Midterm Practice
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Transcript of Midterm Practice
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Midterm PracticeFamous Fallacies, TFTD, Hurley 4.1 -
4.7
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For the Midterm …I will provide you with a categorical proposition, like…
All cars that are not Mazdas are cars with good jingles
I’ll ask you for its quality qualifier quantity quantifier copula distribution letter name terms
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1
How many quantifiers are there? List them…
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How many qualifiers are there? List them…
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Memorize distribution!
All SD are PNo SD are PD
Some S are PSome S are not PD
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4
Standard Form…
Which is in standard form, and why?
No Jimmy Johns subs are slathered in mustard
Some eyebrow tweezings are less than pain free procedures
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Consider:No non-A are B (T) Contrapositiona.Some non-A are B. (F)b.All A are non-B. (Und.)c.No non-B are A. (T)d.Some non-A are not B. (T)e.No non-B are A. (Und.)
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Consider:All A are non-B. (F) Obversiona.All A are non-B. (F)b.All non-B are A. (Und.)c.No A are non-B. (Und.)d.No A are non-B. (F)e.Some non-A are not B. (T)
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Consider:Some A are not non-B. (T) All A are non-B.a.Contraposition (T)b.Contrary (F)c.Conversion (T)d.Obversion (T)e.Contradictory (F)
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Consider:Some non-A are B. (F) Some B are non-A.a.Subcontrary (T)b.Conversion (Und.)c.Contraposition (Und.)d.Conversion (F)e.Contraposition (F)
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9Assume Aristotle (Traditional standpoint).Consider:Some A are non-B. (F) Some A are not non-
B. (F)a. Illicit, contraryb. Illicit, subalternationc. Subcontraryd. Illicit, subcontrarye.Contraposition
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10No S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint)
After filling in the diagram …a.Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in area 1.b.Areas 1 and 3 are shaded.c.Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in area 2.d.There is an X in area 2.e.Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks.
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11All S are P. (Boolean standpoint)
After filling in the diagram …a.Areas 1 and 3 are shaded.b.Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks.c.Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in area 2.d.There is an X in area 2.e.Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks.
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12Shade area 2 and place an X in area 1.
Which of the following would be valid inferences:a.shaded area 2.b.an X in area 3.c.an X in area 1.d.shaded 1.e.no X’s or shadings.
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13Shade area 1 and place an X in area 2.
Which of the following would be valid inferences:a.shaded area 2.b.an X in area 3.c.shaded area 1, and X in area 2.d.shaded 1.e.no X’s or shadings.
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14Assume Aristotle (Traditional standpoint).Consider:No non-A are B. (T) Some non-A are not B.
(F)a. Illicit, subalternationb. Illicit, contradictoryc. Contradictoryd. Illicit, subcontrarye.Conversion
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Assume Boolean (Modern) standpoint.Consider:No A are B. (T) Some A are B. (F)a.Existential fallacyb.Illicit, contradictoryc. Contradictoryd.Illicit, subcontrarye.Conversion
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Assume Boolean (Modern) standpoint.Consider:No A are B. (T) All A are B. (F)a.Existential fallacyb.Illicit, contraryc. Contradictoryd.Illicit, subcontrarye.Conversion
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Assume Aristotle (Traditional standpoint)All red sounds are rough flavors.
Some red sounds are rough flavors.a.Existential fallacyb.Valid, contradictoryc. Valid, subcontraryd.Invalid, subalternatione. Invalid, contrary
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18Know these Famous Fallacies:
No Fallacy!Ad Hominem (abusive, circumstantial, you too!)Appeal to Pity (ad misericordiam)Appeal to Force (ad baculum)Appeal to the People (ad populum)Appeal to Unqualified Authority (ad vericumdiam)Faulty Dilemma (compare to ultimatum)CompositionDivisionWeak AnalogyHasty Generalization
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19Know these sorts of definition…
RealGenus-DifferenceVerbalOstensiveOperationalStipulativeReportiveEnumerativeEtymologicalSynonymous
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Know the 3 theories of truth, and their general problems…
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“There were only 2 people in the room at the time of the murder … we can, therefore, exclude the fact that there was a large crowd in the room at that time.”
Is this a correct, or incorrect use of the notion of a fact?
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Identify the species, genus, and difference at work in these Genus-Difference definitions…
An elephant is an animal with a trunk
A laptop is a computer made to sit in your lap
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22 (continued)
Elephant = animal trunk
Laptop = computer for your lap
Species Genus Difference
Species Genus Difference
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23
Read section 4.7 on your own.
You will have 4 sentences to translate, but none of them will involve converting a single statement into 2 categorical propositions.
Good luck!