Migration part 1
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Transcript of Migration part 1
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Migration
Chapter 3
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Migration
• Migration A change in residence that is intended to be permanent.
• Emigration-leaving a country.
• Immigration-entering a country.
Little Haiti, Miami, Florida
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• On average, Americans move once every 6 years.• US population is the most mobile in the world with
over 5 million moving from 1 state to another every year.
• 35 million move within a state, county or community each year.
• Migration a key factor in the speed of diffusion of ideas and innovation.
• Our perception of distance and direction are often distorted-thus a sizable % of migrants return to their original home due to these distorted perceptions.
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Types of Migration
• Forced Migration-migrants have no choice-must leave.
• periodic movement-short term (weeks or months) seasonal migration to college, winter in the south, etc.
• Cyclic movement-daily movement to work, shopping.
• Transhumance-seasonal pastoral farming-Switzerland, Horn of Africa.
• Nomadism-cyclical, yet irregular migration that follows the growth of vegetation.
Commuter train in Soweto,South Africa
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Key Factors in Migration• External Migration-from one country to
another (emigration & immigration)• Internal Migration-from one part of a country
to another part• Direction:– Absolute-compass directions– Relative-Sun Belt, Middle East, Far East, Near East
• Distance:– Absolute distance “as the crow flies” – Relative distance-actual distance due to routes
taken such as highways or railroads
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Catalysts of Migration• Economic conditions-poverty
and a desire for opportunity.• Political conditions-
persecution, expulsion, or war.• Environmental conditions-crop
failures, floods, drought, environmentally induced famine.
• Culture and tradition-threatened by change.
• Technology-easier and cheaper transport or change in livability.
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• Chain migration-migration of people to a specific location because of relatives or members of the same nationality already there.
• Step migration-short moves in stages-e.g. Brazilian family moves from village to town and then finally Sao Paulo or Rio de Janeiro
• Refugees-those who have been forced to migrate.• Push-Pull Factors-push factors induce people to leave.
Pull factors encourage people to move to an area.• Distance decay-contact diminishes with increasing
distance. (both diffusion and migration)• Intervening opportunity-alternative destinations that can
be reached more quickly and easily.
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Internal Migration - Movement within a single country’s borders
(implying a degree of permanence).
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Distance Decay weighs into the decision to migrate, leading many migrants to move less far than they originally contemplate.
Voluntary Migration – Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide first, to emigrate from the home country
and second, where to go.
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Economic Conditions – Migrants will often risk their lives in hopes of economic opportunities that will enable them to send money home (remittances) to their family members who remain behind.
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In Altar, Sonora, migrants called pollos (chickens), stock upOn supplies for the desert crossing.
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Most illegal immigrants are Mexicans, but a growing numberAre from Central and South America, like the men waitingOutside of “Bar Honduras” in Nuevo Laredo.
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• A massive dump site in Arizona’s Upper Altar Valley. After walking 40 miles through the desert, illegal immigrants are met here by coyotes. They are told to dump their old clothes & packs and put on more “American” looking clothes the coyotes have brought. They then begin the trip to an urban stash house.
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Environmental Conditions –In Montserrat, a 1995 volcano made the southern half of the island, including the capital city of Plymouth, uninhabitable. People who remained migrated to the north or to the U.S.
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Economic OpportunitiesIslands of Development –Places within a region or country where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated.
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Economic OpportunitiesIn late 1800s and early 1900s, Chinese migrated throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance.
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Reconnecting Cultural Groups•About 700,000 Jews migrated to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948.•After 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine), 600,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were pushed out of newly-designated Israeli territories.
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Jerusalem, Israel: Jewish settlements on the West Bank.
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Ernst Ravenstein’s “Laws of migration1885 he studied the migration of England
• Most migrants go only a short distance.• Big cities attract long distance migrants.• Most migration is step-by-step.• Most migration is rural to urban• Each migration flow produces a counterflow.• Most migrants are adults-families are less
likely to make international moves.• Most international migrants are young males.
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• Gravity model is an inverse relationship between volume of migration and distance to the destination.
• Gravity model was anticipated by Ravenstein. • The physical laws of gravity first studied by Newton can
be applied to the actions of humans in terms of migration and economics
• Spatial interaction such as migration is directly related to the populations and inversely related to the distance between them.
• International refugees cross one or more borders and are encamped in a country not their own.
• Intranational refugees abandon their homes, but not their countries-this is the largest number world wide.
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The Refugee Problem • UN definition-person who
migrates out of fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, social status or political opinion.
• Difficult to get an accurate count-governments manipulate the numbers.
• Internal (intranational) refugees a bigger issue than external (international).
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RefugeesA person who flees across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.