Migration
description
Transcript of Migration
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MigrationChapter 3
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Migration
• Migration A change in residence that is intended to be permanent.
• Emigration-leaving a country.
• Immigration-entering a country.
Little Haiti, Miami, Florida
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• On average, Americans move once every 6 years.• US population is the most mobile in the world with
over 5 million moving from 1 state to another every year.
• 35 million move within a state, county or community each year.
• Migration a key factor in the speed of diffusion of ideas and innovation.
• Our perception of distance and direction are often distorted-thus a sizable % of migrants return to their original home due to these distorted perceptions.
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Types of Migration• Forced Migration-migrants
have no choice-must leave.• periodic movement-short term
(weeks or months) seasonal migration to college, winter in the south, etc.
• Cyclic movement-daily movement to work, shopping.
• Transhumance-seasonal pastoral farming-Switzerland, Horn of Africa.
• Nomadism-cyclical, yet irregular migration that follows the growth of vegetation.
Commuter train in Soweto,South Africa
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From 12 to 30 million Africans were forced from their homelands in the 18th century. It took
generations to restore the population balance.
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Catalysts of Migration (Push-Pull Factors-push factors induce people to leave. Pull factors encourage people to move to an area.)
• Economic conditions-poverty and a desire for opportunity.
• Political conditions-persecution, expulsion, or war.
• Environmental conditions-crop failures, floods, drought, environmentally induced famine.
• Culture and tradition-threatened by change.
• Technology-easier and cheaper transport or change in livability.
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Economic Conditions – Migrants will often risk their lives in hopes of economic opportunities that will enable them to send money home (remittances) to their family members who remain behind.
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Most illegal immigrants are Mexicans, but a growing numberAre from Central and South America, like the men waitingOutside of “Bar Honduras” in Nuevo Laredo.
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• A massive dump site in Arizona’s Upper Altar Valley. After walking 40 miles through the desert, illegal immigrants are met here by coyotes. They are told to dump their old clothes & packs and put on more “American” looking clothes the coyotes have brought. They then begin the trip to an urban stash house.
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Environmental Conditions –In Montserrat, a 1995 volcano made the southern half of the island, including the capital city of Plymouth, uninhabitable. People who remained migrated to the north or to the U.S.
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Economic OpportunitiesIslands of Development –Places within a region or country where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated.
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Economic OpportunitiesIn late 1800s and early 1900s, Chinese migrated throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance.
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Reconnecting Cultural Groups•About 700,000 Jews migrated to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948.•After 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine), 600,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were pushed out of newly-designated Israeli territories.
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Jerusalem, Israel: Jewish settlements on the West Bank.
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Distance Decay weighs into the decision to migrate, leading many migrants to move less far than they originally contemplate.
Voluntary Migration – Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide first, to emigrate from the home country
and second, where to go.
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RefugeesA person who flees across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.
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Characteristics of RefugeesCharacteristics of Refugees• Move with only what they can carry or
easily transport.• Most move first on foot, bicycle,
wagon or open boat-very low tech. transport.
• Most have no official documentation such as passports, identification or other official papers.
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Ernst Ravenstein’s “Laws of migration”Ernst Ravenstein’s “Laws of migration”1885 he studied the migration of England1885 he studied the migration of England
• Most migrants go only a short distance.• Big cities attract long distance migrants.• Most migration is step-by-step.• Most migration is rural to urban• Each migration flow produces a counterflow.• Most migrants are adults-families are less
likely to make international moves.• Most international migrants are young males.
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Historic US MigrationHistoric US Migration• Westward to the frontier.• Black migration to
northern cities in WWI and WWII period
• 1950s, 60s Cubans to Florida from Castro’s Cuba
• In recent decades the migration from the Rust belt to the Sunbelt took place.
• Some blacks returned to the South
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Migrants face obstacles
• Quota Laws-limit the number of immigrants from a particular country– Today: 480,000 family-sponsored immigrants
plus 140,000 employment-related immigrants– Brain Drain: preference is given to educated
immigrants thus causing a lack in their home countries
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Guest Workers or Time-Contract Workers
• Guest workers – migrants whom a country allows in to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides.
- have short term work visas- send remittances to home country- France-many from Algeria- Germany-many from Turkey,
Eastern Europe
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Post-September 11
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The EndThe End