command.

FEAR FEAR

It is a natural human emotion during It is a natural human emotion during unusual circumstances especially in unusual circumstances especially in tome of danger. Fear is the enemy of tome of danger. Fear is the enemy of a disciplined unit. a disciplined unit.

ROLES OF A LEADER ROLES OF A LEADER

With the absolute responsibility of a With the absolute responsibility of a leader for all things in his command, leader for all things in his command, he is faced with problems which he is faced with problems which require him to act in different require him to act in different capacities, from being a member of capacities, from being a member of his unit to being the leader of his his unit to being the leader of his subordinates. subordinates.

AS A MODEL SOLDIER – the AS A MODEL SOLDIER – the subordinates look upon their leader as subordinates look upon their leader as a model for them to emulate. The a model for them to emulate. The leader therefore should set himself as leader therefore should set himself as the model soldier in his organization. the model soldier in his organization. In personal appearance, personal and In personal appearance, personal and official conduct, speech and action, he official conduct, speech and action, he should establish a standard which his should establish a standard which his men will be proud to follow and men will be proud to follow and practice. practice.

AS AN INSTRUCTOR – as a leader he is AS AN INSTRUCTOR – as a leader he is in a better position to direct his in a better position to direct his subordinates to neutralize any of these subordinates to neutralize any of these problems. problems.

AS A CUSTODIAN OF HIS MEN’S AS A CUSTODIAN OF HIS MEN’S WELFARE - the leader must also be WELFARE - the leader must also be concerned with his men’s need that are concerned with his men’s need that are essential to their comfort and well-essential to their comfort and well-being, such as adequate mess and being, such as adequate mess and supplies, good quarters, recreation supplies, good quarters, recreation facilities, sanitation and equitable facilities, sanitation and equitable passes. passes.

AS A PERSONAL MANAGER - as the AS A PERSONAL MANAGER - as the leader of a unit, he sees to it that the leader of a unit, he sees to it that the component of management under his component of management under his command is in place and functional. command is in place and functional. This means that appropriate This means that appropriate developmental training for manpower is developmental training for manpower is necessary to produce the right man for necessary to produce the right man for the right post. the right post.

AS A COMMANDER AND SUPERVISOR – in this AS A COMMANDER AND SUPERVISOR – in this role, the leader must be a proficient troop role, the leader must be a proficient troop leader. As a commander, his primary functions leader. As a commander, his primary functions are receiving orders, making an estimate of are receiving orders, making an estimate of situations, formulating plans, issuing orders to situations, formulating plans, issuing orders to his subordinates and supervising the his subordinates and supervising the execution of his orders. Supervision is execution of his orders. Supervision is important to assure the leader that his orders important to assure the leader that his orders are carried out by his subordinates. are carried out by his subordinates.

AS A COUNSELOR – an important duty of a AS A COUNSELOR – an important duty of a leader is to improve the moral or spiritual leader is to improve the moral or spiritual traits of his men. To accomplish this, he must traits of his men. To accomplish this, he must be a wise adviser to them. He gives advice be a wise adviser to them. He gives advice and guidance to those who cannot solve their and guidance to those who cannot solve their own problems. own problems.

OBJECTIVES OF A OBJECTIVES OF A LEADER/INDICATION OF LEADER/INDICATION OF

LEADERSHIP LEADERSHIP To have an organization which will To have an organization which will

loyally and willingly accomplish any loyally and willingly accomplish any reasonable task and will act in the reasonable task and will act in the absence of orders is the object of absence of orders is the object of every leader. every leader.

DISCIPLINE – DISCIPLINE – It is the state of order It is the state of order and obedience existing in a commandand obedience existing in a command. .

MORALE – MORALE – The mental and emotional The mental and emotional state of an individual. state of an individual.

ESPRIT DE CORPS – ESPRIT DE CORPS – The mental and The mental and emotional state of a unit. emotional state of a unit.

EFFICIENCY – EFFICIENCY – The ability to accomplish The ability to accomplish successfully an assigned task in the successfully an assigned task in the shortest possible time, with the shortest possible time, with the minimum expenditures of efforts and minimum expenditures of efforts and means. means.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF A RESPONSIBILITIES OF A LEADER LEADER

The responsibilities of a leader are The responsibilities of a leader are two folds – the accomplishment of his two folds – the accomplishment of his mission and his obligation to his men. mission and his obligation to his men. The manner in which a leader fulfills The manner in which a leader fulfills his responsibilities is the measure of his responsibilities is the measure of his success. A leader must know his his success. A leader must know his job and must train and supervise his job and must train and supervise his subordinates in their work. subordinates in their work.

ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE MISSION – ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE MISSION – composed of training, combat and composed of training, combat and assignment. assignment.

TRAINING – A military leader must attend closely TRAINING – A military leader must attend closely to the training of his men especially in preparing to the training of his men especially in preparing them in battle, in which they may lose their them in battle, in which they may lose their lives. Proper training gives the soldier high moral lives. Proper training gives the soldier high moral and great confidence in beating his opponent.and great confidence in beating his opponent.

COMBAT – Success in battle depends mainly on COMBAT – Success in battle depends mainly on the individual and team action of a unit. It is the individual and team action of a unit. It is where soldiery has its supreme test, requiring where soldiery has its supreme test, requiring the best training, discipline, morale and the best training, discipline, morale and leadership. leadership.

ASSIGNMENT – The leader must be fair, impartial ASSIGNMENT – The leader must be fair, impartial and just in the administration of his unit. The and just in the administration of his unit. The men must be assigned according to their ranks men must be assigned according to their ranks and fitness for a job. and fitness for a job.

WELFARE OF HIS MEN – the leader’s duty WELFARE OF HIS MEN – the leader’s duty to his men includes administrative to his men includes administrative actions that will maintain or boost their actions that will maintain or boost their morale and improve their living condition, morale and improve their living condition, providing good mess and adequate providing good mess and adequate supplies, enough recreation, healthful supplies, enough recreation, healthful quarters and surroundings, good advice, quarters and surroundings, good advice, passes and other things essential to their passes and other things essential to their welfare. welfare.

PROBLEM AREAS PROBLEM AREAS

Assumption of command Assumption of command Selection of subordinate leadersSelection of subordinate leaders Development of subordinate leaders Development of subordinate leaders Senior-subordinate leaders Senior-subordinate leaders CounselingCounseling Reception and integration Reception and integration Relation with local civilians Relation with local civilians

LEADERSHIP PROBLEM LEADERSHIP PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS SOLVING PROCESS

Recognize the problem Recognize the problem Make an estimate of the situation Make an estimate of the situation

Determine the cause Determine the cause Determine possible solution Determine possible solution Evaluate possible solution Evaluate possible solution Select the best solutionSelect the best solution

Take action Take action

FACTORS THAT ADVERSELY FACTORS THAT ADVERSELY AFFECT COMBAT AFFECT COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS EFFECTIVENESS

Fear Fear Panic Panic Discouragement Discouragement Lack of confidence by the individual Lack of confidence by the individual

himself himself

THE CHAIN OF COMMAND IN THE CHAIN OF COMMAND IN THE ARMED FORCES OF THE THE ARMED FORCES OF THE

PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES President of the Philippines and President of the Philippines and

Commander-in-Chief Commander-in-Chief Secretary of National Defense Secretary of National Defense Chief of Staff, AFP Chief of Staff, AFP Army/Air force/Navy Commanders Army/Air force/Navy Commanders Corps/Division Cmdrs./Unified Cmdrs. Corps/Division Cmdrs./Unified Cmdrs. Regimental/Brigade Regimental/Brigade Battalion Commander Battalion Commander

Company CommanderCompany Commander Platoon CommanderPlatoon Commander Squad LeaderSquad Leader Private Private