Migration, community safety and policing

Introduction to Migration

Guidance booklet #8

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Who is this guidance for?

Migration, community safety and policing is part of the Introduction to Migration series from the Integration up North project. The series provides a basic guide to migration for people working in public sector organisations: local authorities (including health services), police, fire and rescue services, probation services, Jobcentre Plus, Trades Unions and others. It should also be useful for those working in the voluntary and community sector.

The guidance aims to improve the knowledge and understanding of migration among service providers, so that they can shape their service to support the integration of new arrivals to the benefit of both the newly-arrived migrants and the wider local community. Throughout the guidance there are examples from practice across the northern region, and experiences of new arrivals in these areas. While the focus is migration to the north of England, it should be useable in other areas.

This is intended to be an easy-to-use reference document. It does not provide legal advice or a detailed guide to immigration law and policy. In such a fast-changing context, information can quickly become out of date. All information should be checked with an expert or the Home Office if in doubt. We have highlighted other sources of information and guidance where it exists, for further reading and future reference.

About the contributors

Migration, community safety and policing was written by Gill Green.

The Introduction to Migration series was edited by Pip Tyler, with most Integration up North (IUN) case studies written by Nahida Khan. The project and guidance documents would not have been possible without contributions and advice from our migrant volunteers, migration champions in our partner organisations, and our training delegates who commented on the materials.

This publication has been produced with the financial support of the European Union’s European Fund for the Integration of Third Country Nationals. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Migration Yorkshire and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Commission.

This document should be cited in the following way: Integration up North (2015) Migration, community safety and policing. Introduction to Migration series, Guidance booklet #8. Migration Yorkshire: Leeds.

The Introduction to Migration series is FREE and available online at www.migrationyorkshire.org.uk/integrationupnorth

Migration, community safety and policing was last updated in June 2015.

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Contents

Introduction: why Community Safety and Policing? page 5

Engagement: making and maintaining links in the community page 6

Promoting cohesion, monitoring tension page 9

New demands on community safety

Cultural practices

Building trust with communities

Translation, interpretation and communication

Self-employment and small businesses

Crime

Destitution and rough sleeping

page 14

Victimisation, exploitation, and radicalisation page 23

Summary of key messages page 28

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List of figures

i West Yorkshire Police - Community Engagement policy page 6

ii Contacting transient and new arrivals page 8

iii Examples of contacting new arrivals: META and Saira’s story page 8

iv What are cohesion and integration? Some definitions page 11

v Guidance on building cohesive communities page 11

vi Getting started with local communities: top tip page 13

vii Definitions: honour crimes, forced marriage and FGM page 15

viii Policing Roma communities page 16

ix First contact with public services – Natasha’s story of police support page 17

x Five questions to ask before translating page 18

xi Cultural messages on community safety - Yorkshire and Humberside Fire Prevention

page 19

xii Cambridgeshire Police response to concerns about driving page 21

xiii Responding to hate crime and conflict in Newcastle page 24

xiv Gangmasters Licensing Authority page 25

xv What is trafficking? page 25

xvi The National Crime Agency (NCA) page 26

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Introduction: why Migration, community safety and policing?

This guidance booklet focuses on community safety and policing in relation to new migrants. Recent increases in the number and diversity of new migrants has implications for all services including police and community safety staff. In addition, the increasingly restrictive policy context in relation to migration means that both the public and new migrants alike may only consider policing roles to be in relation to enforcement.1

Effectiveness here is closely linked to good partnership working, as stressed in other briefings. The issues discussed can apply to most migrant groups, but some are more of an issue for those third country migrants (those from outside the European Economic Area or EEA) whose home countries may differ more than do many European counties in terms of culture and expectations of the police.

The guidance booklet covers:

the importance of making and maintaining links with existing and new communities

promoting cohesion between and within communities, and monitoring tensions

community safety demands that are specific to some new migrant communities; these may include language and communication, practices like forced/underage marriage that are illegal in the UK, migrants running small businesses, crime and destitution

migrants vulnerable to some kinds of crime and exploitation, for example hate crime or human trafficking. The briefing highlights areas of particular risk and the guidance and help available for authorities and their police partners.

migrants vulnerable to radicalisation, and the Prevent agenda.

Key messages and examples from practice across the UK are incorporated throughout.

1 For example, some third country nationals (from outside the EU) currently have to register with the police shortly after

arrival in the UK to comply with their visa conditions; there are indications from government that this requirement may be extended in future to EU nationals to ensure they return if they have not found work within six months of arrival.

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Engagement: making and maintaining links in the community

Community safety work requires local authority staff and police officers to have links with local people.

Links should include established communities and new migrant groups:

It is important to pro-actively continue links with long standing populations in areas of migration. This helps to identify any tensions early. A real or apparent focus on newcomers alone can lead to perceptions of favouritism and may stoke resentment.

If the population changes due to migration, links may need to be refreshed. It is harder to make links where there is a lot of turnover among newcomers, but some links can and should still be made.

The importance of community engagement for community safety is highlighted in West Yorkshire police’s community engagement policy; an extract is reproduced in Figure i.

2 West Yorkshire Police (2013) Community Engagement: Policy

www.westyorkshire.police.uk/sites/default/files/files/policies/community_engagement.pdf

Key message 1: Developing effective links with local people is a key part of most community safety work. Links are needed with existing communities and with newer arrivals.

Figure i: West Yorkshire Police - Community Engagement policy

‘Engagement with the widest possible range of community groups is essential for the Force to:

deliver the service communities require;

forge meaningful community relations;

build trust and confidence; and

tap into new and insightful information sources.

Engagement should impact on every level of policing as this:

1. creates a greater understanding of how policing strategies may affect individuals and communities;

2. can create an increase in public perceptions of safety; 3. has a positive impact on tackling crime and anti social behaviour; 4. helps identify underlying community tensions; 5. helps identify strategies that may not have otherwise been considered 6. helps design and deliver services that meet public needs; and 7. can be defined in terms of a ‘confidence cycle’ with engagement shaping neighbourhood

priorities, collaborative problem solving and identifying neighbourhood problems.’

Source: Extracted from West Yorkshire Police (2013)2

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Most areas with longstanding migrant communities have developed local links. These are often with community associations, religious centres and individuals who can be identified as ‘leaders’ (including in some cases local councillors). But links to longstanding migrant communities will not necessarily pick upon the concerns of new arrivals from the same countries. These newcomers will often be a minority within communities and may face different issues (see the later section, New demands on community safety).

Key things to consider in relation to new migrants include:

An understanding of who has arrived: where they live and work, their occupations and particular cultural and/or religious practices will help partners establish appropriate local channels of communication. Much of this is covered in the earlier Introduction to Migration guidance booklets.3

Existing arrangements may not work when migrants from new countries move into an area. This is especially true when many of the migrants only stay in one place for short periods. High levels of population turnover are especially common in certain industries (e.g. seasonal agricultural picking and packing, or some tourist industries) and in certain types of accommodation (e.g. houses in multiple occupation).

Migrants are not all members of an easily recognisable and homogenous community with leaders. Individuals who come from the same part of the globe or even the same country will not necessarily know each other or have the same views. And newer communities are less likely to have established ‘community leaders’.

Migrants may not always describe themselves in the way we expect, and authorities cannot assume people with a similar ethnic background but different nationalities or religion will see themselves as the same or will act in the same way. For example, a study of the Roma in Manchester showed some tended to identify by nationality not ethnicity,4 for example Czech Roma usually initially self-reported as Czechs in the school census, while Romanian Roma self-reported as Roma.

These factors can make it harder to identify new arrivals and to make and maintain links with them. However, there are options and techniques that work.

The most effective ways of contacting newer arrivals will vary by place and community. Figure ii summarises some options, while Figure iii gives two examples. A further example can be read on the West Yorkshire Police website where a Polish Police Support Volunteer

3 See in particular, Integration up North (2015) Who are the migrants in my area? Introduction to Migration series,

Guidance booklet #2. www.migrationyorkshire.org.uk/introductiontomigration-iun 4 L Scullion and P Brown (2013) ‘What’s working?’: Promoting the inclusion of Roma in and through education. University

of Salford. www.natt.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/What's%20working%20-%20FINAL%20REPORT%20March%202013.pdf

Key message 2: Making and maintaining links can be harder if the population changes. Agencies should identify local places that migrants frequent in order to make contact with new migrants.

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helped build bridges between the police and the Polish community in Leeds, not only encouraging contact but teaching the police officers some conversational Polish.5

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5 West Yorkshire Police, Volunteer Case Studies www.westyorkshire.police.uk/recruitment/volunteers-policing/volunteer-

case-studies 6 Mobile Europeans Taking Action www.keystonetrust.org.uk/META/

Figure ii: Contacting transient and new arrivals

Some ways of contacting harder to reach new migrants include through the following places:

Places that provide free computers and internet. Many recent migrants are in relatively low paid jobs, at least initially. They often use the internet to stay in contact with home. Free use of computers and internet – often available in local libraries, sometimes in youth centres – is a draw. Libraries can also provide information, training material and sometimes books in migrants’ home languages. See for example: www.welcometoyourlibrary.org.uk

English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) classes. Many migrants want to learn or improve their English, so local ESOL classes are a good place to contact recent migrants. Some areas have formally integrated local community safety staff into their ESOL curriculum.

Shops selling food and drink from countries of origin. Once local populations from any area reach a certain mass, local shops (including supermarkets) tend to start to stock particular items. These shops can be good place to leave posters/leaflets etc.

Social/cultural centres including faith centres such as churches and mosques.

Child support services – health visitors, nurseries, primary schools. Where migrants start families or bring children to the UK, they can often be contacted through related services.

Major employers of migrant labour. Many employers are happy to give out some information to their employees and can be a good channel for communication.

Figure iii: Examples of contacting new arrivals: META and Saira’s story

META In some areas community groups have grown up that seek to help all migrants, whatever their nationality. An example is META6 – Mobile Europeans Taking Action – hosted by the Keystone Development Trust in Thetford, Norfolk. Migrant workers from a range of nationalities provide support and help for their peers and for newer arrivals.

Saira’s story – settling in through the community centre Saira came to the UK from Morocco to join her husband, and she now lives in Leeds. She benefits immensely from her local community centre as there are different activities organised which have been beneficial. She found those services were key in helping her make friends and settle more successfully in the community. She explains: ‘My husband was a student when I came, so he did not have much time to help me look for work and find ESOL classes.’ People from the community centre - mainly service users - were always giving her help and information; she secured her first job from there. Unfortunately, she has noticed that in the past couple of years there has been a steady decline of free services that were

previously on offer; the centre used to run healthy living classes and also ran outings around the UK.

Source: Integration up North (IUN) volunteer project

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Promoting cohesion, monitoring tension

Population change can be disruptive and is not always welcomed by existing communities. Newcomers are an easy group to blame for problems. Local public agencies need to work together to:

Understand and monitor local tensions

Address minor issues that can exacerbate tensions

Support actions that create links and dialogue needed for a cohesive community.

Understanding tensions

Tackling tension requires an understanding of why there are concerns or tensions, and working with existing communities as well as new migrants. Tension may arise due to factors such as the following:

Concerns based on competition (actual, perceived or potential)

Existing residents may believe migrants are directly competing for jobs, housing and other public resources. Sometimes these concerns are based on misunderstandings. For example, available evidence shows that few recent migrants get social housing, especially if they are third country migrants, but this remains a persistent myth. Some fears of competition are justified; if an influx of migrants leads to significantly more competition in a tight housing market for example, then higher private sector rents and sale prices will affect local people.

Concerns based on misunderstandings, ignorance or differing life and work patterns

Sometimes relatively small issues can cause resentment from an existing community. A considerable increase in multi-occupied housing can make a neighbourhood less pleasant. The outside of such homes may be less looked after, homes can appear overcrowded; there may be noise or parking issues. There can be more rubbish bins, left out for collection on the wrong days. There may be an increase in street drinking by migrants living in relatively overcrowded conditions and unable to afford pub prices.

These issues are similar to those that can occur when students move into an area. Local authorities can address some of these e.g. refuse collectors can deliver reminders about rubbish collections, translated into known local migrant languages, and landlords can be contacted about the appearance of certain properties. Police patrols and temporary bans on street drinking are options. While such measures will not stop an area changing, they may help with tensions.

Key message 3: Migration often leads to tensions within and between communities, based on concerns about competition, cultural misunderstandings or external events. Older migrant communities can also be unhappy about new arrivals.

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Tensions within and between migrant communities

Communities are not monolithic. Sometimes groups who have been established for some time may not get on with a later wave of migrants from their countries of origin. For example, when large numbers of young Poles came to the UK after the expansion of the EU in 2004, they met a mixed reception from the existing Polish clubs and churches set up 50+ years earlier around and just after World War II. The Manchester Roma report suggests Roma from different countries may have no links and can behave in very different ways. So links with one group are no certain guide to the likely behaviour of others.

Established migrant groups can feel threatened by new migrants from elsewhere. They have the same concerns over change and competition for local jobs, houses and resources as any other established community. This can be exacerbated by a concern that newcomers will stir up tensions that may then be taken out on the more established migrant community.

Tensions due to external events

Tensions and events in countries of origin and international events can have an impact in the UK, and flashpoints in one part of the UK can affect community relations elsewhere. The murder of Lee Rigby in Greenwich was followed by a rise in attacks on mosques across the UK. When Greece won the European championships, there were traffic jams and noisy late night parties in parts of north London. More serious impacts can be linked to religious or cultural tensions elsewhere (such as those between Hindu and Muslim in parts of India). Foreign policy and especially developments in the Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan also lead to reactions in the UK. The 9/11 attacks in New York led to a rise in hate crime attacks on Muslims in the UK.

‘Community cohesion’: what are we aspiring to?

Community safety workers cannot prevent tensions between generations and communities. They can be aware of their existence and address them in local discussions and activities. Tensions between and within new communities may require police and other public service intervention.

People often talk about promoting cohesion or integration, although there is no universally accepted definition of either term, nor current official guidance on how to achieve it. It is helpful to have clarity about what an organisation understands by cohesion. Some definitions are given in Figure iv.

Key message 4: Community safety workers cannot prevent tensions but can be aware of their existence and address them in local discussions and activities.

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7 T Cantle (2004) The End of Parallel Lives? The Report of the Community Cohesion Panel. Home Office: London

http://tedcantle.co.uk/pdf/TheEndofParallelLives.pdf 8 Policy Framework, Centre for Social Relations, Coventry University

www.cohesioninstitute.org.uk/PolicyResearch/PolicyFramework 9 CLG (2012) Creating the conditions for integration www.gov.uk/government/publications/creating-the-conditions-for-a-

more-integrated-society

Figure iv: What are cohesion and integration? Some definitions

‘A cohesive community is one where: There is a common vision and a sense of belonging for all communities The diversity of people’s different backgrounds and circumstances are appreciated and positively valued Those from different backgrounds have similar life opportunities; and Strong and positive relationships are being developed between people from different backgrounds in the workplace, in schools and within neighbourhoods’

Source: T Cantle (2004) p577 Cohesion comprises:

‘Interaction between individuals, communities and wider society to promote trust and common understanding

Active citizenship: participation in civil society, in public institutions, the workplace and in political life

Equality of access to the labour market, housing, education, healthcare and social welfare. Evidence of progress towards equality of outcome across society

A society at ease with itself, with a real sense of security, welcome and belonging

Respect for the rule of law and the liberal values that underpin society

The possession of civil, political and social rights and responsibilities.’

Source: Centre for Social Relations, Coventry University8

Current government policy on integration states:

‘We believe that people can come together in strong, united communities if we encourage and support them to:

have shared aspirations, values and experiences

have a strong sense of mutual commitments and obligations, promoting personal and social responsibility

take part in local and national life and decision-making

fulfil their potential to get on in life

challenge extremism and hate crime.’

Source: Department for Communities and Local Government (CLG) (2012)9

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A practical response

So how should we work towards cohesive, integrated communities? There are no blueprints or 'off the shelf' solutions to address community tensions or their consequences. Every area, community and set of circumstances is unique and will require a bespoke approach. However there are lessons to be learnt from what has already been tried.

There are some more detailed suggestions in older publications that councils can draw on, in terms of principles and practice:

Guidance for local authorities on how to mainstream community cohesion into other services10 focuses on why and how councils should mainstream and embed community cohesion in other areas of service delivery and work with other local organisations.

Building Cohesive Communities: What frontline staff and community activists need to know is aimed at frontline staff. It suggests areas for activity summarised in Figure v.

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CLG (2009) Guidance for local authorities on how to mainstream community cohesion into other services www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-for-local-authorities-on-how-to-embed-community-cohesion-into-their-services 11

CLG (2009) Building Cohesive Communities: What frontline staff and community activists need to know http://resources.cohesioninstitute.org.uk/Publications/Documents/Document/Default.aspx?recordId=126 12

‘A sense of belonging’: The Cohesion Communications Toolkit www.cohesioninstitute.org.uk/Resources/Toolkits/Communications/TopTips

Key message 5: Local public agencies should work together to reduce tensions and build cohesion, and establish partnerships in anticipation of future tensions.

Figure v: Guidance on building cohesive communities

Ten areas to work on to build cohesion11

Promoting interaction between people and groups

Tackling attitudes, perception and myths

Building trust in local institutions

Developing the role of young people

Developing effective community leadership.

Developing a sense of belonging

Developing commitment to a shared future

Building community resilience

Using communications and the media to promote cohesion

Working on underlying causes.

Top Tips12

1. Be strategic 2. Talk about it 3. Communicate all the time 4. Use other people to spread the word 5. Bust the myths 6. Make the media your friend 7. Work in partnership 8. Mind the credibility gap 9. Involve young people

10. Celebrate difference but also what's in common

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Police forces will have their own local arrangements for tension monitoring which local councils should be linked into via their community safety arrangements. Monitoring tensions in communities is discussed in the Tension Monitoring toolkit13 (right) which looks at:

setting up a tension monitoring system

local community dynamics and

responding to tensions.

The toolkit stresses the importance of preparation and partnerships. To deal with rising tension, it essential to have networks of people who know and trust each other already established - they cannot be created after tensions have emerged.

Cross-community mediation is one approach that may be appropriate. Detailed examples of this with Roma and non-Roma communities from the UK and in Europe are provided in a good practice guide from the Roma MATRIX project.14

Another source of guidance for staff at the front line is the Community Development Foundation, who also have grant programmes that may be relevant.

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Institute of Community Cohesion (2010) Understanding and monitoring tension and conflict in local communities: A practical guide for local authorities, police service and partner agencies (2

nd ed)

www.cohesioninstitute.org.uk/Resources/Toolkits/TensionMonitoring 14

Roma MATRIX (2015) Cross-community Mediation. Good Practice Guide No.6. https://romamatrix.eu/roma-mentoring-

public-authorities-roma-matrix-good-practice-guide-8 15

Community Development Foundation www.cdf.org.uk

Figure vi: Getting started with local communities: top tip

The Community Development Foundation stresses the need to create spaces for mutual dialogue and collective action. But often you can’t start with serious discussions about difficult issues. To get people engaged you need to offer them something that will encourage engagement. Sharing food seems to be a common way of easing people in! If the first non-threatening and ‘more fun’ engagement works, groups can move on to discuss/raise more difficult issues.

Source: Community Development Foundation15

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New demands on community safety

While there is no evidence that migrants commit more crime than any other group, migrants may place new demands on community safety staff. For example:

Cultural practices: There may be new offences to deal with linked to cultural practices illegal in the UK

Translation and interpreting: There may be additional costs from unavoidable translation/interpretation

Communicating: with migrant businessmen, landlords and vehicle owners/drivers about UK laws and regulation.

Developing trust: There are cultural as well as language barriers to communication. Some individual migrants and some groups of migrants may have a very different experience of authority and will not automatically trust or help police or other agencies. Public agencies may need to amend educational and campaign material to get their message across to some migrant communities.

Different types of crime: Certain types of crime and actual or perceived anti-social behaviour may increase alongside a population change, especially if the local balance of age and sex changes. The issues may need to be handled in slightly different ways.

Destitution and rough sleeping: If the population of an area increases, the number of incidents community safety staff must deal with may increase, even if the crime rate remains the same or goes down.

Each of these is explored in the following sections.

Cultural practices

Sometimes individual migrants want to maintain cultural practices that their children no longer wish to pursue. Where these practices involve breaking British law, police involvement may be needed.

Examples include honour-based violence, forced marriage and female genital mutilation (FGM) as outlined in Figure viii. The police address many of these crimes under the general heading of ‘Tackling Violence Against Women & Girls’ including FGM, Honour based Violence, Child Abuse, Sexual Violence and Domestic Abuse. Each police service has a lead police officer for Honour based Violence.

Family concerns such as domestic violence and child abuse occur in all communities but may need a different approach with migrant communities.

Key message 6: There may be new demands for those involved in policing and community safety in relation to cultural practices, translation and interpreting, communication and building trust with new migrant communities, crime and destitution.

Key message 7: Practices that are illegal in the UK may be accepted by some migrants. Problems present in all communities may require different approaches with some migrant communities because of cultural beliefs held by family members.

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Migrants who suffer domestic violence can get help and support whatever their immigration status. This may be especially useful for some third country migrants who fear destitution. The policy is known as the Domestic Violence concession. The policy and details of what to do to formalise a victim’s status and access benefits are on the Home Office website.16

Information on FGM for frontline staff is available in a Home Office document17 and more information on safeguarding issues is available in other IUN guidance booklets.18

Some people suggest that the law is inadequate to deal with forced marriage. This is not true; current existing frameworks, combining criminal and civil legislation and the Forced Marriage Statutory Guidelines, provide adequate mechanisms to address forced marriage. The problem may be inadequate experience and understanding in the authorities.

There are a number of national groups who provide support to police and social services once victims have come forward or been identified, including:

Karma Nirvana19 is a specialist charity supporting victims and survivors of forced marriage and honour based abuse.

IMKAAN20 is a national organisation supporting black and ethnic minority womens’ organisations. They have information on forced marriage on their website.

The Forced Marriage Unit (FMU) (the Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Home Office)21 produce guidelines for local authorities.

However, there is no easily available information on early identification of victims or prevention, including how best to work to change the views of communities on certain practices. To successfully address such illegal activities police also need help from other public services. Health and education have major roles to play in identification and

16

Home Office, Domestic Violence and abuse www.gov.uk/domestic-violence-and-abuse 17

FCO Female genital mutilation: the facts www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/97829/leaflet-for-fgm.pdf 18

See in particular, Integration up North (2015) Safeguarding adult migrants, Introduction to Migration series, Guidance

booklet #12. www.migrationyorkshire.org.uk/introductiontomigration-iun 19

www.karmanirvana.org.uk 20

http://imkaan.org.uk/AboutUs 21

FCO and Home Office, Forced Marriage www.gov.uk/forced-marriage

Figure vii: Definitions: honour crimes, forced marriage and FGM

What is an honour crime? An incident or crime which has or may have been committed to protect or defend the honour of the family or community.

What is forced marriage? A forced marriage is where one or both spouses do not (or in the case of some adults with learning or physical disabilities, cannot) consent to the marriage and duress is involved. Duress can include physical, psychological, financial, sexual and emotional pressure. Forced marriage affects a range of groups including Irish Traveller, Afghan, South Asian, Kurdish, Aran and some African communities.

What is female genital mutilation (FGM)? Female genital cutting is a harmful practice involving full or partial removal of a girl’s external genitals. It serves no medical purpose and has many harmful consequences.

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prevention. There are indications that to better respond to FGM for example, police need more confidence, support and to work across agencies.22

Building trust with communities

A broader cultural issue for police and other community safety staff is working with communities who have a historic mistrust of authority. This may be because they come from a group who have been historically subject to discrimination, like many Eastern European Roma communities (see Figure vii). It may be because they come from a country where police forces are less professional and less trusted than in the UK.

As outlined at the start of this booklet, making links with new migrants can help build trusted relationships: ‘Outreach by key service providers in the UK, such as the police, have shown that introducing themselves to new migrants through organizations and community groups, and explaining and encouraging the process of reporting problems builds a feeling of safety and trust between new migrants and the police’.24

In some individual cases where new arrivals have had contact with UK police officers, they are reassured and see a significant contrast with the policing they knew in their country of origin. Natasha’s story in Figure ix demonstrates this.

22

See paragraphs 74-76 in: Home Affairs Committee (2014) Female genital mutilation: the case for a national action plan HC201 www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/home-affairs-committee/inquiries/parliament-2010/female-genital-mutilation 23

OECD (2010) Police and Roma and Sinti: Good Practices in Building Trust and Understanding. SPMU Publication Series Vol. 9. www.osce.org/odihr/67843 24

Audit Commission (2000) cited by Z Haque (2010) What Works With Integrating New Migrants? Lessons from International Best Practice. Runnymede http://pathwaystowork.eu/en/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/WhatWorksWithIntegratingNewMigrants-20101.pdf

Figure viii: Policing Roma communities

Police and Roma and Sinti: Good Practices in Building Trust and Understanding gives examples of how police services across countries work with Roma. It highlights the difficulties for the police to convince Roma communities to actively co-operate, ‘because of their lack of trust in the police, due to a history of biased and repressive treatment by the police and/or because of a traditional lack of interest in collaborating with them.’

The report recommends that the police reach out to a wide range of Roma and Sinti groups, working with a range of other groups. It highlights the need for police and political leaders to be committed and deliver clear statements of their commitment to improve the policing situation of Roma. Above all, it makes the point that what matters most in building trust is for the police to treat the Roma community fairly:

‘Partnership-based initiatives will only be sustainable if the police demonstrate on a daily basis their willingness and competency to deliver professional quality-based service to all community members, including Roma and Sinti, particularly in policing areas the fields of activities with a potential for conflict and tension. One example of bad practice by a single officer can destroy the achievements of good work of his/her colleagues.’

Source: OECD (2010)23

‘One example of bad practice by a single officer can destroy

the achievements of good work of his/her

colleagues’

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At a more strategic level, partnership working can bear fruit, as has been found in Glasgow where much work has been done to improve relationships between the police and local Roma communities. Practical examples include an Enforcement, Policing, Information and Communication (EPIC) plan with Roma on the working group, community events, work in schools, an Enforcement Support Officer at Glasgow City Council who speaks several Roma dialects, police Advocacy Surgeries and a short guide for public authorities on engaging with Roma.25 In the long-term, recruitment of a diverse workforce reflecting local communities will forge more trust between public authorities and migrant groups. The Gypsy Roma Traveller Police Association is a good example.26

25

See pp.16-17 in: Roma MATRIX (2015) Networks in Law Enforcement. Good Practice Guide No.2.

https://romamatrix.eu/roma-mentoring-public-authorities-roma-matrix-good-practice-guide-8 26

Gypsy Roma Traveller Police Association: Breaking down barriers, building trust www.grtpa.com 27

Natasha’s story was collated during fieldwork for the Destination Integration research study as part of the Integration up North project. See: A Ahmed et al (2015) Destination Integration: Third Country Nationals in the North of England: Final report. Salford Housing and Urban Studies Unit (SHUSU), Salford University. www.migrationyorkshire.org.uk/publications

Figure ix: First contact with public services – Natasha’s story of police support

Natasha lives in West Yorkshire. She came from Pakistan to join her British husband in the UK. She has been here for nearly two years. The police were the first public service that she accessed in this country. Prior to this, her husband had given her little to no information about public services.

Natasha was relocated to specialist accommodation the Yorkshire and Humber region to escape an abusive, and often life threatening domestic situation in another part of England. Natasha is overwhelmingly positive about her initial experience of the police and their links to other agencies which enabled her to leave the relationship. She was able to access help through them when a police officer ‘saw me crying and when my husband pushed me out of the shop so he (the police officer) saw on the CCTV cameras’. The police referred her to domestic violence support. Natasha described that the police had referred her to a support worker who she described as ‘an angel’ and had ‘changed my life’. She is one of several interviewees in the Destination Integration research project to make reference to this relationship between police and support workers from other services.

Similarly, as with several other women with similar backgrounds and experiences interviewed for the research project, Natasha stressed the difference between police in the UK and their country of origin, noting the endemic corruption of police in the latter and the lack of access to justice for those without money. In particular she contrasts support available to women: ‘In this country especially women have so many rights. In our country, no.’ She emphasises a need for more basic information on rights and services in leaflets or brochures in places such as GP surgeries and supermarkets.

Natasha was enthusiastic about the visibility of the police on the streets as a source of help for those in urgent need with little awareness of where to go, combined with their positive initial response: ‘The way they are treating people, the way they are giving them support and especially the police I'm going to mention over here. Every time I used to say the police, they are our friends. … The way they used to treat you, very politely, very humbly and they listen to you. They're, 'Are you fine? Is everything going good with you?' I'm going to say, this is the best country in the world.’

Source: University of Salford (2015)27

The police were the first public

service that she accessed in this

country… her husband had given

her little to no information about

public services.

18

Translation, interpretation and communication

There is no agreement as to how much translation and interpretation is needed. Current government policy supports promoting English rather than spending money on translation. However, there will be times when clarity is essential and this may mean translation is needed. For example,

Police and the courts need accurate statements for use in court from a victim, witness or accused person

Doctors and patients need accuracy when discussing some health problems and treatments.

Clarity can also help over finance. One London housing association found that their rent arrears from the Somali community fell dramatically when they employed a worker from a Somali voluntary organisation to talk to the community about the issue.

Some migrants may not have high levels of literacy, so translated written documents will not always be a substitute for interpreters. Two examples are members of some Roma communities or some individuals arriving to join families from countries with lower levels of literacy than the UK, especially for women.

All organisations need to have their own broad policy on when to translate. A CLG resource, reproduced in Figure x, suggests asking various questions before automatically translating.

Demand for particular languages can change rapidly. Public services should monitor demand for and use of interpreters, and indeed translation costs and top languages in demand are frequently published following Freedom of Information requests. Other options may be more cost effective including special telephone lines, limited standard translated letters and

28

CLG (2007) Guidance for local authorities on translation of publications http://resources.cohesioninstitute.org.uk/Publications/Documents/Document/Default.aspx?recordId=60

Key message 8: Most migrants speak some English or can communicate via family, friends or colleagues, but public services need access to interpreters and translators for certain issues.

Figure x: Five questions to ask before translating

1. Is it essential that this material is translated? 2. If so, does it need to be translated in full? 3. Are you using the right data to select the languages to translate this material into? 4. Have you considered the cost/benefit for this translation? 5. Have you explored whether other local agencies might already have these materials

available in translated form?

Source: CLG (2007)28

One London housing association found

that their rent arrears from the

Somali community fell dramatically

when they employed a worker from a

Somali voluntary organisation to talk

to the community

19

web pages, arrangements with other public services, community groups, voluntary agencies and bi-lingual staff.

Even where new migrants can read and understand English they may not understand educational campaigns designed for a different culture. For example, campsites may have posters up about safe use of cooking stoves; but we do not expect people to use these stoves indoors in their houses. Yorkshire and Humberside Fire Prevention found that this was an issue for some of their recent arrivals from the sub-continent, as explained in Figure xi.

If you decide that your organisation or partnership wants to produce information material, there are useful tips on format and other issues in an IDEA publication.29

Self-employment and small businesses

Many migrants set up as self-employed, are small businessmen or become landlords, often to others in their own community. But recent arrivals in particular will not be aware of the myriad of rules and regulations involved, the sanctions for breaking some or the role of the civil courts in business and landlord/tenant disputes.

This may be an area for joint education work between councils (including for example building inspectors, trading standards and environmental health officers), including targeted translated leaflets. Where enforcement is still necessary, associated targeted publicity can help spread the word.

29

IDEA (2008) Integrating New Migrants: communicating important information. www.idea.gov.uk/idk/aio/7929812

Key message 9: Educational and promotional material on community safety may need changing to be effective for new communities.

Figure xi: Cultural messages on community safety - Yorkshire and Humberside Fire Prevention

The force analyses clusters of incidents. Some are linked with groups of newer migrants.

In the Keighley area community workers discovered an issue linked to spouses from the sub-continent joining families in the UK. A favoured cooking method is ‘barbecue’ style cooking on charcoal/an open stove. This is not appropriate and safe indoors and was leading to more local fires. Another issue was an increase in bonfires (which could get out of hand) in areas where Poles settled.

Education through leaflets and word of mouth can focus on the behaviour that leads to the fires. But national campaigns can use national stereotypes in posters and leaflets, and these may not be that helpful. For example, posters commenting on the dangers of chip pans do not resonate with all communities – but the message about safety when cooking with oil needs to reach all groups. So localised and community specific education may be needed.

Source: Author interview with a fire service in Yorkshire and the Humber.

Key message 10: Many migrants will not be used to the level of regulation involved in running small businesses or being landlords in the UK. Getting information across will involve local council enforcers as well as police and fire staff.

20

Most new migrants rent in the private sector, often at the lower end in terms of condition and so are particularly affected by poor and unsafe housing. One London Borough realised that many of their migrant landlords did not know about many of the legal requirements associated with lettings. They used their landlords forum to provide targeted training on regulations.

.Crime

Academic research suggests that recent migrants commit less crime than their host communities. 30 Most of the research has been conducted outside the UK in America and Europe, but the limited UK research comes to similar conclusions. Available evidence also suggests that much crime is internal to communities.

12% of the prison population are foreign nationals,31 and this proportion has been slightly declining over time from a high of 14% in 2006.32 Top countries of origin for inmates are Poland, Ireland, Romania and Jamaica.33 Most adult crime is committed by young men, and younger men are over represented in newer migrant populations, so it is not surprising that some of them commit offences.

Vehicle offences

Some offences are very linked to area and work types. For example, some rural areas where large numbers of migrant workers are employed in picking and packing have found an increase in vehicle related offences. Some were about:

vehicle conditions – gangmasters skimp on the condition of vans used to transport workers, and young workers isolated without a car purchasing or bringing over cars that do not meet MOT standards.

driving skills – possibly drivers who were too tired or who were drunk.

Police forces have responded in various ways, with a mixture of enforcement through additional spot checks and education. Forces need to monitor any actual change in local offence patterns as targeted action may be needed. As an example, Cambridgeshire’s response is summarised in Figure xii. 30

S Bucerius (2011) ‘Immigrants and crime’, in M Tonry (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice, New York: Oxford University Press. B Bell, F Fasani and S Machin (2010) Crime and Immigration: Evidence from Large Immigration Waves: A discussion paper London: LSE (Centre for Economic Performance). 31

‘Prison Population: 31 March 2015’ in Ministry of Justice (2015) Offender management statistics quarterly: October to December 2014 and annual www.gov.uk/government/statistics/offender-management-statistics-quarterly-october-to-december-2014-and-annual 32

House of Commons Library (2013) Prison Population Statistics http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN04334/SN04334.pdf Figures provided up to June 2013. 33

From Prison Population (2015) as per earlier reference.

Key message 11: Certain crimes may increase when populations increase and change; police may need to focus on certain areas, and may need to educate migrants in relevant law and regulation - for example vehicle offences or use of khat.

One London Borough realised migrant landlords

did not know the legal requirements associated with lettings. They used their landlords forum to

provide targeted training.

21

Reclassification of Khat

A particular issue for some areas is the reclassification of the drug Khat. In June 2014 it became a class C drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act.

This drug is culturally relatively widespread in parts of East and North Africa, especially Somalia. It was previously legal in the UK and there was a legal trade supplying shops in the UK, mainly from Kenya. The extent of harm from chewing khat is debated and the advisory panel on drugs did not find conclusive evidence of harm.

The background and the government approach is given in a House of Commons note35 while the Home Office has issued fact sheets on Khat in five languages36 (see picture, right).

34

Cambridgeshire Constabulary (2007) A Newcomer's Guide to Policing and the Law in Cambridgeshire www.cambs.police.uk/help/newcomers 35

Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (2013) Minimising the harms of khat. POST Note PN449 www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/briefing-papers/POST-PN-449/minimising-the-harms-of-khat 36

Home Office (2014) Khat fact sheets. www.gov.uk/government/publications/khat-fact-sheet-for-england-and-wales available in Amharic, Arabic, English, Somali and Swahili.

Figure xii: Cambridgeshire Police response to concerns about driving

Firstly, the force runs regular spot checks on minivans taking workers out from the major towns such as Peterborough.

Secondly, working in partnership with the Cambridgeshire Criminal Justice Board, the force has produced a 20 page 'A Newcomer's Guide to Policing and the Law in Cambridgeshire'34 (see picture, right). Funded nationally by a grant from the Office for Criminal Justice Reform, the guide is designed to aid communication with a growing population of workers and visitors from outside Britain.

The guide has been translated into 16 languages to give crime prevention and safety advice to newcomers to the county and to offer help to crime victims who cannot speak English. It also provides useful information about the law in Britain which may be different to the laws in other countries. The guide includes information on driving and the documents needed to drive legally; drinking and driving; alcohol and drugs and carrying a weapon.

22

Local community safety partnerships will need to work closely with education, social services and community organisation colleagues to make sure that everyone is clear about the changes to the law and what this means for those previously involved in importing, selling or using khat.

Destitution and rough sleeping

Some migrants may become destitute. Often they do not have the right to certain benefits if they lose (or fail to get) work. This can become linked to rough sleeping and street drinking, which while not necessarily a crime is seen as anti-social by many. Because of the lack of access to benefits it can be difficult to get such individuals into hostels.

Destitution is a real and growing problem for public agencies as there may not be a ‘solution’ unless the individual is prepared to return to their home country, which may not be the case. However, partnership links with relevant organisations including churches and some community organisations can help ensure that some people are supported back into work.

More information on all housing issues is available in Migration and housing37 and via the Housing Rights website38 which includes a section on people who are destitute. Many local councils are also involved in rough sleeping work, and are likely to be following the government supported ‘no second night out’ approach. Guidance and good practice for outside London is available at Homeless Link.39

The five principles of the approach include one especially relevant to migration: ‘If people have come from another area or country and find themselves sleeping rough, the aim should be to reconnect them back to their local community unless there is a good reason why they cannot return. There, they will be able to access housing, recovery, voluntary and community services, and have support from family, friends.’ Some councils are able to provide basic reconnection support upon application, and there are some national Home Office schemes to support voluntary return of third country nationals. For more information, see Understanding immigration status.40

37

Integration up North (2015) Migration and housing, Introduction to Migration series, Guidance booklet #7. www.migrationyorkshire.org.uk/introductiontomigration-iun 38

Housing rights website www.housing-rights.info 39

Adopting the No Second Night Out standard, Homeless Link http://homeless.org.uk/effective-action/NSNO#.U2egF4FdUxA 40

See Figure vii ‘Voluntary return schemes’ in: Integration up North (2015) Understanding immigration status, Introduction to Migration series, Guidance booklet #3. www.migrationyorkshire.org.uk/introductiontomigration-iun

23

Victimisation, exploitation, and radicalisation

Some migrants are vulnerable to particular crimes; public services should look for and address hate crimes, exploitation by landlords and employers, serious organised crime such as people trafficking and potential radicalisation.

Hate crime

Migrants are vulnerable to hate crime since race is the most common motivator of hate crime41 and young people aged 16-24, particularly men, are most at risk.42

Some new migrants may be reluctant to report hate crime for various reasons such as being unaware that they are experiencing discrimination, a lack of trust in the authorities, a reluctance to identify themselves, the perpetrator’s relationship with the victim, other immediate priorities or precedents of injustice.43

In response, various public and third sector organisations have made steps to encourage reporting of hate crime. This has primarily focused on establishing reporting centres in more accessible contexts to encourage reporting either anonymously online or through third party reporting centres with trained staff who are not police officers.

There are many resources available. Police forces provide a range of information online44 (e.g. South Yorkshire’s Hate crime leaflet and West Yorkshire’s easy read factsheet and poster, right). Stop Hate UK’s resources include reporting posters in many languages with some aimed at particular groups such as young people and the Roma community.45

Hate crimes need to be monitored as part of any tension monitoring. A good example of a city wide monitoring system is ARCH/Safe Newcastle as outlined in Figure xiii.

41

Five motivating factors are monitored by police: race, religion, gender identity, disability and sexual orientation. 42

Home Office, Office for National Statistics and Ministry of Justice (2013) An Overview of Hate Crime in England and Wales www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/266358/hate-crime-2013.pdf 43

Roma MATRIX (2015) Reporting and Care Centres. Good Practice Guide No.1. https://romamatrix.eu/roma-mentoring-public-authorities-roma-matrix-good-practice-guide-8 44

Humberside Police: www.humberside.police.uk/issues/hate-crime

South Yorkshire Police www.southyorks.police.uk/help-and-advice/z-crime-types/hate-crime North Yorkshire Police: www.northyorkshire.police.uk/hatecrime West Yorkshire Police: www.westyorkshire.police.uk/hatecrime 45

Some resources are free. See: www.stophateuk.org/resources/

Key message 12: Migrants can be reluctant to report hate crime. Hate crime needs to be monitored and addressed rapidly.

24

Exploitation

Some new migrants are vulnerable to exploitation by landlords, employers and serious criminals. For example,

Limited English can isolate some new migrants. This may be a particular issue for third country migrants who arrive to join families, or individuals who arrive as domestic workers and so may not have family or workplace colleagues to turn to for information and help.

New migrants normally end up in the private rented sector. Some of the housing provided can be very sub-standard and may be dangerous. Separate guidance on housing discusses private rented sector issues in more detail (see Migration and housing48).

Identifying and addressing these issues requires joint working with other local enforcement agencies, including environmental health staff, council social workers, fire services and local voluntary/community groups. One important link with community safety is through fire prevention teams. Fire prevention visits are one way of informing tenants of their broader housing rights, but this may mean working with community volunteers or using bilingual staff to ensure understanding.

Some cases may involve national organisations such as the Gangmasters Licensing Authority and the National Crime Agency. The successes of the Gangmasters Licensing Authority (see Figure xiv) mean that there is less evidence of worker exploitation in the relevant agricultural and seafood industries than in the past, but there is still exploitation. Local councils can help combat this by making sure that there is local information available on issues like the minimum wage in places that migrants visit, such as libraries.

46

Reporting Racist and Homophobic incidents www.newcastle.gov.uk/your-council/equality-and-diversity/reporting-racist-and-homophobic-incidents 47

Newcastle Conflict Resolution Network www.newcastlecrn.org.uk 48

Integration up North (2015) Migration and housing, Introduction to Migration series, Guidance booklet #7. www.migrationyorkshire.org.uk/introductiontomigration-iun

Figure xiii: Responding to hate crime and conflict in Newcastle

ARCH (third party reporting centres for hate incidents in Newcastle) runs reporting and response to hate crimes and develops toolkits and training on dealing with conflict and conflict resolution.46

The Quaker-based Newcastle Conflict Resolution Network47 supports communities to address local conflicts themselves. They published a report in 2012 entitled ‘2008-11: Story and Learning So Far’ on what they had learnt from their first three years of working with residents and public authorities.

While all areas will not have such a local group, the idea of training and facilitating local people in conflict resolution is one that other areas might want to follow.

Key message 13: New migrants can be particularly vulnerable to exploitation by landlords, employers and serious criminals. Responding to exploitation is likely to involve working with other local enforcement agencies as well as national organisations.

25

The worst form of exploitation is arguably organised trafficking. Human trafficking is not only an issue for migrants but also UK nationals.

There is a national strategy for addressing human trafficking,50 and every police force will have a lead officer for trafficking. Nationally the National Crime Agency takes the lead, and will provide local forces with guidance and support (see Figure xvi).The Salvation Army have a national role in victim support. There are also organisations who can help local public agencies to recognise the signs of trafficking.

The Modern Slavery Act was passed on 26 March 2015.51 It includes the following measures:

Increased maximum sentences available to life imprisonment

New ‘prevention orders’ (aimed at those convicted or involved in a trafficking offence) and ‘risk orders’ (for those at risk of committing a trafficking offence) for up to 5 years which can for example require the individual to surrender their passport.

Independent child trafficking advocates

A new independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner to encourage good practice in prevention, identification, detection, investigation and prosecution.

Businesses must report on how their supply chains are ‘slavery-free’

A legal duty on public authorities to report potential victims of trafficking plus guidance on identifying victims

49

Gangmasters Licensing Authority http://gla.defra.gov.uk/ 50

Home Office (2011) Human Trafficking Strategy for 2011-2015, available at www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/97845/human-trafficking-strategy.pdf 51

Home Office (2015) Modern Slavery Act 2015. www.gov.uk/government/collections/modern-slavery-bill

Figure xiv: Gangmasters Licensing Authority

Set up partly as a response to the cocklepicker tragedy in Morecombe Bay, the Gangmasters Licensing Authority (GLA) works mainly in the food and food processing industries. Their role is to license relevant operators and then ensure certain legal minimum standards are maintained.

Many of the workers involved are migrants, including third country migrants. The GLA have close links with other national agencies and work closely with local councils and police forces.

There is some debate as to how to improve the GLA’s enforcement powers, including the use of civil penalties, although it is government policy not to use monetary penalties against SMEs (small and medium sized enterprises with fewer than 250 employees) – and most licenced gangmasters are SMEs.

The GLA website49 includes good examples of successful enforcement action and a Workers’ Rights leaflet in 18 languages.

Figure xv: What is trafficking?

Human trafficking is international organised crime, with the exploitation of human beings for profit at its heart. It is an abuse of basic rights, with organised criminals preying on vulnerable people to make money. In most cases, victims are brought to the UK from abroad, but we know that trafficking also occurs within the UK and that children in particular are vulnerable to falling victim to exploitation.

26

The new legal duty requires public authorities to notify the National Crime Agency where they suspect a person may be a victim of human trafficking, but the information must not identify the individual unless they consent. This duty is in addition to the existing National Referral Mechanism (NRM) for children and consenting adults to have their cases assessed. Staff in public services should be aware that service users could be victims of trafficking, and should know the signs or indicators of this.

Child trafficking and exploitation can also include migrant children. Young people are particularly vulnerable to trafficking partly due to their inexperience of travel, other places and cultures. They may travel without trusted family members or friends, or an agent may have been paid to help with travel arrangements. Guidance for social workers is available via the London Safeguarding Children Board Trafficking Guidance and Toolkit 201152 and from ECPAT UK who have an on line e-training tool available.53

More detailed information about trafficking for labour exploitation is available as a separate guidance document, Trafficking for labour exploitation.55

Radicalisation

National policy on the issue of extremism and radicalisation is specifically focused on the integration of young people from a minority or Muslim background. This developed in response to the 2005 London bombings. The ‘Prevent’ or Preventing Violent Extremism (PVE) agenda was initiated by then Labour government as one of four dimensions of the

52

London Safeguarding Children Board (2011) London Safeguarding Trafficked Children Guidance, available at www.londonscb.gov.uk/trafficking/ 53

ECPAT 'In Your Hands' E-learning course on child trafficking www.ecpat.org.uk/content/e-learning-courses 54

National Crime Agency: UK Human Trafficking Centre www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/about-us/what-we-do/specialist-capabilities/uk-human-trafficking-centre 55

Integration up North (2015) Trafficking for labour exploitation, Introduction to Migration series, Guidance booklet #9. www.migrationyorkshire.org.uk/introductiontomigration-iun

Figure xvi: The National Crime Agency (NCA)54

The NCA leads the multi-agency UK Human Trafficking Centre (UKHTC). They run the national referral mechanism (NRM) for trafficked individuals. This is especially important for some migrant victims as it will ensure they get some financial and emotional support and in some cases will give them a right to remain in the UK longer term.

The UKHTC has a role in preventing trafficking, protecting victims and prosecuting traffickers. They employ tactical advisors who will support local police forces acting in this area. Their website provides a best practice guide, as well as information and statistics on the NRM.

This facility is used by first timers and experienced officers alike as the expert team can provide a fresh perspective on the case and advice on resource management. The team can also help to identify possible trafficking offences in other cases where it is suspected that victims may be exploited.

Key message 14: There is a new duty on public services around preventing people from being drawn into terrorism. There are some resources available to support staff knowledge and awareness on this issue.

27

‘Contest’ strategy on terrorism, with a ring-fenced budget for particular local authorities with a significant Muslim population. The Prevent strategy builds on an earlier specific police-coordinated, multi-agency partnership called ‘Channel’ that identifies and supports people who are at risk of radicalisation and supporting or committing terrorist acts. There is some debate as to how successful this programme was, and even may have created distrust and disengagement. Subsequently the Contest strategy was amended in 2011. The Prevent element56 was widened to include nonviolent extremism (as it can inspire terrorism) and a demarcation was made between integration and counter extremism.

The Prevent strategy suggests that individuals with certain characteristics or behaviours may be more vulnerable to radicalisation. Some of these descriptions may be relevant (but not exclusive) to certain sections of migrant communities as they refer to age, second/third generations, (perceived) discrimination and socio-economic disadvantage.57

The Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 brought in a duty on statutory authorities (including local authorities, NHS Trusts, prisons, probation, and the education sector) to ‘in the exercise of its functions, have due regard to the need to prevent people from being drawn into terrorism’.58 There are a number of resources available to improve knowledge and awareness among staff in public services about radicalisation:

Guidance and assessment framework: The guidance on Channel59 suggests that statutory organisations should identify vulnerable people carefully and against a range of possible indicators.60 The vulnerability assessment framework covers three dimensions: Engagement with a group, cause or ideology; Intent to cause harm; and Capability to cause harm. There are a range of factors that can contribute to vulnerability associated with each of these three dimensions. Many local authorities have processes in place to identify, assess and refer vulnerable people.

Training: A Workshop to Raise Awareness of Prevent (or WRAP) has been delivered to front line staff across all sectors. More information can be found by emailing WRAP@homeoffice.x.gsi.gov.uk. Prevent training has been provided across Yorkshire and Humber, for example at the University of Sheffield by South Yorkshire Police, and at the Housing Advice Support Network in North Lincolnshire delivered by Humberside Police.61

Resources: Local community engagement tools are available from the NPCC Prevent website62 including: group exercises, an internet safety kit aimed at young people and a newsletter about good practice in community engagement.

56

Home Office (2011) Prevent strategy 2011 www.gov.uk/government/publications/prevent-strategy-2011 57

All taken from: Home Office (2011) Prevent strategy 2011 www.gov.uk/government/publications/prevent-strategy-2011 58

Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015, para 26(1) www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/6/enacted 59

Home Office (2012) Channel: Protecting vulnerable people from being drawn into terrorism: A guide for local partnerships www.gov.uk/government/publications/channel-guidance 60

A short list of the indicators Channel: Vulnerability assessment framework (2012) is available at: www.npcc.police.uk/NPCCBusinessAreas/PREVENT/Channel.aspx 61

Community Engagement Bulletin August 2013, Issue 18 accessed at (now unavailable): www.acpo.police.uk/ACPOBusinessAreas/PREVENT/CommunityEngagementTools.aspx 62

NPCC Community engagement tools www.npcc.police.uk/NPCCBusinessAreas/PREVENT/CommunityEngagementTools.aspx

28

Migration, community safety and policing

Summary of key messages

1. Developing effective links with local people is a key part of most community safety work. Links are needed with existing communities and with newer arrivals.

2. Making and maintaining links can be harder if the population changes. Agencies should identify local places that migrants frequent in order to make contact with new migrants.

3. Migration often leads to tensions within and between communities, based on concerns about competition, cultural misunderstandings or external events. Older migrant communities can also be unhappy about new arrivals.

4. Community safety workers cannot prevent tensions but can be aware of their existence and address them in local discussions and activities.

5. Local public agencies should work together to reduce tensions and build cohesion, and establish partnerships in anticipation of future tensions.

6. There may be new demands for those involved in policing and community safety in relation to cultural practices, translation and interpreting, communication and building trust with new migrant communities, crime and destitution.

7. Practices that are illegal in the UK may be accepted by some migrants. Problems present in all communities may require different approaches with some migrant communities because of cultural beliefs held by family members.

8. Most migrants speak some English or can communicate via family, friends or colleagues, but public services need access to interpreters and translators for certain issues.

9. Educational and promotional material on community safety may need changing to be effective for new communities.

10. Many migrants will not be used to the level of regulation involved in running small businesses or being landlords in the UK. Getting information across will involve local council enforcers as well as police and fire staff.

11. Certain crimes may increase when populations increase and change; police may need to focus on certain areas, and may need to educate migrants in relevant law and regulation - for example vehicle offences or use of khat.

12. Migrants can be reluctant to report hate crime. Hate crime needs to be monitored and addressed rapidly.

13. New migrants can be particularly vulnerable to exploitation by landlords, employers and serious criminals. Responding to exploitation is likely to involve working with other local enforcement agencies as well as national organisations.

14. There is a new duty on public services around preventing people from being drawn into terrorism. There are some resources available to support staff knowledge and awareness on this issue.