Chapter 12

1- Movable print: type from which text id printed directly in which each character is on a separate piece of metal.

2- Pastoralists: a grazer or landholder raising sheep, cattle, etc., on a large scale.

3- Mongols: member or a pastoral people now living chiefly in Mongolia.

4- Genghis Khan: Mongol conqueror of most of Asia and of the East Europe to the Dnieper River.

5- Marco Polo: Venetian merchant, famous for his account of his travels in Asia. After traveling overland to China he spent 17 years serving Kublai Khan before returning to Venice.

6- Japan: any of various hard, durable, black varnishes, originally from Japan, for coating wood, metal, or other surfaces.

7- Shinto: The native religion of Japan, primarily a system of nature and ancestor worship.

8- Samurai: a member of the hereditary warrior class in feudal.

9- Bushido: the code of the samurai, stressing unquestioning loyalty and obedience and valuing honor above life.

10- Shogun: the title applied to the chief military commanders from about the 8th

century.11- Katana: a long curved single-edged

sword traditionally used by Japanese samurai.

Chapter 13

1- Middle Ages: the time in European history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance.

2- Franks: s member of the Germanic Tribes in the early Christian era.

3- Monasteries: a house or place of residence occupied by a community of persons, especially monks, living in seclusion under religious vows.

4- Secular: not pertaining to or connected with religion

5- Carolingian Dynasty: franquish Dynasty founded by Charlemagne’s father.

6- Charlemagne: 742-814, king of the Franks 768-814; a Charles I, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 800-814.

7- Vikings: any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coast of Europe.

8- Feudalism: the feudal system, or its principles and practices.

9- Lord: a person who has authority control, or power over others.

10- Vassal: a person granted the use of land, in return for rendering homage, fealty, and usually military service or its equivalent to a lord or other superior; feudal tenant.

11- Knights: a man, usually of noble birth, who after an apprentice as page and squire was raised to honorable military rank and bound to chivalrous conduct.

12- Serf: a slave.13- Manor: a landed estate or territorial

unit, originally of the nature of a feudal lordship, consisting of a lord’s demesne and of the lands within which he has

the right to exercise certain privileges, exact certain fees, etc.

14- Fief: a fee or feud held of a feudal lord.15- Chivalry: the sum of the ideal

qualifications of a knight, including courtesy, generosity, valor, and dexterity in arms.

16- Troubadours: one of a class medieval lyric poets who flourished principally in southern France, and wrote songs and poems of a complex metrical form in langue, chiefly on themes of courtly love.

17- Clergy: the group or body of ordained persons in a religion, as distinguished from the laity.

18- Pope: the bishop of Rome as head of the Rome

19- Canon law: the body of codified ecclesiastical law, especially of the Roman Catholic Church as promulgated in ecclesiastical councils and by the pope.

20- Holy Roman Empire: a Germanic empire located chiefly in central Europe that began with the coordination of Charlemagne as Roman emperor in 800 A.D. and ended with the renunciation of the Roman

Chapter 14

1- Gothic: Characterized by the use of the pointed arch and the ribbed vault, by the use of fine woodwork and stonework.

2- Urban II: French ecclesiastic: pope 1088-99.

3- Crusade: any of the military expeditions undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries for

the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslims.

4- Salahdin: sultan of Egypt and Syria =. Opponent of Crusaders

5- Richard the Lionhearted: king of England

6- Reconquista: a period of 800 yrs. in the Middle Ages during wich the several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula expanded themselves by fighting the Muslim states.

7- Inquisition: an official investigation, especially one of a political or religious nature.

8- Burghers: an inhabitant of a town. Member of a middle class

9- Vernacular: a native10- William the Conqueror: a duke of

Normandy11- Henry II: king of Germany and emperor

of the Holy Roman Empire.12- Common Law: the system of law

originating in England13- Magna Carta: the ‘Great Charter’ of

English liberties, forced from King John by the English

14- Parliament: 15- Estates-General: the States-General16- Great Schism: a period of division in the

Roman Catholic Church17- Bubonic Plague: a serious, sometimes

fatal, infection transmitted by fleas from in

18- Hundred Years War: the series of wars between England and France, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais.