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Transcript of Midterm exam-to be returned on 9 March Essay 1000 words – includes references (Barre et al. 2007)...
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Midterm exam-to be returned on 9 March
Essay 1000 words – includesreferences (Barre et al. 2007) givenbody of essay but not including reference citations given at the end of the paper-also spelling counts as partof 5 marks for presentation section ofmarks
Any other questions or concerns about the essay or self-assessment
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AA displacement- on the final exam
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Lecture 8a
WATER
MINERALS-I-THE MAJOR MINERALS
4 March 2015
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Water
Functions-carries nutrients and wasteproducts-maintains the structure of large molecules e.g. proteins and glycogen-participates in chemical reactions-serves as solvent for small nutrients-temperature-regulation-blood volume-regulation-water balance required for all functions
Sources-foods, drinks, water
Deficiencies- loss of above functions
Toxicities-none-unless water balance failure
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MINERALS-SOME GENERAL COMMENTS Single atoms Can be charged or uncharged in the body
Major -are found in the body in excess of 5 grams
-Electrolytes and minerals Minor- are found in the body in amounts
of less than 5 grams
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MINERALS- GENERAL COMMENTSCONTINUED
Most essential - we cannot make them
- some deficiencies have not been established for some minor minerals making it unclear whether they are needed in the diet
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WHAT ARE THE MAJOR MINERALS?
Electrolytes
in part responsible for fluid balance in body
sodium, potassium and chloride Non-electrolyte major minerals
calcium, phosphorous, magnesium and sulphur
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SODIUM FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, pH control, muscle function, nerve impulse transmission SOURCES-processed foods DEFICIENCIES- rare-except with diarrhea, vomiting and kidney disorders TOXICITIES – rare(kidney disposes of it)- edema and acute high blood pressure
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POTASSIUM FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, pH control, muscle function, nerve impulse transmission SOURCES-fruits, vegetables, whole grains DEFICIENCIES- muscle weakness, paralysis TOXICITIES-supplements-muscle weakness, vomiting
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CHLORIDE FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, part of stomach acid SOURCES-same as sodium DEFICIENCIES-same as sodium TOXICITIES-acute hypertension
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CALCIUM
FUNCTION-bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle function, blood pressure SOURCES –dairy, fortified orange juice, green leafy vegetables, small fish with bones DEFICIENCIES-children-impaired growth, adults-osteoporosis TOXICITIES-kidney stones, impaired iron absorption
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PHOSPHOROUS FUNCTION-bone and teeth formation, pH control, regulation of coenzyme function SOURCES-all animal products, bread and ready to eat cereal DEFICIENCIES-rare- weakness and bone pain TOXICITIES- low blood calcium
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MAGNESIUM
FUNCTION- bone formation, nerve transmission, protein and carbohydrate metabolism (enzyme activity)
SOURCES-green leafy vegetables, nuts, whole grains, seafood, chocolate DEFICIENCIES-weakness, confusion, growth failure in children TOXICITIES- rare- nausea, vomiting
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SULPHUR FUNCTION-protein structure, component of biotin, thiamin and insulin SOURCES-all protein foods DEFICIENCIES-unknown TOXICITIES-unknown in humans
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Major minerals in health and disease
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Ingestion, digestion, absorption and transport, metabolism and excretionof major minerals
part of story on connection of mineral supplementation to health
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Major minerals- ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, metabolism and excretion continued
INGESTION-oral, tube feeding, IV
DIGESTION - none- minerals in = minerals out
ABSORPTION- active transport
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MAJOR MINERALS-IDATME
TRANSPORT-FREE OR BOUND
FREE- examples sodium and all other major minerals (except sulphur)
BOUND- sodium chloride - potassium chloride - sulphur-insulin
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MAJOR MINERALS-IDATME
METABOLISM
- minerals in = minerals out
-minerals also participate as co-factors for enzymes
EXCRETION – definitely in urine, faeces, sweat, - saliva is questionable
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MAJOR MINERAL SUPPLEMENT
REQUIRED IF:
A)inadequate dietary supply of major minerals relative to need(prevention or slowing of disease) B) if in disease in general a monitoring of major minerals shows requirement.
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FUNCTIONAL FOODS
use of functional foods to supplement major minerals
example of functional food-calcium-fortified orange juice
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FUNCTIONAL FOODS
only a few functional foods work in the prevention and slowing of disease
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CYSTIC FIBROSIS
sometimes low sodium due to sweating-supplement required for infants due to low sodium in formula, breast milk and some infant food
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BURNS
Fluid loss through skin
-electrolytes-calcium, phosphorus and magnesium
eating problem- may not feel like eating therefore need intravenous or tube feeding
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OSTEOPOROSISPREVENTION
calcium buildup
SOURCES
calcium citrate
calcium carbonate
CAUTION- calcium
phosphorus balance
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OSTEOARTHRITIS
calcium supplement
-if not sufficient in diet to slow process
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RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
calcium supplement if not sufficient calcium in diet to slow process
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in advanced osteoporosis, osteoarthritis,and rheumatoid arthritis get decreasedcalcium absorption
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PREGNANCY
additional 2000 calcium mg/day decreased blood pressure
-better chance of successful pregnancy
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DECREASING BLOOD PRESSURE
-potassium, calcium and magnesium supplementation-each individually lower blood pressure
lower blood pressure- lower risk of atherosclerosis
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STROKE
POTASSIUM SUPPLEMENTATION
lower deaths due to stroke apparently not blood pressure related
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POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
some kidney diseases- e.g. polycystic kidney disease-
lose too much sodium giving a drop in blood pressure
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Sulphur is off the books as a supplement-
WHY?
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WHATS NEW IN MAJOR MINERAL RESEARCH IN HEALTH AND
DISEASE ?Drs. Whiting and Wood, Nutr. Rev.55:1-9
MAGNESIUM LOSSES a) Dietary calcium/magnesium milligram ratio of > 5 GET magnesium deficiency-lower magnesium absorption b) urinary magnesium up with 1000 milligramdietary supplement of calcium (Dr. Whiting)
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WHATS NEW IN MAJOR MINERAL RESEARCH IN HEALTH AND DISEASE ?CONTINUED
two ways of getting reduced body magnesium due to increased calcium intake
1) reduced absorption
2) increased urinary loss
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WHAT IS NEW IN MAJOR MINERAL RESEARCH?
17 October 2013- new dietary sodiumintakes raised to 2000 mg/day-this announced at the Vascular 2013Conference in Montreal, Quebec
https://www.hypertension.ca/images/TTTSession_Workshop/PressRelease_Oct172013_EN.pdf