DEVELOPMENT & USE OF HUMAN RESOURCES

The movement of people from one place to another.

The permanent relocation of people from one place to another.

The temporary movement of people from one place to another.

NB –Temporary migration is not to be confused with COMMUTING!

TYPES

OF MIGRATION

TEMPORARY

PERMANENT

INTERNAL

INTER-NATIONAL

RURAL-URBAN

URBAN-RURAL

SEASONAL

FORCED

PERMANENT

Occurs when migrants do not intend to return home.

Reasons for permanent migration include: the attainment of jobs, the desire to move to the city or the desire to establish a farm.

TEMPORARY

Occurs when people leave their permanent residence for a short period of time.

May include persons leaving their community or country to study outside of that area for a period of time before returning home.

May also include persons who travel to other countries to engage in work programmes.

INTERNAL

This refers to the movement of people from one area to another within a country.

It may be either temporary or permanent Usually characterized by movement from

rural areas to urban areas. Most likely consequence is urbanization

RURAL-TO-URBAN

Movement from rural areas to urban areas

Usually movement from farming communities to towns or cities

Normally as a result of the low wages received in rural areas

Has led to decline in demand for agricultural workers

URBAN-TO- RURAL

Occurs when people relocate to obtain jobs

People are attracted to rural areas as they want to leave polluted cities

People also leave urban areas as they want to get away from the outbreaks of violence or from being targeted by criminals

Rural- TO- RURAL

Occurs when people move from one rural area to another rural area in search of work .

If the land they are tending becomes unproductive. If agricultural land is taken over for another land use

such as mining or development

External migration occurs when people move from one country to settle in another.

It may be either permanent or temporary. Intra-regional migration- refers to movement

within the Caribbean. Usually occurs for employment opportunities

and pursuit of higher education. Most likely consequence is “brain drain”

SEASONAL

This is very common with agricultural cycles

In Jamaica, people usually migrate to North America to reap crops such as apples, oranges, tomatoes. This is referred to as the farm work programme.

Also, some people migrate seasonally to work in the hospitality industry.

FORCED

Also called deracination It is characterized by

coerced movement of a person or persons from their home.

Sometimes it is accompanied by religious and political persecution

Example: Transatlantic Slave Trade

Also called in-migration Describes movement into a

country, island or region. It is often controlled strictly

by government. It is usually permanent

movement were the immigrant leaves the country of origin in order to find a new job.

Also called out-migration Describes movement out

of a country, island or region.

It is not usually restricted by governments.

It usually results in permanent settlement and application for citizenship in the new country.

IMMIGRATION EMIGRATION

The causes of migration may be attributed to push and pull factors.

A push factor is a forceful factor that exists in the country of origin.

A pull factor is an attractive factor that exists in the country of destination.

Lack of jobs Political instability Poor medical facilities Lack of religious freedom Poor educational

opportunities Financial stress Prevalence of natural

disasters Lack of public amenities and

utilities Infertile land

Job opportunities Better living conditions Political & religious

freedom Better healthcare Higher quality education Social & financial security Family reunion Modern infrastructure More reliable source of

food

Migration carries with it numerous consequences for both the host/receiving country and the country of origin as well as on an individual level.

Consequences may be either positive or negative

Effects of migration may also be categorized as social, political or economic

POSITIVE

“Brain Gain”

Cultural diversity

Increase in labour force

Growth in total population

Expansion of industries

NEGATIVE

Greater pressure on resources of the country

Greater pressure on social services of the country

Growth in total population

Financial resources exported outside of country

POSITIVE

Remittances benefit economy

Migrants return with useful skills

Population size decreased

Opening-up of job markets

NEGATIVE

“Brain Drain”

Down-sizing of industries

Population size

POSITIVE

Increase in income

New cultural experience

Learning new skills

Better educational and health facilities

Greater access to recreational facilities

NEGATIVE

Family instability

Burden of dependency

Culture shock

This is usually as a result of rural to urban migration

Human movement to more central locations lead to expansion into the surrounding countryside

Such movement has a number of consequences

Inadequate housing Development of slums Underemployment increase in unemployment levels Increase in social unrest and crime Poor sanitation Pests and diseases Pollution