1

Migration Policy in Russian Federation

Olga Chudinovskikh

Moscow State University

olga@mail.econ.msu.ru

2

Plan

1. What kind of data do we need for migration policy planning?

2. Two periods in RF migration policy. Changes in priorities.

3. Basic laws relevant to migration policy.

4. Migration policy institutes . Functions and rights of Federal Migration Service.

5. Tools and mechanisms of migration management.

6. Basic shortcomings of RF migration policy, main directions for improvement.

7. Conclusions.

3

What data do we need for migration policy planning ?

• Data on migration situation (stocks, flows, trends)• Demographic profiles, trends and projections• Estimation of labour market development and other

economic considerations• Data on public opinion related to migration and

migrants, tolerance, xenophobia, etc.• Estimation of MP costs and resources that authorities

are ready to spend on migration policy• Etc.• Lack of reliable data is a background for incompetent interpretation of

available statistics and manipulations with public and policy-makers’ opinion, increase in xenophobia, stimulation of federal budget redistribution, growth of MP costs

4

Migration trends in RF (source- M.Denissenko)

5

Immigration estimation (flows between Russia and former SU republics, 1992-2002, thousands) source – M.Denissenko

In- migration Out-migration Net-Migration

Caucasus republics 966 130 836

Baltic States 247 36 211

Central Asia 1557 237 1320

Kazakhstan 1970 411 1560

Ukraine 1475 1039 436

Byelorussia 240 268 -28

Moldova 170 82 88

Total 6626 2203 4423

6

Migration in/from Far Abroad 1992-2002 , RF, (thousands)

  1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 period

In- migration 88 56 45 25 16 15 19 13 9 7 7 301

Out-migration 138 124 114 118 100 84 80 85 62 59 54 1018

Net migration -50 -68 -69 -93 -84 -69 -62 -72 -53 -51 -46 -717

7

Reasons for move structure, in-migration . RF, urban and rural areas, %. Urban areas

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Family circumstances EducationJob Ethnic conflicts Unsatisf.living conditions To the prev.place of residenceOther reasons

Rural areas.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

20012000199919981997199319921991199019891985-88

1980-84

1975-1979

1970-1974

1969& <

Family circumstances EducationJob Ethnic conflicts Unsatisf.living conditions To the prev.place of residenceOther reasons

8

Influence of economic crisis (1998) on net migration in Russia

Net migration by months 1998-1999 related to the same month of the previous year- 1998 to 1997, 1999 to 1998

Russian Federation, Goskomstat data.

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

Jan

.98

Feb

.98

Mar

.98

Ap

r .9

8

May

, 98

Jun

.98

Jul .

98

Au

g .9

8

Sep

t .9

8

Oct

.98

No

v .9

8

Dec

.98

Jan

.99

Feb

.99

Mar

.99

Ap

r .9

9

May

,99

Jun

.99

Jul .

99

Au

g .9

9

Sep

t .9

9

Oct

.99

No

v .9

9

Dec

.99

Jan

. 00

9

Two periods in RF migration policy

• 1) 1992-2000:

Concentration of efforts and resources on solution of forced migration problems

• First experience of migration policy was obtained

• First laws related to migration were worked out

• Federal migration service was established

• RF fulfilled its humanitarian mission as a host country for forced migrants

• 2) since 2002:

Attempts to restrain irregular (labour) migration and to manage migration flows in general

• Development of legislation in the sphere of migration management

• More civilized ways and mechanisms of migration

management • Experience in migration

management in progress

10

Russian Federation in the world:Russian Federation in the world: 20002000 20502050TerritoryTerritory 13 13.0.0 1313.0.0 (?)(?)

PopulationPopulation 2.4 2.4 1 1..112050 -

World population- 9.000.000.000 RF population - 80.000.000 - 100.000.000

Russia

11

RF Census 1989 / 2002Population by age and sex. (Source-Goskomstat

of RF)

12

Country or Zone (Region)

Average net migration (annual, thousand)

Percentage( %) of migrants and their

descendants, (arrived after 1995) in total

population 2050 .

2000-2050 (UN Projection

1998)

Necessary for constant quantity of active age

population

Difference:

[3]=[2]-[1]

Germany 204 487 283 36,1

Italy 6 372 366 38,7

South Korea -7 129 136 13,9

Russian Federation

109 715 606 27,6

Great Britain 20 125 105 13,6

USA 760 359 401 7,9

France 7 109 102 11,6

Japan 0 647 647 30,4

Europe 376 3227 2851 25,8

EU 270 1588 1318 25,7

How many migrants does RF need? Net migration (average, per year) necessary to maintain constant

population in active (labour) ages during 2000-2050.Source : M.Denissenko,

13

Legal base of internal and foreign migration regulation in RF (Basic laws 1992-2002)

Federal law on refugees – 1993 (amendments-1997,1998,2000,2003) Federal law on forced re-settlers (internal refugees)-1993 (amendments -

1995,2001, 2003) Law on freedom for move , choice of place of stay and residence in

Russian Federation (1993) Law on rules of entry and exit to/from Russian Federation-1996

(amendments 1998,1999,2003) Immigration control act 1993 Federal programs (1992-2000) of migration regulation

Law on juridical status of foreign citizens in Russian Federation (2002), amendments – 2003.

Law on citizenship of Russian Federation (2002), amendments – 2003 The Concept of migration processes regulation (2003) Amendments to the Crime Code – punishment for trafficking in human

beings (2003) Dozens of derivative or related acts – decisions of Government, orders

of Federal ministries, instructions, including laws on quotas, etc.

14

The Concept of migration processes regulation (2003)

• Two spheres of regulation declared – internal and foreign migration

• Internal migration – one dominant: to avoid depopulation of Eastern and Northern regions (declaration rather than real efforts)

• Foreign migration – two dominants:1. recognition of migration as main demographic resource and

comprehension of necessity to attract migrants to the country with ageing and decreasing population .

Human capital is a resource and a reason for competition between countries.(This is the main geopolitical consideration: Russia must try not to loose in competition with other countries with rapidly developing labour markets.)

2. intention to protect Russia from negative consequences of migration – increase in crime, illegal employment and its support by shadow economy, drugs traffic etc.

15

Rules of Entry

• Without visa ( CIS countries except Georgia and Turkmenistan)

• Visa is compulsory (all other countries)

• Residence permit

• Other documents (for some categories)

16

Main definitions of foreigner’s status in Russia

1. Temporary stay : term of stay - by visa expiry term , or <90 days. Not not more than 12 months)

2. Temporary resident (<3 years, annual re-registration)

3. Permanent resident ( <5 years and re-registration, number of re-registrations is unlimited)

4. Military status (5 year contract)

5. Special status (diplomats)

6. Foreign employee

7. Refugee

According to the Law foreign citizen must be registered in

police during three days after his/her arrival. Ukraine citizens – 90 days .

17

Temporary residence permit• Temporary residence permit is granted

within the limits of a quota, adopted by government on proposals of RF Regions (2004 - 205.633) .

• Granted for 3 years• (after 1 year of stay the foreigner may apply for permanent

residence permit)

• It may also be granted beyond quota for several categories of foreigners.

• (Finger-prints registration, duty payment)

18

(Permanent) Residence permit

• Within the period of temporary residence permit validity a foreigner may apply for (permanent) residence permit. To get the residence permit a foreigner must reside in RF with status of temporary resident at least for 1 year.

• It is valid for five years with annual re-registration. After expiration it must be prolonged for another five years. The number of prolongations of residence permit is not limited.

19

Main Institutes and authorities responsible for migration policy

Parliament (Laws) > Government (Decisions) > • Home office (Ministry of Interior)-

Federal Migration Service• Federal Security Service + Federal border

service• Ministry of foreign affairs• Ministry of labour, Ministry of Education,• Ministry of Justice

20

Brief History of Russian Federation Federal Migration Service – FMS (1990-

2002)

• 1990 - Refugees and forced migrants affairs agency- Ministry of labour (Union ”Migration”, chairman- Vice minister

of labour.) • X. 1991 - Committee on migration affairs –

Ministry of labour and employment• VI. 1992 - Federal migration service (with rights of a federal ministry)• V. 2000 - FMS’s functions are delegated to the Ministry of Federation affairs, ethnic and migration policy.• X.2000 - Abolishment of the ministry, its functions of migration management are delegated to the Ministry of home affairs.• V.2002. - Juridical definition of tasks , functions and rights of FMS as of

a separate department of Ministry of home affairs.

AUTUMN 2004 – REGISTRATION AND PASSPORT SYSTEM CONTROL FUNCTIONS ARE DELEGATED TO FMS – New rights and responsibilities of FMS

(List of rights contains 29 positions)

21

Main tasks of FMSFMS- official representative to execute functions of control, watch and

official services in the sphere of migration

• Work with applications for Russian Federation Citizenship, issue of documents of RF citizens’ identification ,

• Registration of RF citizens in the place of residence and temporary stay

• Issue of documents for foreigners for entry, stay and residence in Russian Federation

• Control over foreigners in the sphere of rules of temporary stay and residence execution

• Activities to prevent irregular migration • Activities in the sphere of refugees and asylum seekers • Control over foreign labour force employment in RF and RF citizens

employment abroad• Coordination of activities of FMS regional departments

22

Departments:1. Dept. of citizenship (+ affairs of refugees and asylum seekers)2. Immigration control dept. 3. Dept. of visa and registration 4. Dept. of crisis situations5. Dept. of foreign labour migration6. Dept. of passport issue and registration of population7. Dept. of information resources8. Dept of international co-operation and juridical supply9. Managerial and analytical dept. 10.Financial and economic dept.11. Dept. of control and office work+ FMS representatives abroad

FMS CentresPassport and visa information centre

Centre of citizens’ claims dealing with passport and visa issue questions

Centre on information on invitations for foreign citizens

Federal migration service structure(Chief – Vice minister of home affairs )

23

Main tools of foreign migration management

• Migration card• Visa system• Temporary residence permit• Residence permit (after 1 year of temporary residence)• Work permit• Military service contract (for foreigners)• RF citizenship granting• Quotation of labour migration and temporary residence permits• Penalties-

24

Migration card (Part A – arrival, part B – departure)

• Card number 770400042136• Surname• Given name• Patronymic• Date of birth• Sex• Passport #• Nationality (citizenship)• Purpose of visit : Service, tourism, commerce,

education, private, employment, transit• Address (or Host organization) in Russia• Planned period stay (from – until)Signature

25

Types of Visa (Law on rules of entry and exit,

1996, with amendments- 2003)

• Diplomatic (for foreigners with diplomatic passports, as a rule for 3 months, for diplomatic carriers – for period of trip)

• Service (for foreigners with service passports, usually < 3 months, for military servicemen & family members 1 year)

• Ordinary: private (3 months or 90 days), business (12 months), tourist (1 month), work (12 months max., usually –for period mentioned in labour invitation), study (12 months), humanitarian (12 months), (scientific, cultural, religious co-operation, etc.)

asylum-seekers (3 months)• Transit (< 10 days)• For temporary residence permit application ( 4 months, could be

prolonged )

26

Entries in Russia with visa and without visa (estimation by country of origin, Federal Border service data)

*Approximate data: country of origin may not coincide with citizenship

 

Million persons %

2002 2003 2002 2003

Without Visa - CIS countries (except Georgia and Turkmenistan) 14,4 13,6 62% 60%

With visa - Georgia, Turkmenistan and Baltic countries 2,7 2,4 11% 11%

With visa - other countries 6,3 6,5 27% 29%

Total 23,3 22,5 100% 100%

27

Russian citizenship

• a) at birth

• b) via citizenship granting procedure

• c) via RF citizenship restoration procedure

• d) other considerations

28

RF citizenship granting procedureat birth

• Child obtains citizenship by birth, if both or one of the parents were Russian citizens at the moment of child’s birth;

• One of the parents is a citizen of Russian Federation, and the child was born on the territory of Russian Federation;

• Both parents are foreign citizens, child was born in Russian Federation, and the country/eis of the parents’ citizenship refuse to grant him citizenship

• Child found at the territory of RF if his/her parents’ place of stay is unknown and can not be defined within 6 months.

29

Granting the RF citizenship via common procedure

(5 year period of residence)

• A person (18 y.o.) resides in Russian Federation from the day of residence permit issue until the day of submitting application for citizenship within five-year period. The period of residence is considered uninterrupted if person was absent from Russian Federation for less than three months during 1 year period. ( total – 6 years of residence)

• Respect RF Constitution,

• Have legal source of income

• Have applied to the foreign state authorities with a request to abolish their former citizenship (refuse from the second citizenship is not necessary if RF has a bilateral treaty with the state)

• Have good knowledge of Russian (*130 institutions have right to issue certificate after an examination)

30

Simplified granting of RF citizenship.(Privileged categories)

• (less than 5 years of residence)

• CIS citizens at military service in RF, after 3 years of service• Having at least one parent – RF citizen and resident• Former USSR citizens, living in the countries of the former USSR and never acquired

citizenships of these countries, (stateless persons);• Persons born at the territory of the RSFR and having citizenship of the former USSR;• Disabled, having able-bodied adult son or daughter - citizens of RF. Those born at the

territory of the RSFR and used to have the citizenship of the former USSR;• Spouses of the RF citizens (period of marriage >3 years)• Asylum seekers• Refugees• Deserved persons • Stateless persons (having the USSR citizenship) who arrived in Russian Federation from

former USSR republics and registered in the place of residence in Russian Federation by July, 01, 2002, or those who received the temporary residence permit in Russian Federation, if till January 01, 2006 they declare their intention to obtain the citizenship of Russian Federation.

•  The WW2 veterans, - citizens of the former USSR, residents of Russian Federation. • Citizens of the former republics of the USSR, who got professional education in

Russian Federation after July 01, 2002;• Citizens of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Byelorussia (do need to reside in RF before)

31

Employment of foreigners in RF• Legal entry• Registration (1 year + 1 year maximum)• Work permit • Work permit is not necessary for foreigners with temporary

residence permit and permanent residence permit (*these persons may work only in the region of registration)

• Simplified procedure for foreign employersand some categories of professions• What an employer of foreign labour force must do to employ a foreigner (8

conditions)

Some figures: 2003 – 378.000 work permits for foreigners in RF

32

What an employer of foreign labour force must do

• 8 conditions:• To have• ) иметь разрешение на привлечение и использование иностранных работников;• 2) обеспечить получение иностранным гражданином разрешения на работу;• 3) представить документы, необходимые для регистрации иностранного гражданина по

месту пребывания в Российской Федерации;• 4) уведомить налоговый орган по месту своего учета о привлечении и об использовании

иностранных работников в течение десяти дней со дня подачи ходатайства о выдаче иностранному гражданину приглашения в целях осуществления трудовой деятельности, 5) содействовать выезду иностранного работника из Российской Федерации по истечении срока заключенного с ним трудового договора или гражданско-правового договора на выполнение работ (оказание услуг);

• 6) оплачивать расходы, связанные с административным выдворением за пределы Российской Федерации или депортацией иностранного гражданина, принятого на работу с нарушением установленного настоящим Федеральным законом порядка привлечения и использования иностранных работников;

• 7) направлять в федеральный орган исполнительной власти, ведающий вопросами внутренних дел, или его территориальный орган информацию о нарушении иностранным работником условий трудового договора или гражданско-правового договора на выполнение работ (оказание услуг), а также о досрочном расторжении таких договоров;

• 8) направлять в федеральный орган исполнительной власти, ведающий вопросами внутренних дел, или его территориальный орган и территориальный орган федерального органа исполнительной власти, ведающего вопросами безопасности, информацию о самовольном оставлении иностранным работником места работы или места пребывания.

33

Quotation of immigration

• Labour migrants (quotation only for persons who need visa for entry to RF)

• 2003 - 530. 000(total inflow - less than 400.000)

2004 - 213. 000 (expected total inflow - more than 450.000)

• Students - 7000 per year (2002 - 14003, CIS - 6221, other- 7782)

• Temporary residence permits• 2003- 439.080 (Jan.-Sept. 2003 - 2900 persons granted)

2004- 205.633

34

Penalties and punishments

 

 Type of legislation breach (1 USD = 28 RUR)

USD (appr.)

min max

Illegal entry- for migrants – 200000 RUR 7140 

For organizers -50000-100000 RUR 1790 3570

Illegal stay -    

For migrants- 1000-1500 RUR (+ possible deportation) 36 54

For inviting (receiving) side : private person-500-2000 RUR 20 70

official person (+ organizations) - 500-5000 RUR 20 180

Illegal stay support (supply with dwelling, transport, etc.)    

Physical persons – 1000-2000 RUR 36 70

Official persons – 2000-5000 RUR 70 180

Juridical persons – 10000-50000 RUR 360 1800

Illegal employment-    

Employee – 1000-2500 RUR (+deportation) 36 90

Employer: Physical person- 1000-2500 RUR 36 90

Official person 2500-10000 RUR 90 360

Juridical person- 50000-200000 RUR 1780 7100

Trafficking in human beings – prison for 3-15 years

35

Some figures (FMS report 2003)• Foreign labour in Russia in 2003 - 378.000 (Moscow -66.000)• Forced migrants (accumulated) – 398.100 persons (165.000 families) • Issue of permits for foreign labour force employment let to earn 1.6 mlrd roubles(appr.

54 mln $)• Controlled at the borders – 4.4 mln of foreigners• Identified with incorrect documents - 15.600• Deported- 45.000 (2002- 35.000), • 460 cases of fines of illegal migration organizers• Raids organized at 200.000 enterprises with foreign labour force• 14.700 breaks of rules of foreign workers employment were identified• 194.600 foreigners were fined (cases of fine)• In Moscow – 3000 companies were checked , in 1574 – migrants were employed with

legislation violation• 40570 crimes were committed by foreigners (from CIS countries – 37305)• 10441 foreigners and stateless persons were victims of crime• 12.300 persons returned to Chehnya from the camps of temporary allocation in

Ingushetiya• Transfers estimations – at least 2.5 mlrd USD (*other estimations - 6-12 mlrd USD)• Only one of 10 foreign workers employers pays taxes (1 legal per 10 illegal labour

migrants)

36

Public opinion and migrationPublic Opinion Fund surveys

(2000) Your attitude towards migrants?34% - Positive24% - Indifferent20% - Negative 22% - No opinion(2003)- Do you dislike representatives of other ethnic

groups?67% - No 29% - Yes4% - No opinion• Maximum of confidence to migrants from: Byelorussia, Bulgaria, France, Australia;

• Minimum of confidence: USA, Caucasus, Asia (except Kazakhstan, India, Baltic States)

• Virus of personal xenophobia: 65 expressed negative attitude to people from Caucasus, Central Asia, Vietnam, Arabian countries and Africa

37

Citizenship of foreigners in RF (Census-2002 data)

15,2%

13,4%

4,0%

5,2%

6,8%

2,8%

0,8%

5,0%

6,3%

7,0%

22,6%

0,8%

2,2%

3,0%

0,5%

4,4%

Azerbaijan

Armenia

Byelorussia

Geiorgia

Kazakhstan

Kirgyzstan

Baltic countries

Moldova

Tadjikistan

Uzbekistan

Ukraine

Afganistan

Vietnam

China

Turkey

Other countries

  Thousand %

Azerbaijan 154,9 15,2%

Armenia 136,8 13,4%

Byelorussia 40,3 4,0%

Geiorgia 52,9 5,2%

Kazakhstan 69,5 6,8%

Kirgyzstan 28,8 2,8%

Baltic countries 8,5 0,8%

Moldova 51,0 5,0%

Tadjikistan 64,2 6,3%

Uzbekistan 70,9 7,0%

Ukraine 230,5 22,6%

Afganistan 8,2 0,8%

Vietnam 22,5 2,2%

China 30,6 3,0%

Turkey 5,0 0,5%

Other countries 44,4 4,4%

Total 1019,0 100,0%

38

Federal Border Service data on entries in/ departures from Russia, foreign citizens, (millions)

as a source of incorrect data interpretation

 Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 “Accumulated illegal migration”1999-2003

Entries 18,9 21,2 21,6 23,3 22.5

Departures 14,3 17,9 18,7 20,9 20.6

Residual 4,5 3,3 2,9 2,4 1,9 15 mln

39

Pseudo “Net migration” by reasons (purposes) for move. Federal border service data, 2002, persons.

  Business Tourism Private For residence Transit Maintenance staff Total

Total 276872 26197 1915094 -5474 126272 56846 2395807

Former USSR 233317 25765 1873296 305 125257 70766 2328706

Other countries 43555 432 41798 -5779 1015 -13920 67101

40

Main shortcomings of basic laws and practices in migration management in RF

Contradictions between “needs” and “fears”, between strategy and tactics of migration policy, prevalence of restrictions rather than stimuli

• Terms of residence permit and temporary residence permit granting are too strict and complicated

• Terms of work permit granting are too strict and complicated (and it takes too much time to get it)

• Police registration procedure is complicated and inconvenient

• Deportation is the main measure to battle illegal migration

Additional limitations for efficient migration policy:• Corruption among people responsible for migration management• Inefficient border control• Resources limitation: Cadres, Finance, Information (especially -

statistics) No estimation of economic effect of migration in RF, no estimation of MP costs, no reliable statistics on flows.

• No civil control over FMS activities

41

Main (preferable) directions of future Migration policy in RF

• Regularization programs• Stimulation of resettlement (for residence) • Stimulation of temporary immigration (economic - special programs

of stimulation of skilled migrants, investors and workers; educational migr.)

• Quotation of refugees (and more efficient support of those who really need help).• Better control at the borders (equipment, training of staff, etc.)• Control over illegal migration(economic and penetentiary

mechanisms)• More strict approach to illegal migration organizers and corruption

among persons, responsible for migration control.• Revision of migration estimation and registration schemes,

introduction of new and reformation of existing data collection systems (Registers of foreign population, surveys, current statistics reform).

42

Conclusions

• RF authorities should revise their attitude towards immigration and make their policy friendlier.

• The legislation should be changed and unreasonable limitations which make Russia not attractive for migration should be revised as well.

• Information about migration must be collected within frameworks of transparent methodology and access to it should be free.

• Decision-making process in the sphere of migration management must not be monopolized by one ministry and should involve representatives of civil society.

• Professional training should be provided for people responsible for migration management

43

• Some additional figures and Some additional figures and information about migration in information about migration in

RFRF

44

Diseases not permitted for entry

• AIDS

• Leprosy

• Tuberculosis

• Venereal diseases (3 items)

45

Structure of arrivals by reason for entry (Federal border statistics), 2001-2002, average,

13,5% 12,2%

65,0%

0,1% 2,3% 6,9%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Service Tourism Private Residence Transit Transportstaff

2001-2002

46

Internal refugees (forced re-settlers)(Chechnya conflict)

• 01.01.2004 - 265.500 persons registered

• Allocated not in Chechnya 55.000:

• In Ingushetia 48.700

• Since 01.01.2003 17.600 left for

Chechnya from Ingushetia, >12.000 with FMS aid.

47

Foreign Labour force in RF (2003)

• CIS countries – 50 %

• Spheres of employment (%)• 41 - construction

• 22 - trade

• 12.9 industry

48

  % of terrirory % of population

Density of population

Russain Federation 100 100 8,5

Central Federal region 3,8 26,2 58,4

North-West Federal region 9,8 9,6 8,3

South Federal region 3,5 15,8 38,9

Volga Federal region 6,1 21,5 30,0

Urals Federal region 10,5 8,5 6,9

Siberia Federal region 30,0 13,8 3,9

Far East Federal region 36,4 4,6 1,1

Population and territory of RF federal regions

49

Ethnic composition of RF population (1989-2002 Censuses data) 1989г. 2002г.

2002 /1989 ( % ) 1989г. 2002г.

  147022 145167 100 100 100

Русские RUSSIANS 119866 115889 96,7 81,50 79,80

Татары 5522 5555 100,6 3,80 3,80

Украинцы UKRANIANS 4363 2943 67,5 3,00 2,00

Башкиры 1345 1673 124,4 0,90 1,20

Чуваши 1774 1637 92,3 1,20 1,10

Чеченцы 899 1360 151,3 0,60 0,90

Армяне ARMENIANS 532 1130 212,4 0,40 0,80

Мордва 1073 843 78,6 0,70 0,60

Аварцы 544 814 149,6 0,40 0,60

Белорусы 1206 808 67,0 0,80 0,60

Казахи KAZAKHS 636 654 102,8 0,40 0,50

Удмурты 715 637 89,1 0,50 0,40

Азербайджанцы AZERBAIJANIS 336 622 185,1 0,20 0,40

Марийцы 644 604 93,8 0,40 0,40

Немцы GERMANS 842 597 70,9 0,60 0,40

Кабардинцы 386 520 134,7 0,30 0,40

Осетины 402 515 128,1 0,30 0,40

Даргинцы 353 510 144,5 0,20 0,40

Буряты 417 445 106,7 0,30 0,30

Якуты 380 444 116,8 0,30 0,30

Кумыки 277 422 152,3 0,20 0,30

Ингуши 215 413 192,1 0,10 0,30

Лезгины 257 412 160,3 0,20 0,30

Прочие OTHER 4038 5720 141,7 2,75 3,94

50

Forced migrants:

• Refugees (foreigners)• Refugee is a non-citizen of

Russia, who, being scared of racial, social, political repressions was forced to leave his home country and is unable or does not want to use protection from the side of this state due to the above fears. (Not for economic or environmental reasons)

January 1, 2003 (since1992):• 13790• 578 from Far Abroad (399 – from

Afghanistan)

• Forced re-settlers (internal refugees)

• Forced re-settler is a person who had to leaves his/her place of residence within RF territory because of violations committed against him/her or members of his/her family or the threat of being persecuted. Or RF citizens forced to move from another country to RF. (Not for economic or environmental reasons)

• Forced re-settlers can be Russian citizens and non-Russian citizens

• January 1, 2003 (since 1993): 492.000

51

Information resources

• www.demoscope.ru (general information and publications review)

• www.socpol.ru (surveys data)

• www.iet.ru (archives, working papers,#61p)

52

Main emigration flows from Russia in 1989-2002 Source-M Denissenko

Countries of destination

Flows (%)

Germany 738.166 58.3

Israel 310.408 24.5

USA 138.000 10.9

Other countries 67.0 5.3

Canada 11.0 0.9

Total 1265000 100