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A) form the membranes that surround mitochondriaB) act as a catalyst for cellular reactionsC) supply energy for the bodyD) provide building blocks for amino acids

1. The major role of carbohydrates in the human diet isto

A) the input of scientists from many countries doing similar studiesB) the application of advanced technologies to the study of a problemC) careful observation, measurements, and inferences from his dataD) an extensive knowledge of the process of photosynthesis

2. Base your answer to question on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

In the early 1600s, a scientist planted a willow tree that weighed 5 pounds in 200 pounds of drysoil. He placed it outside and watered it for 5 years. At the end of that time, he observed that thetree had gained 164 pounds 3 ounces, while the soil had lost just 2 ounces.

From this, he concluded that plants gain weight from the water they take in. His conclusion was basedon

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A) 10 µm B) 50 µmC) 250 µm D) 500 µm

3. A student observed five living cells in the field ofview of a microscope as represented below.

What is the approximate diameter of one cell?

A) regulating the flow of simple sugars into or outof the cell

B) synthesizing substances by breaking down cellorganelles

C) storing carbohydrates, water, and starches forfuture use

D) digesting carbohydrates, fats, and protein

4. One primary function of the cell membrane is

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5. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

Harmless Skin Virus Fights Acne...Acne is caused when hair follicles become blocked with an oily substance called sebum, whichthe body makes to stop the hair and skin from drying out. Normally harmless bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes, that live on the skin can thencontaminate and infect the plugged follicles. Phages [a type of virus] appear to help counteract this. When the scientists sequenced the DNA coding of the phages, they discovered that, as well assharing most of their genetic material, the viruses all had some key features in common. All carry a gene that makes a protein called endolysin – an enzyme thought to destroy bacteriaby breaking down their cell walls. And unlike antibiotics, which kill many types of bacteria, including "good" ones that live in ourgut, phages are programmed to target only specific bacteria...

Source: BBC News September 25, 2012

A) hormones B) receptorsC) biological catalysts D) molecular bases

The protein endolysin belongs to which group of chemical substances?

6. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.The diagram shows how ATP is used by some cell structures to perform various functions.

A) vacuole B) ribosome C) cytoplasm D) chloroplast

Which cell structure is represented by B?

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Base your answers to questions 7 and 8 on the information and data table below and on yourknowledge of biology.

Moose-killing Winter Ticks Moose habitat is determined by temperature. Moose prefer areas where the average summertemperature is around 15°C and does not exceed 27°C for too long. The reason for thistemperature dependency: Moose cannot sweat. Besides the cooling effect of water, which moose are almost always near, aquatic environmentsprovide them with a good supply of food, and in the past, have protected them against bitinginsects. However, the North American moose population is facing a new threat: a parasite calledthe winter tick. These ticks lodge themselves in the animal's fur and hold on through the winter,sucking the animal's blood. Many infected moose end up dying of exhaustion and weakness as aresult of the large number of ticks feeding on them. Ticks are most active during dry days in the fall. Adult ticks that drop off moose in the springand land on snow cover have a poorer survival rate. Climate change can be predicted to improveconditions for winter ticks due to longer and warmer falls, and earlier snowmelt in the spring. Surveys of the moose population in northeastern Minnesota have recorded the change shownbelow in the moose population between 2005 and 2013.

7. Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks in the data, on the axis labeled "Estimated MoosePopulation."

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8. Plot the data for the estimated moose population on the grid. Connect the points and surround eachpoint with a small circle.

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Base your answers to questions 9 and 10 on information and diagram below and on your knowledgeof biology.

An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light onthe growth of bacteria. Equal quantities of bacterial cells were spread on Petri dishes that are usedto grow colonies of bacteria. Half of each dish was shielded from the UV light with a UV screen.The other half was exposed to UV light for various amounts of time. After the UV treatment, thebacteria were grown in an incubator for 24 hours and the number of colonies was counted. The diagram below represents the setup of the experiment.

The table below contains the data collected at different exposure times by counting the numberof bacterial colonies on both the screen-covered side and unscreened side.

9. State a hypothesis for the experiment.

10. State whether the results of the experiment support or fail to support your hypothesis. Support youranswer.

Base your answers to questions 11 and 12 on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

A typical human liver cell can have over 90,000 insulin receptors. Due to a genetic difference,some people have liver cells that contain only about 1000 insulin receptors.

11. Describe the importance of receptors in cellular communication.

12. Describe the importance of the shape of receptor molecules for carrying out their function.

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A) Only nutrients needed by the plant enter root cells.B) The nutrients usually move from an area of high concentration in the soil to an area of low

concentration in root cells.C) Nutrients always move into the plant cells by active transport.D) The nutrients always move from an area of low concentration in the soil to an area of high

concentration in root cells.

13. The diagram below represents the major parts of a growing onion plant. Nutrients are represented inthe soil around the onion.

Which statement best describes how nutrients enter the root cells of the onion plant?

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Base your answers to questions 14 and 15 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.The diagram represents a laboratory setup.

A starch solution in a test tube was separated from the water in a beaker by a dialysis membrane.One hour later, it was observed that the liquid had risen in the test tube.

A) starch solution moving into the test tube and out of the beakerB) water moving from the beaker into the test tubeC) large starch molecules blocking the dialysis membraneD) dialysis membrane acting as a barrier to the water molecules

14. The rise of the liquid in the test tube that was observed after one hour can be explained as a result ofthe

15. If a starch indicator solution was initially added to the water in the beaker, describe one observationthat would be made after one hour.

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A) The CO2 moves out of the capillary and into the alveolus to make more room for the blood tocarry O2.

B) The O2 is needed by the cells, so it is actively transported into the blood. The CO2, which is notneeded, is actively transported out of the blood.

C) The blood coming to the lungs is low in CO2 and high in O2, so the gases each diffuse from alower to a higher concentration in this area.

D) The blood coming to the lungs is high in CO2 and low in O2, so the gases each diffuse from ahigher to a lower concentration in this area.

16. The diagram below represents one of many microscopic air sacs in a human lung. The alveolus (airsac) is the place where oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) move into or out of the blood, asrepresented in the diagram.

Which statement best explains why these gases are able to move in the directions shown in thediagram?

A) water had moved out of the cells of the leaf on slide AB) salt had moved into the cells of the leaf on slide AC) water had moved out of the cells of the leaf on slide BD) salt had moved out of the cells of the leaf on slide B

17. A and B below represent two different slide preparations of elodea leaves. Elodea is a plant found instreams and ponds in New York State.The water used on slide A contained 1% salt and 99% water.The salt solution used on slide B contained 6% salt and 94% water.Elodea cells normally contain 1% salt.

Five minutes after the slides were prepared, a student using a compound light microscope to observethe cells in leaves A and B would most likely see that

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Base your answers to questions 18 and 19 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.The diagram represents three sections of a cell membrane showing three different methods involvedin the transport of various molecules across the membrane.

A) ATP B) carbon dioxide C) light D) DNA

18. Methods A and B are classified as methods of passive transport because they do not require

19. Using information from the diagram, state one reason why the movement of molecules in method C represents active transport.

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20. Base your answer to the following question on the information and diagram below and on yourknowledge of biology.

Using a microscope and a wet-mount slide, a student observed a pond water sample containingparamecia, which are single-celled freshwater organisms. He noticed that there was a structurewithin each living paramecium that contracted regularly—about four times each minute. Heresearched the organism in his science textbook and found that the structure was a contractilevacuole and its function was to remove excess water from the paramecium. In the diagram below, a paramecium is represented as seen through a microscope. The functionof the contractile vacuole is described.

He decided to determine if the concentration of salt in the environment of the parameciumwould affect the rate at which the contractile vacuole would contract.

A) synthesis B) digestionC) active transport D) passive transport

The process used to remove excess water from the paramecium by the contractile vacuole is

A) adding distilled water B) adding salt waterC) rotating the coarse adjustment knob D) rotating the fine adjustment knob

21. A microscope slide viewed with high power can most likely be damaged by

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A) Oxygen molecules entered the cell over time by active transport.B) Water molecules are too large to enter or leave the cell, so they remained where they were at the

start of the investigation.C) Protein molecules are kept inside of the cell because the cell needs them.D) The protein molecules are too large to diffuse out of the cell.

22. The diagram below represents the distribution of some molecules inside and outside of an artificialcell over a period of time.

Which statement is best supported by the diagram?

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A) the red blood cells have only a cell membrane, which does not protect them from burstingB) the onion cells do not have a cell wall that could protect them from burstingC) the onion cells have a cell membrane, which can protect them from burstingD) the red blood cells have a cell wall, which does not protect them from bursting

23. The diagram below represents what occurred when an onion cell and a red blood cell were placed indistilled water.

The best explanation for why the onion cells do not burst, while red blood cells often do, is that

24. The diagram below represents a green plant cell viewed with the high power of a compound lightmicroscope before and after a particular substance was added.

Identify a substance that could have been added to the slide to bring about the change shown.

25. Some roads are salted heavily in winter. Describe one way plants growing near these roads could beharmed by the salt.

26. State one reason why a molecule may not be able to pass into or out of a cell.

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A) distilled water to starch indicator B) distilled water to salt waterC) salt water to tap water D) salt water to distilled water

27. Red onion cells undergo the change represented in the diagram below.

This change is most likely caused by the cell being transferred from

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28. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

The masses of six sections of dialysis tubing, each containing 20 mL of a 25% sugar solution,were recorded. They were then placed in beakers each containing 100-mL solutions of varyingsugar concentrations, as shown in the diagrams below.

The sections of tubing remained in the beakers for 30 minutes. They were then removed andthe outside of each section of tubing was blotted dry. Following this, the mass of each section oftubing was measured again. The mass change of each section of tubing in the different sugarsolutions is indicated in the data table below.

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Plot the data on the grid. Surround each point with a small circle and connect the points.

29. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram of a compound light microscope belowand on your knowledge of biology.

A) 43x B) 53x C) 100x D) 430x

What is the total magnification of this microscope using the high-power objective lens?

A) 1.6 B) 2.1 C) 7.3 D) 11.1

30. Which pH value indicates the most acidic condition?

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A) methylene blueB) Benedict's solutionC) Lugol's iodineD) pH paper

31. Which substance should be used to determine if asolution is basic?

A) 1 B) 7 C) 9 D) 14

32. A neutral solution has a pH of

33. Base your answer to the following question on Thediagram below represents one-half of a dissectedbean seed.

A) Benedict's solutionB) salt solutionC) Lugol's iodine solutionD) methylene blue solution

Which solution should be used to determine ifstructure A contains starch?

A) Lugol's iodineB) pH paperC) Benedict's solutionD) bromthymol blue

34. Which indicator should be used to help identify thebuilding blocks of maltose?

A) carbohydrates B) lipidsC) amino acids D) proteins

35. A student used several different indicators to conducttests on a sample of partially digested food. Theresults obtained are shown in the table below.

Based on these test results, the food sample mostlikely contained partially digested

A) light source and fine adjustmentB) stage and stage clipsC) objectives and ocularD) diaphragm and coarse adjustment

36. The size of the image of a cell being examined witha microscope is determined by the

A) eliminate some organellesB) make cell structures more visibleC) use the high-power lensD) remove water from the slid

37. A wet-mount slide preparation of a specimen isstained in order to

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A) prevent the slide from being scratchedB) stop the loss of water from under the coverslipC) ensure that the specimen being viewed will stay aliveD) reduce the formation of air bubbles

38. A coverslip should be slowly lowered from a 45° angle onto a slide in order to

A) 11 mL B) 10 mLC) 3 mL D) 4 mL

39. How much water should be added to the graduatedcylinder shown below to increase the volume to 15milliliters?

A) 25 mm B) 30 mm C) 35 mm D) 40 mm

40. The diagram below represents the measurement of a biological specimen.

What is the approximate length of the specimen in millimeters?

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41. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

An experiment was carried out to answer the question "Does the pH of water affect the growthof radish plants?" Two groups of ten radish plants were set up. One group was watered with waterhaving a pH of 3.0, and the other group was watered with water having a pH of 7.0. Both groupsof plants received the same amount and intensity of light, the same amount of water, and theywere grown in the same type of soil. The heights of the radish plants were measured every 2 daysfor a period of 2 weeks.

A) heights of the plants B) pH of the waterC) temperature of the water D) type of soil

What was the dependent variable in this experiment?

42. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

Euglena are single-celled organisms that live in ponds. All euglena have chloroplasts and canmake their own food. They can also take in food from the environment. The diagram belowrepresents a euglena.

An experiment was set up to determine the effect of nitrates, a pollutant, on the number ofchloroplasts present in euglena. Five tanks were set up, each with euglena and a differentconcentration of nitrate solution: 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%.

The tanks were placed in a sunny location where each tank received the same amount of light.

A) The independent variable is the concentration of nitrate solution used.B) The dependent variable is the number of euglena placed in the tanks.C) The independent variable is the amount of sunlight.D) The dependent variable is the number of tanks used.

Which statement correctly identifies a variable in this experiment?

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A) prediction B) hypothesis C) control group D) research plan

43. A student conducted an experiment to determine if listening to different types of music would affectpulse rate. She thought that pulse rate would change with different types of music. Each personparticipating in her experiment listened to seven different selections of music for 30 seconds each.The pulse rates were taken after each 30-second interval of music. Based on her experiment, thestudent concluded that a person's pulse rate changed when listening to different types of music.

The component missing from this experiment is a

A) they are consistent with experimental data andobservations

B) they are derived from investigations havingmany experimental variables

C) scientists agree that only one hypothesis hasbeen tested

D) hypotheses are based on one experimentaldesign

44. Conclusions based on an experiment are most likelyto be accepted when

A) design a research plan for an experimentB) test a hypothesisC) organize dataD) predict the independent variable

45. Diagrams, tables, and graphs are used by scientistsmainly to

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Base your answers to questions 46 and 47 on the information and data table below and on yourknowledge of biology.

The Enzyme Catalase

Catalase is an enzyme found in nearly all living organisms that breathe or are exposed tooxygen. According to recent scientific studies, low levels of catalase may play a role in thegraying process of human hair. The body naturally produces hydrogen peroxide, and catalasebreaks it down into water and oxygen. If there is a dip in catalase levels, hydrogen peroxidecannot be broken down. This causes hydrogen peroxide to bleach hair from the inside out.Scientists believe this finding may someday be used in anti-graying treatments for hair. A pharmaceutical company, investigating ways to prevent hair from turning gray, took tissuesamples from two different individuals. Both individuals were the same age. Each of the sampleswas placed in a solution of hydrogen peroxide. The volume of oxygen gas produced was measuredevery 5 minutes for 25 minutes. The data the company collected are shown below

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A) more enzymes are produced at higher temperatures, increasing the amount of hydrogen peroxideB) more hydrogen peroxide is released at higher temperatures, increasing the activity of catalaseC) increasing temperatures altered the structure of catalase, decreasing oxygen productionD) increasing temperatures decreased the synthesis of amino acids, increasing levels of hydrogen

peroxide

46. If the temperature of the tissue samples used in the experiment had been raised from 37°C (bodytemperature) to 50°C, the results would have been different because

47. According to the data provided, which person, A or B, is more likely to be the first to have gray hair?Support your answer.

Person: ____________________

48. Base your answer to the following question on the information and graphs below and on yourknowledge of biology. The graphs show the relative enzymatic activity of four different enzymes inacidic (below pH 7) and basic (above pH 7) environments.

Which enzyme would most likely function in the stomach? Support your answer.

Enzyme: ___________

Base your answers to questions 49 and 50 on the diagram below that represents a human enzyme andfour types of molecules present in a solution in a flask.

49. State what would most likely happen to the rate of reaction if the temperature of the solution in theflask were increased gradually from 10°C to 30°C.

50. Which molecule would most likely react with the enzyme? Why?

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A) molecule 1, only B) molecules 1 and 5, onlyC) molecules 1, 3, and 4, only D) molecules 1, 3, 4, and 5

51. Molecular structures are represented in the diagrams below.

Structure 2 represents a chemical component of

52. Explain how carbohydrates provide energy for life functions.

Base your answers to questions 53 and 54 on thestructural formula below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

A) enzymatic hydrolysisB) anaerobic respirationC) dehydration synthesisD) carbon fixation

53. The process by which two or more of thesemolecules are bonded together in a muscle cell isknown as

A) amino acids and ureaB) carbon dioxide and waterC) ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxideD) glycerol and fatty acids

54. The complete aerobic oxidation of this compoundproduces what byproducts?

A) start to replicateB) change shapeC) are composed of fat molecules that meltD) break down into small starch molecules

55. Shrimp that live in the cold waters off Alaska willdie if introduced into warm water. One likely reasonthese shrimp do not survive is that enzymes in theshrimp

A) shapes of the molecules involvedB) number of molecules involvedC) sequence of bases present in ATPD) amount of glucose present in the cell

56. The enzyme amylase will affect the breakdown ofcarbohydrates, but it will not affect the breakdownof proteins. The ability of an enzyme molecule tointeract with specific molecules is most directlydetermined by the

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A) A B) B C) C D) D

57. In the reaction illustrated in the diagram below,which structure represents the enzyme?

58. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a toxic compound that is produced by plant and animal cells.These cells also produce the enzyme catalase, which converts H2O2 into water and oxygen gas,preventing the buildup of H2O2. A student designed an experiment to test the effect of an acidic pH on the rate of the reaction ofH2O2 with catalase. The data below summarize the outcome of the experiment.

A) strong acid digests the catalase, causing the reaction rate to increaseB) the student most likely cooled the H2O2 solution, causing the reaction rate to increaseC) in acidic solutions, the shape of catalase changes, causing the reaction rate to decreaseD) decreased oxygen production causes catalase to increase the rate of reaction

The best explanation for the change in catalase activity as the pH changed from 7 to 3 is that

A) biotic resources B) simple sugarsC) oxygen molecules D) organic catalysts

59. Chemicals that help chemical reactions occur atfaster rates in living organisms are known as

A) Enzymes are complex compounds composedof starch.

B) Each enzyme has a characteristic shape.C) Enzymes are long, complex fats.D) Each enzyme is made up of four subunits.

60. Which characteristic allows enzymes to function in aspecific way?

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A) The dipeptide would digest faster.B) The dipeptide would digest slower or not at all.C) The amino acids would combine faster.D) The amino acids would combine slower or not at all.

61. A process that occurs in the human body is shown in the diagram below.

What would happen if a temperature change caused the shape of the active site to be altered?

62. Base your answer to the following question on thetable below and on your knowledge of biology.

A) The temperature is decreased to 22°C and thepH is kept the same.

B) The temperature is increased to 30°C and thepH is increased to 9.

C) The temperature is kept the same and the pH isdecreased to 6.

D) The temperature is increased to 44°C and thepH is kept the same.

If enzyme C is functioning at 25°C and a pH of 7,under which conditions would the rate of enzymeaction probably increase?

63. Base your answer to the following question on thegraph below and on your knowledge of biology.

A) All enzymes work best at a neutral pH.B) Adding more acid does not affect the rate of

activity of an enzymeC) Enzymes function only in a pH range of 4.0 to

5.5.D) The activity of an enzyme is affected by pH.

Which is a true statement about the relationship ofpH and enzyme action

A) synthesis B) specificityC) replication D) denaturation

64. The distortion (change in shape) of enzymemolecules which occurs at high temperatures isknown as

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A) enzyme in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxideB) enzyme in the synthesis of hydrogen peroxideC) emulsifier in the digestion of hydrogen

peroxideD) indicator in the detection of hydrogen peroxide

65. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a toxic by-product ofcellular metabolism in aerobic organisms. Thereaction below occurs within the cells to prevent theaccumulation of hydrogen peroxide.

In this reaction, catalase functions as an

A) water, DNA, and starchesB) water, proteins, and oxygenC) proteins, DNA, and carbon dioxideD) proteins, starches, and fats

66. Organic compounds are used as building blocks for

A) Mg(OH)2 B) NaClC) Cl2H22O11 D) NH3

67. Which formula represents an organic compound?

Base your answers to questions 68 through 70 on the information below.

Animals eat and digest food to obtain the energy available for life activities. Discuss energy use inanimals. In your discussion, be sure to:

68. Identify the type of protein molecules used to digest food.

69. Identify the organelle where energy from nutrients isreleased.

70. State one inference that can be made concerning acell that has many of these organelles.

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71. Base your answer to the following question on the information and photograph below and on yourknowledge of biology. The photograph shows an oriental hornet.

Oriental hornets are unique insects. A yellow pigment in the body of the insect converts solarenergy to electrical energy. Plants also convert energy from the Sun.

Identify the organelle present in plants where this conversion takes place.

72. Base your answer to the following question on the word equations below and on your knowledge ofbiology. The equations represent two biochemical processes that occur in living organisms. The letter X represents a molecule produced from process 1.

Process 1: oxygen + glucose carbon dioxide + water + XProcess 2: carbon dioxide + water oxygen + glucoseIdentify the molecule represented by letter X in process l.

73. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

It has been discovered that plants utilize chemical signals for communication. Some of thesechemicals are released from leaves, fruits, and flowers and play various roles in plantdevelopment, survival, and gene expression. For example, bean plant leaves infested with spidermites release chemicals that result in an increase in the resistance to spider mites in uninfestedleaves on the same plant and the expression of self-defense genes in uninfested bean plantsnearby. Plants can also communicate with insects. For example, corn, cotton, and tobacco under attackby caterpillars release chemical signals that simultaneously attract parasitic wasps to destroy thecaterpillars and discourage moths from laying their eggs on the plants.

Identify the specialized structures in the cell membrane that are involved in communication.

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74. Photosynthesis and respiration are two important processes. Discuss one of these processes andexplain its importance to an organism. In your answer, be sure to:

• identify the process being discussed• identify the organelle where this process occurs• identify two raw materials necessary for this process• identify one energy-rich molecule that is produced by this process• state how organisms use the energy-rich molecule that is produced• state how a gas produced by this process is recycled in nature

Base your answers to questions 75 through 77 on the two different cells shown below. Only cell A produces substance X. Both cells A and B use substance X.

75. Identify the type of organelle found in both cell A and cell B that uses substance X.

76. Identify the type of organelle in cell A that produces substance X.

77. Identify substance X.

78. Base your answer to the following question on theinformation and the diagram below which representsa single-celled organism known as Euglena.

This organism is able to carry out bothphotosynthesis and cellular respiration. Choose one of these processes and write the name of the processyou chose below.

Using words or chemical symbols, summarize thereaction involved in the process you chose.

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79. Base your answer to the following question on the summary equations of two processes below.

State one reason each of the two processes, Photosynthesis and Respiration, is important for livingthings.

Base your answers to questions 80 and 81 on the word equation below.

80. Name the process represented by the equation.

81. Name the molecule represented by letter X.

82. An unknown microorganism was observed with a compound light microscope. Identify the structurethat, if observed in the organism, would indicate that it is an autotroph.