From the New Middle Ages to a New Dark Age: The Decline of the State and U.S. Strategy
Middle Ages. After the Fall The Decline Roman empire lead to an era called the Middle ages.
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Transcript of Middle Ages. After the Fall The Decline Roman empire lead to an era called the Middle ages.
Middle Ages
After the Fall • The Decline Roman empire lead to an era
called the Middle ages
Invasion affect in Europe
• Constant invasions and constant welfare lead to:– Disruption on trade – Downfall of cities– Population shift
Disruption on Trade
• Invasion cause a collapse in trading.
• Money became scarce
Downfall of cites
• Cities abandoned as centers of government
Population shift • Nobles left cities and went to rural areas– City dwellers left with the leadership to grow their
own food• Population becomes mostly rural
Germanic invaders• Could not read or write• Different languages spring up • Lived in small communities• Family ties and personal loyalty made it hard
to establish an orderly government
The church
• Most priests and church officials could read and write
• Churches provided stability during the Middle ages
• Their authority grew
Monasteries• Monasteries- a religious community– Monks learned to read and write– Opened schools– Maintained libraries – Copied books
• Help spread Christianity
The Church authority • Pope became secular leader– Secular- Worldy, power involved in politics– The entire western roman empire fell under the
pope’s authority • Spiritual kingdom
Feudalism
Feudal society
• Based on mutual obligations• In exchange for military
service a lord grants land (fief) to a vassal (a person receiving a fief)
• Control depended on the amount of land one controlled
Feudal System
• Kings• Nobles (also priest)• Knights• Landless peasants
Feudal society
• Social classes well defined• Born into the class• Most people were serfs• Could not lawfully leave the place they were
born
Manor
• Manor-the lords estate• Depended on a set of
rights and obligations between a lord and his serf
• Self sufficient community
The Franks• The Franks emerged as
the leading force in Gaul
Clovis• Clovis was their leader– Wife urged him to convert
to Christianity – 496-in fighting against an
another Germanic tribe Clovis appealed to the Christian god• Wins• Asked bishop to baptize his
army
The Church Response• The church in Rome welcomes Clovis
conversion and supported his military campaigns
• Alliance between the Frankish kings and the church begins
Charlemagne• 771 Charlemagne seized control of the Gaul
kingdom – Conquered new lands (most of western Europe)– Becomes most powerful king in Europe
Charlemagne and the Church
• Went to Rome to crush an unruly mob that attacked the pope– Crowned Emperor
• The pope claimed political right to crown an emperor
Governing the Empire
• Limited the Nobles– Had Royal agents to make sure nobles govern their
countries fairly • Regularly visited every part of the kingdom
Cultural Revival
• Encouraged learning• Opened school that were to train future
monks and priest• Built more churches• Built roads to connect the empire
Germanic tribes migration
• Anglos and the Saxons migrated from the continent of Europe to England
• Magyars migrated from Central Asia to Hungary – Captured people to sell as slaves
• Vikings migrated from Scandinavia to Russia– Worshiped war like gods– Raided places quickly
Bellringer• Pull out reading packet • Begin reading Chapter 14 sec 1 & 2
Agenda• Reading • Discussion• Notes • Book work
Late Middle Ages• 1000’s spiritual revival
happens throughout Europe– “Age of Faith”– Pope and religious leaders
reform the Church – Church becomes stronger
The Crusades
The Crusades• Byzantine Emperor Alexius Commenis sent an
appeal to Robert, Count of Flanders– Also gets read by Pope Urban II– Asked for help against the Muslim Turks– Urban II called for an “holy War” (Crusades)
Goal– Must gain control of the Holy land and Jerusalem!
Other Causes• King and Church saw the crusades
as an opportunity to get rib of the arguing Knights– Knights fighting each other– Threatened peace of kingdoms– Those who fought are called
crusaders
THE FIRST CRUSADES
First Crusade• Crusaders ill prepared– Did not know the • Geography• Climate• Culture
– Of the holy land
First Crusade cont. • Has no Strategy• Argued among themselves• Captured Jerusalem In 1099• Set up for Crusader States around Jerusalem– Each ruled by a European noble
THE SECOND CRUSADES
Second Crusade• States vulnerable to
Muslim attacks• Second crusade was to
recapture Jerusalem • City instead falls to the
Muslim leader Saladin– Crusaders shocked!
AND…. ANOTHER CRUSADE (3RD)
Third Crusades• Try to recapture Jerusalem again. This time
lead by three kings– England- Richard the Lion Hearted– France- Philip Augustus – German-Frederick I
Third Crusades cont.• Richard and Saladin
fought each other many times– Both ruthless fighters– Respected each other– Agreed to a truce
• Saladin promised to allow unarmed Christian pilgrims into the city
THE FOURTH CRUSADE!!!
Fourth Crusades• Pope Innocent II appeals for
another crusade to recapture Jerusalem – Knights end up looting the
city of Constantinople– Causing the split in the
Eastern and Western churches
EVEN MORE CRUSADE…..
Later Crusaders• They were common and unsuccessful
The Effects• Failures lessoned the power of the pope• Weakened nobility • Stimulated trade between Europe and
southwest Asia• Bitterness between Christians, Jews and
Muslims• Weakened the Byzantine Empire
Fall of Constantinople• Crusaders weakened
the city • Eventually it fell to
the Ottoman Turks– Ended the Byzantine
Empire– Becomes the capital
of the ottoman empire
Black Death • 1/3 of the
population died to the deadly disease known as the bubonic plague
Origins• Began in Asia • Came to Europe through trade• Began in Italy before quickly
spreading to France, Germany and Europe– Took 4 years to reach all of
Europe – Killed 25 million in Europe
Effects• Populations numbers fell in the towns and
country side• Trade declined– Prices rose
• Less people to work– Farmlands abandoned– Old manorial system crumbles– Serf left manors to find better wages – Church losses Prestige
Church Scholars• Most who were able to read or write belonged
to the church • Scholars worked in monasteries where they
translated Greek and Arabic into Latin
Bellringer• Pull out reading packet and finish reading
chapter 14 sec 3 &4
Agenda• Finish book work• Review• Begin on study guide
• Homework: Study for test NEXT class
Middle Ages Review • After the Roman Empire Split into two parts.
The Eastern became known as the ________
• The Western half of the Roman empire was invaded/attacked by __________________ who came from central Asia
• ______________ came to a halt because of the invasions. Merchants no longer felt safe traveling from one city to another
• _____________ became smaller as people moved out to the country side for protection
The following describes what system that developed during the Middle Ages
The following describes what system that developed during the Middle Ages
Other than the king who else held power? (more power than the kings?)
• A ______________ was a person who is bond to the land. They work for the lord and in return the lord provides them with protection
• Charles Martel defeated the __________ at the battle of the Tours, preventing Islam from spreading into Europe.
• How did the monaries continue the Roman traditions?
• What is a Crusade?
• What was the goal of the crusades?
•Who were crusaders?
•Were the crusades successful?
• What is a guild?
• _________________ the conqueror invaded England in 1066
• The 100 year war was between ____________ and _________________