Migration Hey… Why are you leaving?. A German-English Cartographer and Geographer Most known for...
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Transcript of Migration Hey… Why are you leaving?. A German-English Cartographer and Geographer Most known for...
Migration
Hey… Why are you leaving?
A German-English Cartographer and Geographer
Most known for developing 11 “Laws of Migration.”
Ravenstein’s Laws are a model that address:
1. Why people migrate2. How far they migrate3. Who migrates
Zees vas a fery bad picture,
mine apologees.
EG RAVENSTEIN
PUSH Factors PULL Factors
Generally negative
Life factors that compel you to leave (EMIGRATE FROM) your current location
Generally positive
Life factors that attract you go to (IMMIGRATE TO) a new location
PUSH AND PULLFACTORS
ECONOMICPUSH AND PULL
FACTORS
1. Most people migrate for economic reasons
ECONOMIC PUSHES ECONOMIC PULLS
People emigrate from places with few job opportunities
People immigrate to places with ample job opportunities
North America is a popular economic
destination
The attractiveness
of a region shifts with economic
change
2. Cultural factors also cause people
to migrate, but less so
CULTURAL PUSHES
There have been two major cultural
push factors
SlaveryPolitical Instability/Revolution
CULTURAL PUSH AND PULL
FACTORS
Refugees are people who have been forced to leave their homes and migrate to another country for political reasons and cannot return for fear of persecution due to religion, nationality, ethnicity, membership in a social / political group.
In 2010, the UN counted 10.6 million refugees worldwide.
Countries producing large numbers of refugees: Iraq (the kurds), Afghanistan, Palestine
Countries producing large numbers of IDP: Sudan, Columbia, DRC, China
FORCEDMIGRATION
Refugees often demonstrate common characteristics:• Travel by primitive mode of transportation• Has no documentation • Has no hopes to return home • Has no clear destination• Carries few supplies • Is a member of an unstratified group
An internally Displaced Person (IDP) is a refugee within her own country, and asylum seekers are refugees who flee to other countries hoping to be legal permanent residence.
In 2010, the UN estimated there were 14.7 million IDPs and 838,000 asylum seekers worldwide.
FORCEDMIGRATION
CULTURAL PUSHES CULTURAL PULLS
Forced migration is a result of cultural
push factors
Political Instability/Revolution Democratic GovernmentEducational FreedomCareer ChoiceChoice of residence
CULTURAL PUSH AND PULL
FACTORS
But culture can also act as a pull
factor
3. Environmental factors may
cause people to migrate, but less
so
ENVIRONMENTAL PUSHES
Hazards
ENVIRONMENTALPUSH AND PULL
FACTORS
Manmade Hazards
US Nuclear Reactor Sites
Natural Hazards
Wildfire Hazard AreasDrought Hazard AreasFlood Hazard Areas
Tornado Hazard AreasEarthquake Hazard Areas
Hazards Population
Natural Disaster
NATURALDISASTERS
Natural disastersoccur where hazards and population
intersect
ENVIRONMENTAL PULLS
MountainsSeasidesWarm Climates
Hazards and Disasters are
environmental pushes
ENVIRONMENTAL PUSHES
Hazards
ENVIRONMENTALPUSH AND PULL
FACTORS
Environmental factors may also
Pull people
Net migration refers to whether the total amount of migration in a given region is negative or positive.
If more people are moving out than are moving into a region, then net migration is negative and is called NET OUT MIGRATION.
If more people are moving into a region than are moving out, then net migration is positive and is called NET IN MIGRATION.
Net In regions are considered to be attractors, while Net Out regions are considered unattractive.
NETMIGRATION
Migrants do not always reach their destination. Sometimes they get stopped or turned back.
An intervening obstacle is an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.
Environmental Intervening Obstacles:MountainsBodies of WaterDeserts
Cultural Intervening Obstacles:EthnocentrismRacismXenophobiaImmigration Laws/policies
INTERVENINGOBSTACLES
Sometimes immigrants get sidetracked.
An intervening opportunity is a feature (usually economic) that causes a migrant to choose a
destination other than his original one.
Economic Intervening Opportunities:Jobs
Maquilladoras Near US-Mexico Border
INTERVENINGOPPORTUNITIES
INTERVENINGOBSTACLE
Or
INTERVENINGOPPORTUNITY
ORIGIN DESTINATION
ALTERNATEDESTINATION
1. According to Lee, both origins and destinations have push and pull factors about them.
2. Some Migrants will leave their destination, encounter an intervening OBSTACLE and be forced to return to their origin.
3. Others migrants will encounter an intervening obstacle, overcome it and make it to their planned destination
4. And others will encounter intervening opportunities and decide to stay at an alternate destination
LEE’S MODELOF MIGRATION
4. Most migrants relocate a short
distance and remain in the same
country
Internal Migration International Migration
It is permanent movement within the same country
Internal migrants are more numerous than international migrants.
In keeping with Distance Decay theory, the farther a away a place is, the less likely someone is to move to it.
Internal moves are less traumatic and much shorter.
Two Kinds:Interregional migration- movement from one region of a country to another in the same country.
Intraregional- movement within one region of the same country.
It is permanent movement to another country.
International moves are less numerous than internal moves.
Two kinds:Voluntary migration- the migrant has chosen to move for whatever factor.
Forced migration- the migrant has been compelled to move, usually by cultural factors (refugees).
5. Long-distance migrants to other countries head for center of economic
activity
DISTANCEOF
MIGRATION
THE GRAVITYMODEL
The Gravity Model is used as a rough value of the likelihood of interaction (exchange of people in this case) between two places.
You could use it to determine if Chattanooga (place A) would have more or less migration interaction with Nashville (place B) or with Atlanta (place C).
The formula is:
(Population A x Poplulation B)(Distance A to B)²
The larger number from the two calculations indicates more interaction.
Geographer Wilbur Zelinsky studied migration patterns and correlated them to economic patterns within and between countries.
He developed a model for migration patterns called the Migration Transition that correlated reasons for migration with the various stages of the Demographic Transition.
THE MIGRATIONTRANSITION
Aren’t I a handsome
devil?
The Demographic Transition
CBR is high, variableCDR is high, variableNIR is near zero, fluctuatingPopulation is stable and low
In stage 1 of the MIGRATION TRANSITION, there is no real migration.
Instead, there is high, daily and seasonal circulation is search of food.
THE MIGRATIONTRANSITION
STAGE 1
CBR is high, variableCDR drops dramaticallyNIR rises sharplyPopulation explodes
In Stage 2 of the migration Transition, as countries enter stage 2 of the DT and industrialize, some former farmers migrate into urban areas of their
countries.
Many workers in search of work will migrate internationally to countries in stage 3 or 4 of the DT.
The Demographic Transition
THE MIGRATIONTRANSITION
STAGE 2
CBR drops steadilyCDR stays lowNIR begins to decreasePopulation grows more modestly
In stage 3 of the migration transition, countries in stage three receive international migrants from stage 2 countries. They will settle in urban areas
or agricultural zones.
Urban residents of stage 3 countries who have accumulated enough wealth begin to move into the suburbs (internal, intraregional migration).
The Demographic Transition
THE MIGRATIONTRANSITION
STAGE 3THE
MIGRATIONTRANSITION
CBR and CDR meets and parallel each otherNIR is near zero, fluctuatingPopulation is stable and high
In Stage 4 of the migration transition, countries in stage 4 continue to receive international migrants in search of work.
Stage 4 country urban residents will continue to migrate into suburban areas (internal, intraregional migration), and a few may even move back into rural
areas (downshifters).
The Demographic Transition
STAGE 4THE
MIGRATIONTRANSITION
6. Most long distance
migrants are male
Migrant Gender Migrant Family StatusRavenstein was right about most immigrants being males until about 20 years ago.
However, in the 1990’s, the pattern reversed and women accounted for 55% of immigrants to the US.
Some are coming to join husbands or brothers already here, but most are seeking work in their own right.
7. Most long distance migrants
are adult individuals, not
families with children
About 40% of immigrants to the US are between the ages of 25 and 39
Only about 5% of immigrants to the US are over age 65
As more women have begun to migrate, more children have begun to migrate with them. Now, 16% of immigrants to the US are under age 15.
Migration selectivity states
that migration laws select for certain
people over others: predominantly
single, working-aged males
MIGRATIONSELECTIVITY
Mexican Immigration
to the US
Many Mexicans come to the US each year both legally and permanently.
Mexican immigrants to the US without proper documents (illegal aliens) are currently the largest US immigrant group.
About 50% are male and 50% are female.
However, not all Mexican immigrants are illegal aliens.
Also, not all Mexicans who migrate to the US do so permanently. Many are seasonal migrant workers, some legal and some illegal.
PATTERNS
The typical undocumented immigrant has four years of schooling
Mexico is in stage 2 of the demographic transition, and 75% of Mexican migrants come from rural areas in Mexico.
The destination of choice is definitely border states with Mexico… >50% go to CA, 20% to TX and most of the rest to other Southwestern states.
PATTERNS
Mexico, itself also receives immigrants, both legal and illegal (up to 2 million per year, from other Latin American countries to its south. Some will stay in Mexico, and others will head for the US border.
The distance decay theory would predict that most Mexican migrants would come from Northern Mexican
states, but they do not.
The four leading sources of Mexican migrants are the states of:
GuanajuatoZacatecasJaliscoChihuahua
PATTERNS
North Mexico has plentiful job opportunities in maquilladoras (factories).
Most illegal Mexican immigrants have jobs in their home villages but migrate to the US to earn more money
The largest number work in agriculture picking fruits and vegetables. Many others work in clothing factorie, construction, food service, and housekeeping.
Because farm work is seasonal, the flow of immigrants varies throughout the year.
The greatest number of Mexican migrants flow into the US in the Autumn and back into Mexico in the Spring.
PATTERNS