MIDDLE AND EARLY UPPER PALAEOLITHIC OF THE

KRAKOW REGION

PIEKARY IIa

Edited by

Valéry Sitlivy Aleksandra ZiCba & Krzysztof Sobczyk

ROYAL MUSEUMS OF ART AND HISTORY

BRUSSELS 2008

Dedicated to Zygmunt Holcer

MIDDLE AND EARLY UPPER PALAEOLITHIC OF

THE KRAKOW REGION

PIEKARY IIa

ROYAL MUSEUMS OF ART AND HISTORY

MONOGRAPHS IN GENERAL PREHISTORY

Edited byValéry Sitlivy Aleksandra ZiCba & Krzysztof Sobczyk

BRUSSELS 2008

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The complex of Palaeolithic sites at Piekary is situated on the northern slope of the Vistula River Valley (river level ca. 203 m a.s.l.) about 12 km upstream from Krakow (southern Poland) in the Tyniec Gate area, which is the narrowest section of Krakow Gate (ig. 2.1;IX; 2.2).

This complex consists of the following sites:

Piekary I - - Nad Galoska Cave (Jama Cave) is located on the western slope of the horst Okrazek (Okraglik by S.Krukowski), with the rocky entrance at a height of ca. 219 m

2. HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS

V. Sitlivy, K. Sobczyk, A. ZiCba & W. Morawski (†)

Fig. 2.1. Map of Krakow region, showing complex of Palaeolithic sites near Piekary village.

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Fig. 2.2. Piekary. View of Strócnica and Okr>cek hills from the southeast, Tyniec monastery.

a.s.l. (ig. 2.3).Piekary II and IIa - - These sites are located on the summit (234.5 m a.s.l.) and slopes of Okrazek Hill. Piekary II consists of the eastern slope of the hill and represents the “Okrazek” of S.Krukowski. Piekary IIa is

situated on the summit and western slope which descends towards Nad Galoska Cave and Piekary III (ig. 2.4).Piekary III - – This site lies on the western slope of Okrazek under Nad Galoska Cave. The base of the sediments excavated by

Fig. 2.3. View of Piekary I (Jama cave) and Piekary IIa during excavations in 1998, trench XX (photo Z.Holcer).

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S.Krukowski was situated at 208-210 m a.s.l (ig. 2.5).Piekary IV - - Na Golabcu Cave is located in the southern face of another Jurassic hill to the south-west.Piekary V - – This site is located 12-15 metres to the south of Piekary III on a rocky ridge, 210 m a.s.l.

The Palaeolithic complex at Piekary was irst excavated in 1879-1880 by G.Ossowski (Piekary I and IV) (Ossowski 1880, 1881) and was subsequently continued by:

S.Krukowski in 1927 (Piekary II and III) -and in 1936 (Piekary I and III) (Krukowski 1939/1948) (ig. 2.6),L.Sawicki in 1954-1956 (Piekary I, II and -IIa) (Sawicki 1956, 1957, 1959) (ig. 2.6),W.Morawski in 1967 (Piekary I, III and V) -and from 1968 to 1983 at Piekary II and IIa (Madeyska et al. 1994; Morawski 1973, 1975, 1992) (ig. 2.6; 2.7; 2.8). Geological

interpretation by T.Madeyska (Madeyska et al. 1994) was done in collaboration with J.Rutkowski, B.Van Vliet-Lanoë (see Chapter 4.1) and H.J.Müller-Beck based on the most complete proile – trench X (depth 7 m).

In 1998, excavations were continued by K.Sobczyk, V.Sitlivy and W.Morawski at Piekary IIa (trench XX) (ig. 2.6; 2.9) and by K.Sobczyk, V.Sitlivy and A.ZiCba in 1999-2000 at Piekary IIa, (trenches XXI - ig. 2.12 and XXII – ig. 2.13), in the western part of Okr>cek Hill (Sitlivy et al. 1999a, 2001, 2004; Sobczyk et al. 2001, 2006). Just prior to the new excavations, J.Kozłowski launched a TL program for the absolute dating of Piekary II (ig. 2.11) and Piekary IIa. For this purpose, 16 burnt lints from three Middle Palaeolithic layers of Piekary IIa (trenches IX and XIII) were carefully selected by M.Połtowicz. The dating programme was carried out using these samples and new evidence from the most recent excavations (Valladas et al. 2003; Mercier et al.

Fig. 2.4. View of Okr>cek and Piekary IIa (on the left) and Piekary II (on the right) from Vistula River.

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2003). Technological and typological analyses of the old Piekary IIa collections began in 1997 and continued with new assemblages recovered in the framework of several international multidisciplinary research programmes and individual grants (Jagiellonian University of Krakow, Royal Museums of Art and History of Brussels, University of Liège, Laboratoire des Faibles Radioactivités of Gif-sur-Yvette and Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organisation of Krakow). The history of investigations of Piekary I, II, III, and IV sites, modern analyses and interpretation of old data have been recently published in a collective monograph (Sachse-Kozłowska and Kozłowski 2004). The layer 7c assemblage from Piekary IIa, excavated by W.Morawski, was the subject of a doctoral dissertation and recently published (Połtowicz 2004, 2005). Thus, complete information about these sites and industries can be found in these publications, now completed with this series of monographs on Piekary IIa and KsiCcia Józefa.

2.1. Morawski’s excavations (1967-

1983)

Excavations from 1967 to 1983 led to the discovery of four Middle and four Upper Palaeolithic cultural levels at Piekary IIa (Madeyska et al. 1994; Morawski 1973, 1975, 1992). The earliest cultural level was identiied in the upper part (8a) of layer 8 (member 1) and is present across the entirety of the excavated area of the site. The assemblage contains Clactonian lakes, Levallois lakes and rare tools (mainly sidescrapers). The next level, from layer 7c (member 2), is present across the site as well, but a homogeneous complex was discovered only in trench XIII (170 artefacts). Material was only slightly disturbed as evidenced by successful lithic reitting. Artefacts from this complex relect a combination of Middle Palaeolithic Levallois methods and Upper Palaeolithic blade production, which was carried out by hard hammerstone percussion.

Fig. 2.5. View of Piekary III and I (Jama cave) and Piekary IIa during excavations in 1998, trench XX (photo Z.Holcer).

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In layer 7b (upper part - 7b¹), abundant altered material (thermal, frozen and ire fractures) was discovered. However, it again was only slightly disturbed (thermal and technological reitting was possible). Some artefacts were burnt. Cores are irregular, discoidal and have multiple striking platforms, indicating a change of orientation of the laking surface. General technological characteristics are given by the following indices: IL- 19%, IFl- 48%, IFs- 36%. Retouched tools are present. In general, there are traces of Middle Palaeolithic workshops. Layer 7a contains evidence of other Middle Palaeolithic workshops. The many thermally altered artefacts, presence of charcoal and disturbance of archaeological material are characteristics similar to layer 7b¹. Cores and tools also suggest a workshop interpretation for the assemblage. However, the statistical structure is quite different: IL- 3%, IFl- 21%, IFs- 8%.

The irst Upper Palaeolithic level is represented by material from layer 6 (discovered across all parts of the site). All artefacts have a white or blue-white patina. Blades are medium-sized and were detached from unidirectional volumetric cores. Core striking platforms are not as big as for cores from other assemblages and have been prepared. Tools are absent. This industry was attributed to the Aurignacian (Morawski 1992). Two concentrations of lints were discovered in the lower part of layer 5b (most recent Würm loess), probably representing different Upper Palaeolithic cultural traditions. One lithic concentration came from trench XIII (Piekary IIa, 1971 excavations). Artefacts (light to dark grey lint) show the effects of freezing action and have carbonate coating. The complex was only slightly disturbed; many technological reits were possible. Among the cores, only reduced or fragmented pieces are present. Blades (Ilam-

Fig. 2.6. Map of Piekary II and IIa. 1 – S.Krukowski’s excavations; 2 – L.Sawicki’s excavations; 3 – W.Morawski’s excavations; 4 – K.Sobczyk’s, V.Sitlivy’s and A.ZiCba’s excavations.

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40%) are big, long and massive, and were laked from bidirectional cores with facetted and abraded striking platforms to eliminate the overhang. Tools are absent. Another Upper Palaeolithic concentration

was found in trench XVIII (Piekary II, 1972 excavations). Black lint artefacts were subject to some slight movement and also have carbonate coating. Cores are small and volumetric with prepared striking platforms and traces of elimination

Fig. 2.7. Piekary II, W.Morawski’s excavations in 1971 (photo B.Van Vliet-Lanoë).

Fig. 2.8. Piekary II, W.Morawski’s excavations in 1971 (photo B. Van Vliet-Lanoë).

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of the overhang by facetting and abrasion. Final blank products are small. Tools are again absent. The third Upper Palaeolithic cultural level (LG - workshop according to Morawski 1971) was discovered in the highest level of the initial soil (correlated with a short, warm period of the Second Pleniglacial – Laugerie-Lascaux). This is the top of layer 5b. Material was found in situ (trenches XI-XII/72, XIX/83 - Piekary IIa). Artefacts (about 6000 pieces) were made from local Jurassic lint (99.5%) and imported chalky and chocolate lint. 50% of the material is represented by small fragments, chips (< 2x2 cm) and small lakes. Technological

and statistical analyses were carried out for the rest of the assemblage. Of these analysed lints, 44% were able to be reitted. The assemblage structure includes cores (2-3%), hammerstones (0.15-0.60%), non-cortical blades (5-6%), tools (9-12%) and burin spalls (8-22%). The remainder includes products from the cortex removal stage and core preparation

and re-preparation. Burins dominate among the tools (75-78%). This layer is geologically similar to layer 5a (initial loess soil) at the Krakow Spadzista C site. The youngest Upper Palaeolithic workshop (LP) was found in the initial soil level – layer 4 (trench IX/69, XII-XIII/71 and XIX/83 - Piekary IIa). Material was discovered in situ; reits were possible, with the largest set containing 60 artefacts. Cores are bidirectional with prepared laking surfaces. Numerous re-preparations of striking platforms and working surfaces as well as changing of debitage orientation are indicated. Tools are absent.

2.2. 1998 Excavations (trench XX)

Trench XX is situated south of trench XIII (excavated in 1971 by W.Morawski) (ig; 2.6; 2.9). Over a period of one ield season, an area of 18 m² was excavated. The maximum depth reached was 4.48 m, and six archaeological levels were discovered (ig. 2.10). Jurassic limestone forms the bedrock of the Quaternary sediments. The stratigraphy is similar to previous proiles of the Morawski excavations (ig. 5.1; 5.2). However, this trench was situated on the hillside of the Okr>cek, so the stratigraphic sequence is not yet complete.

First Upper Palaeolithic level (layer 4)

The irst archaeological level was discovered in layer 4 and contains a small lint assemblage (n=28) which includes nine lakes (two cortical, three semi-cortical, three backed cortical, one broken with some cortex), one backed cortical blade, 14 chips and small lakes (< 20 mm) and four lint fragments. Although this complex is not large, two reits were possible:

Block 1 - – one massive backed cortical crossed lake (l, w, th: 75 mm, 51 mm and 18 mm) with one small lake (< 20 mm),Block 2 - – two backed cortical lakes (43, 39, 12 mm and 57, 54, 9 mm).

Debitage products (lakes and blade) are

Fig. 2.9. Piekary IIa, trench XX, photo of excavations of up-permost layers at the beginning of the 1998 season and visit by

Prof. W.Chmielewski.

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have a lip. Internal laking angles are obtuse and right. These features characterise hard hammer percussion. Proximal blanks (lakes and a blade) show no traces of abrasion or facetting for elimination of the overhang. Such a small collection of 28 artefacts (only lakes and a blade from the cortex removal stage), lacking cores and tools, is not suficient to determine cultural attribution. However, this industry may be connected with the Upper Palaeolithic workshop found in layer 4 at Piekary IIa (trenches IX/69, XII-XIII/71 and XIX/83) near trench XX.

Fig. 2.10. Piekary IIa, trench XX (1998), proile W.

medium to large size. Cortical, semi-cortical and backed cortical lakes and blade represent the cortex removal stage. The punctiform platform of the single backed cortical blade was created with a single blow. The blade shape is oval (with bi-convex sides), the proile is straight and the section is triangular. It was obtained by means of soft hammer percussion, conirmed by the small punctiform platform, right internal laking angle and diffuse bulb. Flake platforms (eight unbroken) were created by a single blow (lat and punctiform); rare prepared and dihedral butts are also present. They have mainly developed bulbs, while only three

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Second Upper Palaeolithic level (layer 5)

Artefacts from the second cultural level were discovered in the lower part of layer 5. This complex is the most representative in the trench; the assemblage consists of 764 artefacts, all of dark grey lint. These are mainly fresh (96.1%) with rare pieces with patina (3.3%) and gloss (0.6%).

The artefact composition evidences the reduction aspects of this complex. Natural nodules of lint and tested blocks are absent. Only one blade core was found. The most numerous artefacts are chips and small lakes, followed by lake and blade blanks. In general, all technological categories are present.

The core (Sitlivy et al. 1999a, ig. 5) was made on a lint nodule of good quality with few crystal inclusions. It is a voluminous bidirectional blade core in full debitage stage, with traces of a postero-lateral crest (removed in the pre-forming stage). This core was rejuvenated by means of tablets and neo-crests. Cortical, semi-cortical and backed cortical lakes are present. However, most lakes have little or no cortex.

The most common dorsal pattern on lakes is unidirectional, followed by centripetal and crossed. Bidirectional, transversal, convergent and multi-convergent patterns are rare. Crested lakes and tablets are present.

Flake platforms were very often created with a single blow (plain and punctiform), but could also be dihedral and prepared, with rare cortical, linear or facetted platforms. The internal laking angle is

mainly right or obtuse and, rarely, acute. Developed bulbs are most common, followed by diffuse or absent. Only 17.5% of lakes with the proximal portion present have a lip.

In sum, lake reduction is more typical of hard hammer percussion, based on the predominance of developed bulbs. Flakes, very often cortical and semi-cortical, are products of the cortex removal stage; non-cortical crests and tablets represent pre-forming, exploitation and rejuvenation of volumetric bi- or unidirectional blade cores.

Blades are mainly medium-sized, but 87.1% are broken (Elongation Index - L/W% ratio >255.9). Non-cortical blades are the most common and are products of the full debitage stage. Blades from cortex removal and core shaping stage (cortical, semi-cortical, backed cortical) are rare.

A dorsal pattern with traces of unidirectional debitage is the most frequent, followed by crossed, bidirectional, centripetal and convergent. Crested blades are well represented.

Fig. 2.12. Thermoluminescence dating programme. Piekary IIa, test pit XXI (1999).

Fig. 2.11. Thermoluminescence dating programme. Piekary II (1998).

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hammer percussion was more commonly employed for blade production.

The most numerous blade shapes are rectangular, followed by convex-concave and trapezoidal; irregular and oval shapes are rare. Proiles are mainly straight, but also often convex; twisted proiles are rare. Almost 50% of

More than 50% of proximal portions of blades have lat platforms. Other types are rare and occur in similar frequencies. Most of the interior platform angles are obtuse, less often right, and, rarely, acute. Developed and diffuse bulbs are present in the same frequency. Well-developed and absent bulbs are rare. More than 45% of all proximal blades have a lip. Thus, use of soft

Fig. 2.13. Piekary IIa, trench XXII (2000), proile N.

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blade sections are triangular and more than 30% trapezoidal; other types are rare.

Blades in this level are products of prepared volumetric blade cores, which show different stages of reduction (cortex removal, pre-forming, exploitation and re-preparation). Non-cortical blades are mostly the inal intentional products of a prepared volumetric reduction technique. Bladelets are not very numerous in this level and were produced during shaping (backed cortical bladelets) and full debitage (non-cortical) stages. They are mainly unidirectional, rarely bidirectional and crossed. All platforms were created with a single blow (plain and punctiform); angles are right or acute; bulbs are developed or rarely diffuse. Oval, trapezoid and convex-concave shape are present in the same proportions. Proiles are straight, convex and twisted. Sections are triangular or scalene. Proximal parts of blanks (lakes, blades and bladelets) have traces of elimination of overhang by abrasion and facetting.

Tools are rare and modest, and include a broken sidescraper on a massive lake, a retouched core-tool, a broken blade with direct retouch, two retouched fragments and a dihedral burin on a massive semi-cortical lake. Two burin spalls were also recorded.

In sum, this complex is comparable to other Upper Palaeolithic workshops, based on the relative frequencies of artefact classes and the rarity of tools. Debitage products conirm the exploitation

of volumetric cores and blade production using crest preparation.

Early Upper Palaeolithic layer 6 and Middle Palaeolithic assemblages from layers 7a, 7b and 7c are the focus of this monograph (for detailed analyses, see Chapters 6 and 7).

2.3. 1999 Excavations (trench XXI)

Trench XXI is located west of trench VII (1963 excavations) on Okr>cek Hill. An area about 6 m² was excavated, reaching a maximum depth of around 4 m, in order to collect samples for the TL dating programme (ig. 2.6; 2.12). A small collection of lithic artefacts (n=26) was found between depths of 2.60 m and 3.12 m. Because of the strong compression of the stratigraphy, these artefacts can be attributed to layer 7a or 7b.

Artefact alteration is quite common: 57.7% with patina and 23.1% with gloss. The industry includes a natural nodule fragment with two intentional fractures, ive lakes, four blades, three chips, six broken blanks, ive natural lint fragments and two tools. Flakes relect the presence of different stages of core exploitation. The irst lake is a broken semi-cortical lake (l, w, th: >47, 45, 16 mm). The second is crossed with a crudely prepared platform and developed bulb (25, 24, 7 mm). The third is multi-convergent with a linear butt and diffuse

Fig. 2.14. Piekary IIa, trench XXII, photo of excavations of uppermost layers at the beginning of the 2000 season.

Fig. 2.15. Piekary IIa, trench XXII (2000), photo of excava-tions of Early Upper Palaeolithic layer 6. Uppermost grey layer with clear-cut boundary consists of disturbed sediments exca-

vated by W.Morawski in 1983 (trench XIX).

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Fig. 2.16. Piekary IIa, trench XXII (2000), photo of ex-cavations of Early Upper Palaeolithic layer 6 and vi-sit by Prof. J.Kozłowski making drawing of soliluction.

bulb (30, 32, 5 mm). A single Levallois second-order centripetal oblique lake with lat platform and well-developed bulb (37, 36, 10 mm) and one débordant centripetal lake with punctiform butt and well-developed bulb (51, 39, 14 mm) are also present. All blades are broken (two proximal and two mesial fragments). One mesial fragment is cortical (>29, 22, 6 mm), another semi-cortical (>48, 24, 9 mm). Proximal parts (>29, 21, 6 mm and >66, 41, 11 mm) are unidirectional and one of them cortically backed. Platforms are lat and linear, created by a single blow with diffused bulb. They have traces of elimination of the overhang by abrasion and one has a lip. A convex sidescraper with denticulate retouch was made on a massive semi-cortical centripetal lake with cortical butt and well-developed bulb (57, 48, 15 mm). An endscraper was created on a massive

Fig. 2.17. Piekary IIa, trench XXII (2000). Flint debitage clus-ter of Upper Palaeolithic layer 4. Extention of the trench XXII

by Dr. A.Kolesnik.

fragment of a cortical blank by means of marginal abrupt retouch (59, 51, 17 mm).

2.4. 2000 Excavations (trench XXII)

Trench XXII (ig. 2.13) is located to the east of Morawski’s trench XIII (1971 excavations) on Okr>cek Hill. It is located mostly in Morawski’s trench XIX/1983 (ig. 2.6) which yielded only Later Upper Palaeolithic industries in layers 4 and 5 (ig. 2.14; 2.15). An area about 43 m² was excavated to a maximum depth of around 6.2 m to recover new Middle Palaeolithic assemblages and collect samples for the TL dating programme (H.Valladas and N.Mercier) and geological analysis (T.Kalicki and A.Budek).

Five Middle Palaeolithic (layers 8, 7c², 7c, 7b, 7a), one Early Upper Palaeolithic (layer 6) (ig. 2.15; 2.16) and two Later Upper Palaeolithic industries (layers 5 and 4) were recovered. The latter two complexes can be classiied as Upper Palaeolithic workshops, based on the relative frequencies of artefact classes and the rarity of tools. Debitage products conirm volumetric core exploitation and blade production with crest preparation (Sitlivy et al. 1999a). The rich industry from layer 4 is represented by several lithic concentrations including debitage and cores (ig. 2.17). The lowermost industries belong to different Micoquian and Mousterian Middle Palaeolithic groups (Chapters 6 and 7).

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