Migration Demographic Changes in a New Global World

Chapter

Fourth Edition

THE WORLD’S HISTORYTHE WORLD’S HISTORY

Copyright ©2010, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek

MigrationMigrationDemographic Changes Demographic Changes in a New Global Worldin a New Global World

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Migration

• Demography: human populations viewed collectively and quantitatively

• Migrations: the movement of large groups of people across geographic space

• Approach gives opportunity to study lives of average people

• Requires new “tool kit” related to capabilities of computers



The “New Europes”

• Rise of European global influence, 1500-1750– Power of traders & of European nation-states– Trade shift to Atlantic– Increased military technology & organization– Wealth from the “New World”– Slavery– Spread of Aggressive Christianity




• Columbian Exchange of Plants, Animals & Disease– Diseases kill up to 90% of Amerindian

population after contact with Europe– Positive aspects of Columbian Exchange

Food from the Americas: white potato, cassava, sweet potato & maize

Food from Europe: wheat and domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep & pigs




• North America– Spain in decline by early 1600s– New settlers--English, Dutch, French--failed to

find easy wealth– Labor shortages cause land giveaways and

indentured servitude, the precursor of slavery Needed for farming cash crops Needed to replace loss of workers to high

death rates




• North America [cont.]

– New England attracts religious refugees in collective settlements

– Pennsylvania attracted diverse settlement because of religious tolerance

– French make numerous small settlements




• The Antipodes: Australia and New Zealand– Few outside contacts until Captain Cook

(1768)– British see Australia as dumping ground for

criminals (an earlier North American role)– Harsh living conditions prevail until 1868 with

the end of systematic transportation of convicts




• The Antipodes [cont.]– European arrivals destroy fragile ecology of

aboriginal civilization – Australian Aborigines initially retreat in face of

European invasion but ultimately resist over period of ten years British believe Aborigines cannot be made to work Surviving remnant now lives on reservations

– Similar pattern in New Zealand with the Maoris




• South Africa, 1642-1902– Dutch East India Company first to enter South

Africa (1652)– Settlements include 60,000 folks of whom 1/3

were white (1795) Predominant African people are Khoikhoi & San

– British took the area to keep it out of French hands; Dutch formally ceded it in 1814



Slavery: Enforced Migration, 1500-1750

• More migrants from Africa (as slaves) than from Europe (as free) in this period

• Slavery had existed since Roman times• Reorientation of trade routes to Atlantic

put Europeans in control of slave trade• Importance of slaves increases with

growth of Caribbean sugar plantations• Were often worked to death



Slavery: Enforced Migration,

1500-1750 • Reinterpreting the Slave Trades

– Slavery important in Africa Slaves were main form of wealth Were a source of wealth through labor Slave trade was lucrative

– European slave trade built on African trade– Impact of trade on Africa is in dispute

including relative impact on population and loss of opportunity to develop society



Asia Migrations, 1300-1750

• Conquests of western Europeans and central Asians show remarkable similarities

– Occur at the same time

– Traveled equally vast distances

– Were ruthless in conquest

– Sought to impose their own culture on others




• Differences in western European and central Asian conquests

– Defeated Asians did not suffer diseases that swept away populations in the Americas

– Asians had limits on their ability to impose culture

– Asian empires in decline by 18th century




• The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1700– Rise of Ottomans paralleled rise of Spain– Turks rely on gazis, sufis and janissaries– Move into Europe by early 1500s– Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566)

reached gates of Vienna– Population grew from 12-13 million in 1520 to

60-70 million in 1600




• India: The Mughal Empire, 1526-1707– Mughals begin invasion of India in 1526– Are a combination of Mongols & Turks– Major success under Akbar (r. 1556-1605),

India’s greatest ruler– Ruthless, he massacred entire population of

30,00- at Chitor in 1568– Based taxes on thorough survey of resources




• India: The Mughal Empire [cont.]– Tempered conquest of India with conciliation

of Hindu population– Proclaimed personal religion of Din-I-Ilahi that

combined Islam, Hinduism and Parsi– Became respected emperor of all Hindustan– Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707) squandered the

achievements and ended reign with Mughals in weakened position




• Safavid Persia, 1400-1700– Mongols & Turks devastated and repopulated

Persia in 13th century– Timur the Lame (r. 1336-1405) extended

Mongol rule from Turkey through N. India– Called Safavid, followers of Shaykh Safi al-

Din– Shah Abbas (1588-16290 brought in western

technology to try to hold on to power




• China: Ming & Manchu Dynasties– Mongol (Yuan) dynasty, 1271-1368– Followed by Ming who try to accommodate

Mongols to the north– Invasions in 1644 bring Qing dynasty

(Manchurians) to power (last until 1911)– Qing expand Chinese borders– Population sustained by crops from Americas



Global Population Growth and Movement

• Population growth is result & cause of social change

• European population tripled, 1000-1700• Slave trade reduced African population• Native American population decimated• Europeans flood outside world, 1820-

1930. European growth is fastest in history



Cities and Demographics

• Delhi/Shahjahanabad– Each Mughal emperor build own capital city– Akbar’s grandson rebuilt Delhi as

Shahjahanabad; population reached 2 million

– Religious, military and administrative center– Had the appearance of “nomadic court” with

“tents of stone”




• Isfahan (Iran)– Became capital in 1598– Had 2 1/2 mile walkway & large public square– Major center for craftsmanship– Shah Abbas opposed Ottomans and tolerated

European religious groups– Powerful neighbors insured that empire was

militarized




• Constantinople (Istanbul)– Had been capital of much-reduced Byzantine

Empire and became capital of Ottoman Empire

– A conurbation three major segments– Braudel calls Istanbul the prototype of later

European capitals – Became economic backwater with shift of

trade to the Atlantic




• London– London grew as these other cities declined

(approximately 1700) London’s growth promoted national market Stimulated agricultural production Developed use of coal Created new commercial instruments Increased productivity and purchasing power




• London [cont.]

– High immigration and death rates kept English population growth low

– London’s growth stimulated new ideas about economics and its importance

– London avoided the parasitism that often plagued imperial capitals



Migration and Demography

• Demography helps explain patterns in history– Growth of “New Europes”– Re-evaluation of slave trade– Comparison of Mongol-Turkic and European

patterns– Compared political and trade oriented capitals

• Migration issues continue today

Migration Demographic Changes in a New Global World

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