Chapter 3 Section 2: Migration

VocabularyMigration

Immigrants

Urbanization

Rural

Urban

The movement of people from one place or region to another

People who move into one country from another

The movement of people to cities, and the growth of cities

Located in the countryside

Located in the cities and towns

Why People Migrate?More than 30 million people moved to the US from Europe

More than 41 million migrated here from Mexico

2.5 million migrated here from the Caribbean Islands

More than 1 million came from the Philippines, China and Vietnam.

800,000 immigrants have come from South Korea and India

Came during 1850-1930

Came since 1971

Came over the years

Slides Big Idea?

WHY WOULD PEOPLE WANT TO MOVE

HERE FROM OTHER COUNTRIES?

How has voluntary migration changed

from past years to

now?

Voluntary Migration

The movement of people by their own choice

People migrate b/c hardships “push” them to leave. The hope for a better life “pulls” people to a new area.

The PastPush-pull explains why Irish migration

happened in the 1840’s and 50’s.1.5 million people Irish cameWhy? Disease destroyed crop of potatoes

so hunger pushed people to migrate. Better economy pulled Irish families to US.

Present DayPush people to leave—economy, wars, limit of freedom due to gov’tPull people to come—economy, political

freedom

Push-Pull Theory

Involuntary

Migration

When people are forced to move (not their choice)

Ex. Britain sent prisoners to Australia in 1800’s to serve their sentences

Ex. War can force people to move as well

Biggest Involuntary Migration1500’s—1800’s: millions of Africans

enslaved and taken to European coloniesTraveled under inhumane (?) conditionsInitially established on East Coast and then forced to migrate again across the US

TransatlanticSlave Trade

Urbanization2 Reasons

why someone would move

from the country to

city.

1.) Growth on industry2.) ?

Since 1950—urbanization has paved way for suburbanization (movement of people to suburbs)

can replace valuable farmland w/ developmentsMost people rely on cars for transportation in suburbs

suburbs can lead to more pollutionPeople still move to pursue dream of home ownership

Cities and Suburbs

Urbanization happens on other continents as wellAsiaAfricaLatin America

In these countries:People move from the countryside to citiesOver the years the numbers have

increased

Cities are having a problem keeping upNot enough: schools, housing, jobs,

hospitalsTraffic Jams and crowds

But people still keep flocking to citiesIn the countryside:

Jobs are scarceLess land to farm on

Want a better life and cities seem to be the answer

Can cities possibly keep

up?

Appeal of Cities

Chapter 3 Section 3: Economic Systems

Vocabulary

System where people make, exchange, and use things that have value

Owners and workers

People who buy and use products

An economic system in which individuals own most businesses

An economic system in which the central government owns factories, farms and offices

Nations with many industries and advanced technology

Nations with few industries and simple technology

Economy

Producers

Consumers

Capitalism

Communism

Developed Nations

Developing Nations

Different Kinds of Economies

Economies differ from one country to another

In any economy producers sell products to consumers

1.) What will be produced?2.) How will it be produced?3.) For whom will it be produced?

Answers to these questions depend on type of economy

Owners decide how products are produced

Workplaces are privately ownedGovernment owns workplaces

3 Basic Economic Questions

Ownership depends on

Country

3 Types of Economies

CapitalismDefinitionAlso called “free-market” economy b/c

producers compete freely for consumer’s businessPeople can save money in banksBanks lend money to people and business in

return for interest (?)Banks pay interest to people who save moneyPeople can invest in businesses

CommunismDefinitionGov’t controls prices of goods and services, how much is produced and how much workers are

paidGov’t decides where to invest resourcesOnly a few countries participate in this

Mixed EconomySystem of mixed ownershipEx. In some countries gov’t may own some

businesses while others are privately owned

Industrial Revolution

Developed Nations

Developing Nations

Before—people would make their own clothes, goods, etcThen a great change happened—people invented machines to make goods quicker and cheaper

New technology

1/5 of world is thisIncludes: US, Canada, Japan and most European NationsUse factory made goodsMost live in towns and citiesMachines do most of the workMost citizens can get a good education and healthcareMost food is grown by commercial farmersUnemployment is a challengeIndustry and cars lead to pollution

Includes Africa, Asia and Latin AmericaDon’t have great wealthPrivate farmers who raise food for their familiesChallenges are: disease, food shortages, unsafe water, poor education, bad healthcare, political unrestWorking to confront these challenges

World Trade Patterns

More or less developedDifferent set of economic specialtiesProduce different products and goods

Countries trade w/ 1 another to take advantage of another’s strengths

Ex. US makes great computers, Saudi Arabia produces oilSo Saudi Arabia sells oil to the US and the US sells computers to Saudi Arabia

Countries have grown dependent of one anotherWe need oil, other countries need our goods

so we have to buy and sell

How economies

differ

Trade Happens

Interdependence

Developed nations Sell products made using technologySell foods, natural resources and simple

products

NAFTANorth American Free Trade Agreement

Created to reduce costs of tradeEuropean Union

European trade organization

Consumers benefit from alliances b/c they end up paying less for products from other countries

Trade Alliances

Ch. 3 Section 4 NotesPolitical Systems

VocabularyA body that makes and enforces laws

Region that shares a government

A region that belongs to another state

A state that is dependent of other states

A small city-centered state

A state containing several countries

A set of laws that define and often limit a government’s power

Government

State

Dependency

Nation-state

City-state

Empire

Constitution

Types of States

Nations

Nation-state vs.

Dependencies

Then: People lived in extremely small communitiesNow: Still some small communities but people primarily live in nations

Protect peopleResolve conflicts between individuals and social groupsNeeds met by government

Each has a common body of lawsNation-states often called nations

Every place in the world where people live if part of a nation-state or dependencyMost are large but some are tiny

Ex. Vatican City in Rome

1st real states formed in SE Asia over 5000 years agoMilitary leaders conquered large areas & ruled

` them as empires

1500—European rulers founded nation-statesestablished dependencies all around the world

When dependencies became independent they formed new nation states

Direct DemocracyAll adults take part in decision makingTowns in New England still practice thisDecisions made at town meetings

Tribal RuleMembers have say in group decisionsChiefs or elders make final decisionDecisions based on culture’s customs &

beliefs

How States Developed

Types of Government

Types of Government

Con’t…

Absolute MonarchyUp until 200 years ago this was most common

form of gov’tKing or queen inherits throne by birth They have complete controlFew of these exist today

Ex. Saudi Arabia

DictatorshipStill around todayJust 1 person rulesA dictator has almost total power over landNations ruled today:

Cuba, Libya and North KoreaMost dictators do not inherit power, use violence against their opponentsDeny people right to make their own decisions

OligarchyGov’t controlled by small group of peoplePolitical party, military group, religious group—

types of groups that can controlOther people have little say

Constitutional MonarchyMost monarchies are todayPowers of king & queen are limited by law

Ex. EnglandSet of laws established in constitutionKing & queen often looked at as symbol of

country only

Representative DemocracyGovernments run by representatives the people choosePeople indirectly hold power to govern & rule

They elect representatives who create lawsIf people do not like what person is doing they can choose to not re-elect them

Citizens can work to change lawsConstitution is governing lawsEx. United States

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Nations make agreements to work together in alliancesMembers of alliance are called alliesAssist each other with defense

North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationAgree to defend any member who is attacked

Some are purely economic in purposeEuropean Union—economic unity among European nations

Dissolves disputes and promotes peaceAlmost all nations in world belong to thisSponsors other international organizations such as UNICEF

NATO

UNITED NATIONS