Migration & IndustrializationMigration & Industrialization1860s-19001860s-1900

Chapter 13, 14, 15Chapter 13, 14, 15

Great Plains IndiansGreat Plains Indians

OsageOsage SiouxSioux

CheyenneCheyenne Iowa Iowa

13.1

Great Plains IndiansGreat Plains Indians1800:Hunters dependent on wildlife… buffalo1800:Hunters dependent on wildlife… buffalo

• Used all parts of the buffaloUsed all parts of the buffalo

• 1885: 1,000 buffalo remain1885: 1,000 buffalo remain

13.1

Why Americans push westWhy Americans push westHow did the following events push Americans

west?• 1840s: Manifest Destiny• 1850s: Gold and silver rush• 1862: Homestead Act:

– Gov’t offers 160 acres if:• Pay $30• Work the land for 5 years

• 1869: Transcontinental railroad

13.1

13.1

Attempted peace w/ IndiansAttempted peace w/ Indians

• 1830s-1850s: Gov’t makes treaties with natives that lead to reservations

• 1879: Schools to Americanize the Native American children develop– Creates internal conflict in children

• 1887: Dawes Act…forced Natives to assimilate by breaking up the reservations

13.1

1868-1890 Indian wars 1868-1890 Indian wars • 1864: Colorado militia massacre 200+ women

and children at Sand Creek, CO

• 1866: 81 soldiers & settlers killed in Fetterman Massacre

• 1874: Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse destroy Custer’s command at Little Big Horn

• 1890: Sitting Bull is killed while being arrested; 300 unarmed Native Americans were killed at the Battle of Wounded Knee

13.1

Homesteader ProblemsHomesteader Problems

1860s-1870s

• Deflation – increased value of the dollar; decreased price

of goods…farmers lost money

• High costs of transportation of goods

• Farmers in financial crisis

13.4

The GrangeThe Grange1860s-1880s

• Organization seeking to help the farmers

• Called for:

1.Make money “cheaper” (inflation) to make prices of crops rise and debts easier to pay

2.Government regulation of railroad industry

• Leads to the political Populist movement in 1890s

13.4

Populist movementPopulist movementGoals:

• Inflation

• Increased income tax for higher incomes

• 8-hour work day

• Direct election of U.S. Senators

• Term limits for U.S. President

• Result: won many elections in 1892; ideas become part of Democratic party

13.4

Panic of 1893Panic of 18931893

• Economic depression because people were overextended on loans

• Leads to an increase in populism

• Increased call for bimetallism (basing money on both gold and silver)…why?

More metal=more money=high prices=richer farmers

13.4

End of PopulismEnd of Populism1896

• Populists join with Democrats; favor inflation & bimetallism– Nominate William Jennings Bryan

• Republicans nominate William McKinley

• Republicans win because:– East Coast & Cities (higher population) oppose

populist ideas…why?

13.4

Fueled by:A rise in the mining; steel; and railroad

industriesSocial Darwinism

Unregulated competition ensures the survival of the fittest

New American work ethic: “Rags to riches”

14.3

Scottish immigrant; found Carnegie steel in 1889

Secret to Success:1.Always looked for new techniques to

improve products2.Hire the best employees3.Vertical integration:

buy out suppliers4.Horizontal consolidation:

buy out competition

14.3

Sold his company for $480 million

Became a philanthropist gave away over $350

million

14.3

Companies often formed:An Oligopoly…ex?John D. Rockefeller and the robber

baronsA Monopoly…J.P. Morgan and U.S.

steel

14.3

1870: Founded the Standard Oil Company

1890: Controlled 90% of the oil business Offered lower prices to drive out competition Raised prices after competition quit

1911: Forced to break up the company because it was a monopoly

Became a philanthropist gave away over $500 million

14.3

1890: Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act

Any attempt to interfere with free trade by forming a trust would be illegal Made monopolies illegal

Difficult to enforce…trust was to vague

14.3

Urbanization 1850: 3.5 million in urban

areas 1900: 30.2 million in

urban areas People had to live in

small cramped apartments (tenements)

Often with little running water, no sanitation

Poor housing led to an increase in disease

14.4

Baltimore 1850

Baltimore 1910

Poor working conditions…16 hour shifts & little pay

Dangerous machines that caused injury or death

Toxic materials caused many diseasesWomen & children were excellent

employees

14.4

Rise of UnionsRise of Unions1866: 1866: • National Labor Union (NLU) becomes National Labor Union (NLU) becomes

first national organized unionfirst national organized union– CNLU forms as a branch of NLU for African-CNLU forms as a branch of NLU for African-

AmericansAmericans

1868: 1868: • NLU gets Congress to regulate an 8-hr NLU gets Congress to regulate an 8-hr

work daywork day

1886:1886:• Samuel Gompers helps to form the Samuel Gompers helps to form the

American Federation of Labor (AFL)American Federation of Labor (AFL)

14.414.4

Rise of UnionsRise of Unions18941894• Eugene V. Debs helps to create the Eugene V. Debs helps to create the

American Railway Union (ARU)American Railway Union (ARU)

19031903• Teamsters formed as a craft union Teamsters formed as a craft union

dedicated to delivery driversdedicated to delivery drivers

19051905• Industrial Workers of the World formed Industrial Workers of the World formed

but failed because of its association with but failed because of its association with SocialismSocialism

14.414.4

The Power of unionsThe Power of unions• MembershipMembership

– 1875: less than 1000 in American Unions1875: less than 1000 in American Unions– 1905: more than 2 million in American Unions1905: more than 2 million in American Unions

• ArbitrationArbitration and and strikesstrikes were used to were used to solve disagreements between employers solve disagreements between employers and employeesand employees

• Famous strikes:Famous strikes:

Great Strike of 1877Great Strike of 1877

Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike

Pullman StrikePullman Strike

14.4