Middle Ages• Middle Ages

– Time between the fall of the Roman Empire, 500AD and 1500AD.• Crusades

– “Holy Wars” between Muslims and Catholic Christians over the holy lands. Crusaders brought back new foods, spices, clothing—this leads to trade

• Renaissance– Means “rebirth” Renewed interest in arts, learning, and technology .

• Reformation– a movement started by Martin Luther that split the Catholic Church.

Martin Luther writes his 95 Theses in 1517 against the practice of indulgences (paying $ to get to heaven)

Selling church jobsaccumulating lands (all 3 -corruption in the church)

– Eventually leads to the establishment of the Church of England or the Anglican church

Johannes Gutenberg

• A renaissance inventor of the movable type. Promoted the spread of bibles during the reformation.

Use to print bibles during the Reformation (Middle Ages)

Columbian Exchange• The exchange of plants, animals, and disease

between Europe and the Americas• Around 80% of Native Americans were killed by

disease transmitted through the exchange of these goods

Conquistadors

• Hernando Cortez– Conquered the Aztecs; searched for gold

• Francisco Pizarro– Conquered the Incas; searched for gold

• Juan Pounce de Leon– Searched for the fountain of youth in Florida

• Conquistadors were in search of God, Gold and Glory

Prince Henry the Navigator

• Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugalsets up a school for sailors and navigators

• Technological Advances:–Astrolabe- find position from the stars–Compass- indicates direction(N, S, E &W)–Caravel- larger, stronger ship that made

exploration easier

St. Augustine

• First Permanent European settlement • Fort built by the Spanish in Florida to protect

shipping and the colonies in the Caribbean.

The English Colonies

• Real purpose of colonies: to enrich Britain• mercantilism: colonies are expected to supply

materials the mother-country lacked so they could make goods for trade

English Colonies• Slave Trade– Grows because colonist need laborers for the plantations

• Indentured Servants– People who worked for 5-7 years in exchange for

passage to the colony• Triangular Trade– The movement of goods

between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that brought slaves to the colonies

English Colonies• Middle Passage• The voyage from Africa to America that brought a

cargo of slaves. This passage was a part of the Triangular Trade.

• Abolitionists– Those who wanted to abolish slavery

• Quakers– Some of the first to oppose slavery and speak against it as

an evil institution

Navigation Acts• All trade must be done in English or colonial ships• Certain items can only go to England• All goods have to go through English port 1st

British would police the water, looking for colonial ships trying to smuggle goods

New England or Northern Colonies

Soil was infertile, little farming

Fishing, whale hunting Small factory

manufacturing became common

Develop a mainly urban (cities) society, based on commerce (business) and trade

Middle Colonies Economy

• “Breadbasket colonies”

• Grow grain• Forests

provided lumber

• Fur trappers

Southern Economy

Grow rice, indigo, and tobacco

Many farm on small farms or on large farms (called plantations)

Jamestown: Known for the commodity (product) tobacco

specialized in a single cash crop one grown for sale, rather than farmer’s own use

Age of Enlightenment

• An intellectual movement that stressed reasoning (thinking) as a way to discover how the universe works..– Learn the earth revolves around the sun– World controlled by fixed mathematical, scientific

laws; world is not random (gravity!)– Ben Franklin key Enlightenment figure as well as

John Locke and Montesquieu

Great Awakening• 1730s-1740s• Series of religious revivals. Focused on forgiveness and

salvation• Jonathan Edwards- he was a traveling preachers (evangelist

today), outdoor revivals. Most famous sermon is “Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God”

• Christian denominations are established such as Methodist and Baptists

• Results of the Great Awakening- People learn to question authority. Soon, they will question Britain’s authority over them

Jamestown

• Jamestown• - first permanent English settlement in North

America• Tobacco– #1 commodity (product)– Crop grown by the Virginia colony to earn profits

for the company.

Navigation Act

• Navigation Act– Enforced more heavily– Acts to regulate colonial manufacturing and trade

• Imports– Goods that a nation buys

• Exports– Goods that a nation sells

• Smuggling– Importing goods illegally

French and Indian War

• War between the French and their Indian allies (friends) against the British for control of North America.

• French and British wanted control of the Ohio River Valley in western Pennsylvania territory.

• George Washington establishes his military leadership abilities

• Treaty of Paris 1783– An agreement between the French and the British that

ended the French and Indian War.

Effects of the French and Indian War

• Economic Effect- Colonist left Great Britain with a huge War Debt

• Political Effect- British tighten control of the colonist with taxes.

• Personal Effect- Colonist felt a sense a of unity and pride.

• Proclamation of 1763 (reaction from Great Britain when the colonists refused to repay debt)– Restricted the colonists from settling west of the

Appalachian Mountains until the debt was paid

Great Britain wants the Colonists to repay the money from the French and Indian War so they place taxes on the colonist…

Tax Battle:Taxes placed on the Colonist by the British.

• Stamp Act– A direct tax on legal documents and printed matter.– Examples newspapers, sermons, documents.

• Sugar Act– Called for stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts to

prevent the colonist from smuggling in goods. • Townshend Act– Acts that collected import duties on goods imported

from England.• Tea Act– Act that gave a monopoly to the East India Company to

sell tea directly to the colonies.

Boston Massacre

• Boston Massacre-Bloodshed that occurred when British soldiers fired upon a group of colonists who were angry about the British

taxes being placed on them.• Crispus Attucks

– Free slave that was shot during the Boston Massacre and considered the first causality (death) of the American Revolutionary War.

• Quartering Act– Acts that forced the colonist to feed and house the British troops in

North America.

Committees of Correspondence• Created by the Sons of Liberty• It was very difficult to communicate across the

3000 or more miles of the colonies in the 1700s• They needed a way to keep the colonist informed• Set up groups to let colonies know about new

taxes and how to respond

Boston Tea Party• An act of rebellion when the Sons of Liberty,

dressed as Indians, dumped a shipload of tea in to the Boston Harbor.

• The British reacted by enforcing the Coercive Act (the Colonist called it the Intolerable Act). It closed the Boston Harbor, preventingtrade until the teawas paid for.

Lexington and Concord• Lexington

– Town where the first clash or skirmish between colonial soldiers (minute men) and British troops(redcoats) took place

• Concord– Small town outside Boston where minutemen had muskets and gunpowder

stored• Paul Revere

– A silversmith who rode from Boston to Lexington to warn that the British were coming to capture the weapons at Concord and to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock

• Patrick Henry– Fiery Virginia legislator who spoke in favor of freedom “give me liberty or give

me death”• Minute Men

– Citizen soldiers who were prepared to act at any moment’s notice• Red Coats

– The British army

Join or Die

Represents the 13 Colonies as a confederacy ( loose union of independent states)

• Published before the French and Indian War. • A Political Cartoon in the Pennsylvania Gazette from

Benjamin Franklin strongly suggesting that the colonists need to form a united government.

Setting the Stage for the Revolutionary War

• Patriots– Colonist who wanted the colonies to be

independent from England• Loyalists– Colonist who remained loyal to the king and

opposed the Patriots; also called Tories• Neutrals– Colonist who did not take the side of the Patriots

or the Loyalists

Thomas Paine

• He wrote Common Sense– An essay explaining in plain terms why the colonist

should be free and how the monarchy (king, queen or emperor) was corrupt.

First Continental Congress

• The colonies meet at the First Continental Congress in September of 1774 in Philadelphia. The colonies agree to fight back against the British if the King refuses to compromise.

• 12 of the 13 colonies are present; Georgia is absent

Second Continental Congress

• Olive Branch Petition• The letter sent by the Colonial Congress to King

George III asking for a peaceful solution.• Created an army• Coined money (created a colonial currency)• George Washington is appointed commander of the

Continental Army• John Hancock is named President of the Continental

Congress• Colonies were asked to draw up constitutions

Revolutionary War Battles• Bunker Hill

– First major battle. Battle near Boston where it took the British three charges to take the hill from the Patriots. Deadliest battle of the War.

• Battle of Trenton– Washington crossing the Delaware River to make a surprise attack at Trenton, New

Jersey on Christmas night 1776. He attacks the German mercenaries (paid soldiers) called Hessians and wins a victory for the colonists.

• Valley Forge– The place where the Continental army spent the coldest winter of 1777-1778.General Washington’s troops lacked food and clothing, but things eventually improveOut of the 10,000 troops there, more than 2,000 died.

• Baron von Steuben is the Prussian army officer who trained the Continental army at Valley Forge

Revolutionary Battles• Saratoga

– the French are still mad that they lost to Britain in the French and Indian War, so they send weapons to the Americans to help them out.

– Saratoga is known as the turning point of the war; British army from Quebec was surrounded by the efforts of the French leader Burgoyne’s and forced to surrender

• Yorktown– The last major Battle– A Virginia town where the British General Cornwallis and his soldiers were trapped

and forced to surrender– American and French troops combine and plan to attack Cornwallis at Yorktown– 17,000 French and American troops bombard British troops at Yorktown for 3 weeks– Cornwallis finally surrenders– The Patriots (colonists) win!

Treaty of Paris 1783The treaty that officially

ended the Revolutionary War

Peace agreement by the British• Recognizes the United States as

an Independent nation• Set boundaries of the United

States• Agreed to withdraw British

soldiers from American territory• Returned Florida to Spain

Peace agreement by the Colonist• Agreed that the English could

collect debts owed by Americans

• Permitted Loyalists to go to court to recover losses of confiscated goods and property

Declaration of Independence

• Thomas Jefferson– Patriot who wrote the Declaration of Independence

• John Locke– Enlightenment thinker who wrote that government

is to protect the rights of the people; if it does not, the people could rebel

• Grievances– List of 27 wrongs done by the king to the American

colonies

Forming a New Nation: The Articles of Confederation

– The first American constitution (set of laws/rules) that formed a confederation of states governed by a weak federal government.

NO DIRECTPOWER OVER

CITIZENS

COULD NOTBE CHANGED WITHOUT

CONSENT OF ALL 13 STATES

COULD NOT REGULATE TRADE

COULD NOT ENFORCE LAWS

NO POWER TO TAX

WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLES

OF CONFEDERATION

Northwest Territory

• Land Ordinance of 1785– A law that divided the Northwest Territory into 36

square mile township and sold the land to raise money for the government.

• Northwest Land Ordinance 1787– A law that provided a way for new states to enter

the union.

Foundations of the Constitution• Magna Carta

– 1215, A document that limited the power of the king • English Bill of Rights

– A list of the freedoms that English citizens could expect from the government• Social Contract Theory

– Rousseau– A theory that people have individual freedom but must surrender some of it for

the good of society (people gave up individual rights in return for protection from the government)

• Montesquieu– An enlightenment thinker, introduced the idea of separation of powers– three branches: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial

• John Locke– An enlightenment thinker, believed that authority to rule is given to the

government by the people (through their consent) and that if the government abuses the power, the people can take it back.

Constitutional Convention• Independence Hall

– The name given to the Pennsylvania statehouse in Philadelphia where the convention was held.

• Constitution Convention– The name given to the meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where the

constitution was written• George Washington

– Delegate who presided over the Constitutional Convention• Benjamin Franklin

– Delegate who was the most well-known and well-respected statesman of his day

• James Madison– Delegate who contributed the most to the writing of the United States

Constitution called the “Father of the Constitution”• Alexander Hamilton

– Delegate who helped to write the Federalist Papers, which explained the Constitution

3 Issues at the Constitutional Convention

• #1-The Great Compromise or The Connecticut CompromiseNew Jersey Plan Virginia Plan

Small States Large States

Equal Representation Representation based on Population

Set up our Senators House of Representatives

2 Senators per state

Set up a Bicameral Congress with 2 chambers- the Senate and the House of Representatives

3 Issues at the Constitutional Convention

• #2 Three-fifths Compromise– The compromise over slavery that allowed 3 out

of 5 slaves to be counted for representation in the House of Representatives (and for the purpose of taxation)

3 Issues at the Constitutional Convention

• #3 Slave Trade/Federal Power– Slave trade was stopped during the Revolutionary War– Southern States were eager to start the slave trade

after the war– Southern States feared that Congress could prevent

this (try to use their federal power)– Delegates compromised and allowed the Federal

Government to regulate trade and keep the slave trade for at least 20 more years.

Ratifying the Constitution• Ratify (approve)

– The process of approving the Constitution that required the approval of 9 out of 13 states

• Federalists– People who believed in a strong federal government; wanted the

Constitution ratified• Federalists Papers

– 85 essays written by Federalist to explain the Constitution• Leading Federalists were:

– George Washington, 1st president– James Madison, the “Father of the Constitution”– Alexander Hamilton, secretary of treasury– John Adams, first Supreme Court Justice– Benjamin Franklin

Ratifying the Constitution• Antifederalists• People who believed in the states’ rights, didn’t want the

Constitution ratified unless it contained the Bill of Rights (First 10 amendments to the Constitution)

• Leading Antifederalists– John Hancock, President of the Second Continental Congress– Thomas Jefferson, wrote the Declaration of Independence– Patrick Henry, midnight ride & “give me liberty or give me death”

speech– Samuel Adams, Sons of liberty, Boston tea party, Committee of

Correspondence

First to ratify- Delaware, 1787 Last to ratify- Rhode Island,1790

The United States Constitution• Purpose of the Government– Found in the Preamble of the Constitution– To set up a court system– Keep peace among the states– Defend the nation against all enemies– To pass laws that will be good for the people– Maintain rights of citizens now and in the future

The Structure of the Constitution: Preamble, Articles & Amendments

The United States Constitution

• The Preamble– The Introduction to the United States Constitution– We the people of the United States, in order to

form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide of the common defense, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution of the United States of America.

UNITED STATES CONSTITUION:The Articles of Confederation

Article I (1) Created the Legislative Branch

Article II (2) Created the Executive Branch

Article III (3) Created the Judicial Branch

Article IV (4) Determined relations between the states

Article V (5) Explained the process for amending the Constitution

Article VI (6) Declared the Supremacy of the National Government

Article VII (7) Declared the Process of ratification (approval) of the Constitution

Makes the laws

Enforces the laws

Interprets the law

Articles I, II & III

AmendmentsFirst 10 are called the Bill of Rights

• 1-Freedom of Religion, Assembly, Press, Petition & Speech• 2-Right to bear arms (own a gun) & maintain a militia (army)• 3-No Quartering (housing) of the troops• 4-Search and Seizure• 5-Rights of the accused• 6-fair & speedy trial, trial by jury, right to an attorney• 7-Civil suits• 8- Cruel and Unusual Punishment, excessive bail• 9- enumerated rights (any individual freedom not covered in

1-8 would be covered in 9)• 10-State’s Rights

Cont. The United States Constitution• 11- Suits among the States• 12-The election process of the President and Vice President• 13-Abolished (did away with) slavery• 14-Established Citizenship• 15-Gave African American males the right to vote• 16-Established an Individual Income tax• 17-Set up the direct election of Senators• 18- Prohibition of alcohol• 19-women’s right to vote• 20-”Lame Duck” the 100 day transition from one president to another• 21-repealed prohibition (the 18th amendment)• 22- limited the President’s term to two• 23- Set up the District of Columbia with 3 electoral votes• 24- abolished the poll tax• 25- established the presidential session and disability process• 26- Eighteen-year-olds have the right to vote• 27- Congressional Salaries

The Federal Government:The Basic Principle of the Government

• Popular Sovereignty- The people rule• Federalism- Division of power between the National and State

governments• Limited Government- • Constitutional Supremacy- the idea that the Constitution is the supreme

law of the land• Separation of Powers-a term indicating that the authority of the

government is divided among the three branches: Legislative, Executive & Judicial

• Checks and Balances-a term that describes the overlapping powers of the three branches to balance the power among the branches

• Judicial Review- the power of the judicial branch to declare acts and laws of the other two branches (executive & judicial) unconstitutional

Checks and Balance System

Developing our Presidency

• Oath of Office- the promise the President takes to preserve, protect and defend the U.S. Constitution.– “ do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the

office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.”

• George Washington- the first President of the United States.

• John Adams- the first Vice President of the United States• After Washington the President was sworn in by the Chief

Supreme Court Justice.

Developing our Presidency

• Judiciary Act of 1789- an act that created the federal court system

• Neutrality Act 1793- an act stating the President’s decision not support (stay neutral) the French against the English in the war between them during the French Revolution.

• Washington’s Farewell Address– Avoid foreign alliances– Avoid strife between political parties

Hamilton vs. Jefferson• Alexander Hamilton

– Secretary of Treasury in Washington’s administration• Thomas Jefferson

– Washington’s Secretary of State• Federalist Party

– A political party that supported the Constitution, a strong central government, and an economy based on industry and manufacturing

• Democratic-Republican Party– A political party started by Thomas Jefferson (not today’s republican party) that

believed in states’ rights and an economy based on agriculture• Loose Constructionists

– Those who interpreted the Constitution “loosely” used the “implied” powers (not written word for word) to do things that are not specially mentioned in the Constitution

• Strict Constructionists– Those who interpreted the Constitution “strictly” used the “expressed” powers

(written word for word) believed that if the Constitution doesn’t list it, the government should not do it.

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

ISSUE HAMILTON JEFFERSON

GOVERNMENTBelieved in a

strong central governmentBelieved in a

strong state government

ECONOMYThought the economy should be based on

manufacturing and industryThought the economy should be based on agriculture (farming)

TARIFFS (TAX)Jefferson’s view

wins

Wanted TARIFFS tax on imported goods (foreign goods would cost more) to protect

American (Domestic) industries

Opposed tariffs because it hurt farmers, they needed foreign

goods

EXCISE TAX Federal Government needed revenue (money) Wanted EXCISE TAX tax on items made in

America (Domestic) proposed it on whiskey.

Farmers were angry because corn was used to make whiskey. They refused to pay any tax, known as

the Whiskey Rebellion.

WAR DEBTSBelieved the federal government should repay

national and state debts from the Revolutionary War

Believed the federal government should only repay national debts

from the Revolutionary War

CONSTITUTIONViewed with loose interpretation Viewed with strict interpretation

Banking differences between Jefferson and Hamilton

BANKING SYSTEM

HAMILTON JEFFERSON

Wanted a national bank as a place to deposit federal tax

money and as a place to issue currency (paper money)

(Loose Constructionist view)

Opposed (disagreed with) Hamilton’s National Bank idea

because it was not authorized by the United States Constitution

(Strict Constructionist view)

John Adams as President• John Adams

– 2nd United States President• Impressment

– The act of taking sailors off American ships to serve in the British navy• XYZ Affairs

– Incident that occurred when French representatives demanded a bribe from American representatives before being allowed to talk to and negotiate with the French Foreign Minister

• Alien and Sedition Acts– Laws that allowed the President to expel foreigners (aliens) who he considered

dangerous to the nation or to jail anyone who said bad things (sedition) about the government

– Jefferson encouraged states to nullify (refuse) to obey. Virginia & Kentucky agreed, said it was unconstitutional

• Naturalization Act– An act that extended the time required for foreigners to become American citizens from

five years to fourteen years• John Jay Treaty

– Gave the United States “most favored nation status” and allowed them to continue to trade with England

The Republican Era:Thomas Jefferson as President

• Thomas Jefferson– 3rd President of the United States

• Republican Era– Time between the presidential election of Thomas Jefferson through

the presidency of John Quincy Adams; 1800 to 1828• Republican Party

– Political Party that Thomas Jefferson started (not today’s Republican party)

• Sectionalism– Division that occurs when a geographic section of the country looks

out for its own needs instead of the best interests of the whole country

• Embargo Act– An act requested by Jefferson to suspend all foreign trade in 1807

The Republican Era:Thomas Jefferson as President

• Louisiana Purchase– Land between the Mississippi

River and the Rocky Mountains that was bought from the French for 15million dollars.

Meriwether Lewisco-commander who traveled with Clark to explore the Louisiana territoryGeorge Clark asked by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana territorySacagawea Indian wife of French fur trader, helped guide Lewis & Clark

After purchasing the Louisiana Territory1. Doubled the size of the U.S2. Guaranteed use of Miss. River3. Eliminated threat of French in North America4. Provided new land for settlement west of Miss River

War of 1812:

War between the United States and Great Britain over impressment (taking sailors off American ships) and seizing of

American ships and cargo bound for France

• War Hawks– Young congressmen from the West and South who

wanted a war with the British so they could increase the territory of the United States by taking Canada and Florida

War of 1812• Andrew Jackson

– Commander of the Tennessee militia; fought the Creek Indians in Alabama and defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans

• Horseshoe Bend– Site where Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Indians at the battle of Tallapoosa River near present-

day New Site, ALABAMA– Creeks: Native Americans in Southern Alabama, sided with the Americans– Red Sticks: Native Americans in Northern Alabama, sided with the British

• Ft. McHenry– Fort that successfully defended the city of Baltimore from a British attack– Where the National Anthem the Star Spangled Banner was written by Francis Scott Key

• New Orleans– Jackson defeated the British after the war had ended

• Tariff of 1816– Tax passed to protect American industries after the War of 1812

• Treaty of Ghent– Ended the War of 1812; signed on Christmas Eve 1814– Canada and Florida stayed in the control of Great Britain

John Marshall

• Federalist • Chief Justice of the Supreme Court • Appointed by President John Adams • Influenced the development of the federal court

system for more than 30 years (1801-1835)• Historical Cases: – Marbury v. Madison– McCulloch v. Maryland– Gibbons v. Ogden

John Marshall’s Case

• Marbury vs. Madison 1803– Case• Marbury was appointed as a federal judge in the last

hours of John Adam’s presidency. Jefferson opposed the appointment, asked Secretary State James Madison to withhold the appointment.

– Marbury sued Madison– Supreme Court Decision• Established Judicial Review, The Supreme Court has the

power to declare acts and laws unconstitutional

John Marshall’s Case

• McCulloch Vs. Maryland 1819– Case

• Maryland placed a tax on banks chartered outside the state. McCulloch an employee refused to pay the tax.

– Supreme Court decision • Congress had the right to make laws that are “implied” by

the Constitution by using the “necessary and proper” clause

• The tax was federal law, since state law could not interfere with federal law the tax was ruled unconstitutional

John Marshall’s Case

• Gibbons vs. Ogden 1824– Case

• State of New Jersey gave Ogden a permit to transport passengers by steamboat between New York City and New Jersey.

• Federal government gave a license to Gibbons for the same thing.

– Supreme Court decision• Affirmed that the Constitution was the “supreme law of

the land”. States can not interfere with the federal government’s power

Era of Good Feeling:Period in U.S. history from around 1816-1824 when

there was little disagreement among politicians

• Nationalism– The feeling of pride for one’s country

• Sectionalism– The division that occurs when sections of a country

look out for their own interest rather than the good of the whole country

• Alabama becomes a state during this time 1819

During the Era of Good Feeling

• Missouri Compromise or the Compromise of 1820– The agreement about slave and free states formed from the Louisiana

Territory– Used to keep a balance of free and slave states in the U.S.– Created by the Great Compromiser Henry Clay– Missouri was admitted as a slave state– Maine was admitted as a free state– Slavery would be permitted

in states formed from territory of the Louisiana Purchase north of the latitude 36-30’N (the southern border of Missouri)

During the Era of Good Feeling

• Monroe Doctrine– Statement issued by James Monroe– Background

• Some European countries favored helping Spain reclaim their territories in the U.S.

• Neither England nor U.S. wanted further European involvement in the Americas.

• England & the U.S. issued a joint statement to the rest of the world to stay out of the areas

– Doctrine stated• Western Hemisphere was closed to any further colonization by

European countries• No European powers were to interfere with the Americas. If they did,

the U.S. would consider the action a threat to national security• The U.S. would not get involved in any affairs of European countries

The Republican Era: Dirty Politics

• Election of 1824– John Quincy Adams, son of 2nd president John

Adams and winner of the 1824 election– Andrew Jackson, War hero in the War of 1812– Henry Clay, Speaker of the House from Kentucky

& Secretary of State under John Q. Adam’s presidency in 1824

The Republican Era: Dirty Politics• Election of 1824

– Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adam and William H. Crawford• Corrupt Bargain

– The accusation of Andrew Jackson’s supporter against Adams of making Henry Clay the Secretary of State in exchange for Clay’s support in the 1824 election

• National Republicans– Political party that supported John Q. Adams; what was left of Jefferson’s

Republican Party• Democrats

– Political party that supported Andrew Jackson and was split from the Republican Party

• Mudslinging– The act of attacking the character of political opponents

Jacksonian Democracy• Andrew Jackson

– Wins the presidential election of 1828– Believed in a strict constructionist approach that government should only do what

the Constitution specifically says it can do– Nickname: Old Hickory (hard wood) because of his strict command over his troops– Nickname from his Opponents: King Andrew because he used his veto (rejecting a

bill) power for any reason.• Expanded Suffrage

– Result of dropping the land ownership requirement for voting (more people were given the right to vote)

• Common Man– Ordinary people who were not from the wealthy or well-educated class; allowed

to vote– Help Jackson win the presidency

Jacksonian Democracy

• Patronage– Practice of giving government jobs to political

supports• Spoil System– Name given for patronage under Andrew Jackson– Jackson believe that ordinary citizens could hold

government jobs. Others believed this would “spoil” the government,

Jacksonian Democracy:The Nullification Crisis

• Tariff of 1828– A tariff (tax) on imported goods in order to protect domestic (home)

goods was opposed by the South; called the Tariff of Abomination by the South

• Nullification Ordinance– Law passed by the South Carolina legislature that said the state would

ignore (nullify) the Tariff of 1828.• Force Act

– Act by Congress authorizing President Jackson to use federal troops to “force” South Carolina to obey the tariff laws

• States’ Rights– Rights belonging to the states; term associated with the belief that the

states have stronger rights than the federal government

Jacksonian Democracy: Indian Removal Act• Assimilation

– The action of adapting to another culture• Indian Removal Act 1830

– An Act that authorized the President to negotiate treaties of “removal” with the Indians; tribal lands would be exchanged for lands west of the Mississippi River

• Five Civilized Tribes– The five tribes of Indians in the South, the Cherokee, the Choctaw, the

Chickasaw, the Creek, and the Seminoles, who tried to adopt white culture and be good neighbors to the whites

• Trail of Tears– The forced removal of the Cherokee

to Oklahoma in the winter of 1838-1839; many died along the way from the harsh cold, lack of food and the harsh treatment from federal troops

Cont. Indian Removal Act

• Trail of Tears• Santa Fe• Oregon• Mormon• California

The Jacksonian Democracy: The Bank War• Second Bank of the United States

– The national bank chartered in 1816 after the government had difficulty paying for the War of 1812 without a federal bank. Helped keep the money supply in the U.S. stable.

• Pet Banks– State banks where Jackson deposited federal money after it had been withdrawn from

the national bank• Panic of 1837

– The economic depression that resulted from the closing of the national bank and Specie Circular issued by Jackson. The bank didn’t have enough gold or silver to exchange for the peoples currency

• Species– Gold and silver; also called hard money

• Currency– Paper money issued by banks; was supposed to be backed by gold and silver in the bank

• Specie Circular– Executive order issued by Jackson declaring that all purchases of public land had to be

made with gold and silver• Depression

– a time of hardship caused when the economy stops growing, banks fail, business close, and jobs are hard to find

The Jacksonian Democracy:The Whig Party

• Second Party System– The rise of a distinct two-party system for the second time in American history

• Democratic Party– The political party that began with Andrew Jackson and his supports

• Whig Party– The political party made up of the National Republicans such as Henry Clay and

Daniel Webster and some Democrats such as John C. Calhoun, all of whom did not like Andrew Jackson

• William Henry Harrison– The Whig candidate who was elected President in 1840; dies after one month in

office• John Tyler

– The “accident” President. He was the Vice President who became President when Harrison died of pneumonia.

Decades of Change for the United States

• Revolution– a period of rapid change. The U.S. Had grown rapidly the first half

of the 19th Century• Industrial Revolution

– Period when a society changes from hand-made goods to machine made things

• Social experience– A community of like-minded people who want to try different

ways of organizing society• America Culture

– The art and learning that is uniquely American rather an European

The Industrial Revolution• Industrialization

– Replacing hand-made goods with machine-made goods• The American System

– A proposal by Henry Clay that the government build roads, establish a national bank and pass protective tariffs to help American industries to grow

• Cumberland Road (also called the National Road)– The only road of its time that was built with federal money

• Turnpike– A toll road where the people who use the road pay for it by paying a fee

• Clermont– The first commercial steamboat; developed by Robert Fulton

• Canal– A man-made ditch that connects sources of water

• Steam locomotive– A stem engine designed to pull a train

• Telegraph– A communication device that sends electrical signals over wires that can be received and decoded

into messages; developed in the United States by Samuel F. B. Morse• Black Belt

– The area of rich soil found in parts of the South that became the primary cotton-growing region

Industrial Revolution: Inventions

Inventor Invention Impact

Eli Whitney

Cotton GinAllowed cotton fiber to be quickly separated from the seeds. Cotton production increased across the

entire South

Interchangeable PartsAllowed things to be made in pieces

and assembled later since all the parts were the same

Robert Fulton Commercial Steamboat (Clermont)

Made river transportation much easier. Could travel in shallow water

and against the current.

George Stephenson Steam Locomotive Helped make railroads the best means of transportation

Reform Movement

• Second Great Awakening– Religious renewal that started in the 1830s and

swept the nation; awakened the social conscience of the United States

– Addresses several social problems, especially the issue of slavery

Reform Movement• Abolition Movement• Movement that wanted to abolished slavery; also called the

anti-slavery movement• Abolitionists-wanted to abolish (do away with) slavery– William Lloyd Garrison• Abolitionists who published the anti-slavery newspaper

called The Liberator– Frederick Douglass• Abolitionists who published the North Star an abolitionist

newspaper– Harriet Tubman• Helped slaves escape to freedom through the Underground

railroad

Reform Movement:Underground Railroad

• System of paths and “safe houses” used to help runaway slaves escape the South

• Led by Harriet Tubman (they also called her “Moses”)

Reform Movement: Women’s Rights

• Women’s Rights- – rights and freedoms demanded by women; they claimed to be equal with men and

thought that they should have the same rights as men, including the right to vote– Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Co-founder (with Lucretia Motts) of the Seneca Falls Convention• Drafted the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

– Susan B. Anthony• Women’s suffrage (women’s right to vote)• Worked with the abolitionist movement

– Sojourner Truth• Born into slavery, freed later.

Uneducated, well know speaker for equality for all including blacks & women– Seneca Falls Convention

• First women’s right meeting in American history, 300 people (40 men)• Seneca Falls, New York

Reform Movement

Movement/Reform Leader Description

Temperance(dealt with alcohol)

Carrie NationTemperance workers blamed social ills on

drinking and drunkenness.This movement encouraged people to give up drinking and tried to get the

government to stop the sale of alcohol.

Mental Patients/Prison Inmates

Dorothea DixDix encouraged reforms in mental

institutions and prisons. She won many reforms for mental patients and inmates.

Education Horace MannMann believed that education was the best way to deal with society’s ill. He

pushed for free education for all and for Normal Schools to train teachers.

Trying to create an Utopian Society- “the perfect society”

Emerging American Culture• Culture– The art, literature and learning of people

• American Culture– Art, literature that used American themes, characters,

and settings• Romanticism– Movement in art and literature that focused on the

beauty of nature, emotions and local themes for artistic creations

• Transcendentalism– Philosophy that focused on intuition as a means of

spiritual enlightenment

Authors in the Emerging American Culture

AUTHOR TYPE WORKS

Noah Webster Dictionary Wrote the first dictionary. Webster’s Dictionary

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essays& Poems

Transcendentalist, famous essay “Self-Reliance”

Henry David Thoreau Essays Transcendentalist, wrote “Civil Disobedience” and “Walden”

Walt Whitman Poems Transcendentalist, wrote Leaves of Grass

Edgar Allan Poe Poems &Short stories

Stories were dark mysteries, The Raven & “The Tell-Tale Heart”

Nathaniel Hawthorne Short stories & Novels

Used puritan themes from England, wrote House of the Seven Gables & The Scarlet Letter

Authors in the Emerging American Culture

AUTHOR TYPE WORKS

Washington Irving Short Stories “The Legend of Sleep Hollow”

James Fenimore Cooper Novels Last of the Mohicans & The Pioneers

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Poems “The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere” & The Song of Hiawatha

Emily Dickinson Poems Wrote about love, life & death.“I Could Not Stop For Death”

Herman Melville Novels & Short Stories

Transcendentalist. Wrote about adventures at sea, Moby Dick

Manifest Destiny• Manifest Destiny 1800-1850

– Idea that Americans should spread over the whole North American continent (expand westward, own territory)

• Mormon– Followers of Joseph Smith; religious people persecuted in Illinois moved to Great

Salt Lake Region.• Territorial Expansion

– the United States gaining more territory and expanding its boundaries• Migration

– The movement of people within a country from one area to another

Westward Expansion-The movement of people from onepart of the country into the western territories

Oregon Country• Oregon Country

– Area in the Northwest claimed by the United States and by Great Britain• Oregon Trail

path used by settlers and missionaries to go to the Oregon Country• South Pass

– A trail through the Rocky Mountains that was wide enough for wagons to pass• “54-40 or fight”

– Slogan that expressed the willingness of some American to fight England over northern boundaries of the Oregon Country claimed by the United States

• 49th Parallel– The northern boundary of

the Oregon Country that was established by a treaty with the British

The Republic of Texas• Adams-Onis Treaty

– Treaty with Spain in 1819 that gave Florida to the United States and established the boundaries of Spanish lands in the West

• Santa Anna– Mexican general who became president and then dictator over

Mexico; led the Mexican army against Texans in the War for Texas Independence• Battle of Gonzales

– The first fight between Texans and Mexicans that occurred when the Mexican army tried to take back a cannon that had been “loaned” to the Texans

• Alamo– An old Spanish mission in San Antonia where Texans fought the Mexican army until every

Texan was killed• Goliad

– Town where Santa Anna ordered about 400 captured Texans to be executed• San Jacinto

– Location where Sam Houston’s army turned on the Mexican army, defeated them, and captured Santa Anna

• Republic of Texas– The independent “nation” of Texas between the years 1836 and 1845 when it belonged to

neither Mexico nor the United States

War with Mexico• Manifest Destiny

– Belief that the United States should expand to occupy the entire North American continent

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo– Treaty that ended the Mexican War

• Mexican Cession– Area ceded (given) to the United States after the Mexican War

• Gadsden Purchase– An area of land purchased

from Mexico to build a railroad to California

Westward Trails• California Trail• Mormon Trail• Oregon Trail• Santa Fe Trail

Westward Expansion: The Trails West

TRAILS DESCRIPTION

California Trails To gold fields in Northern California

Mormon Trails Used by Mormons leaving Illinois for the Great Salt Lake region

Oregon Trails Used for fur trade, missionaries and settlers to make the trip from Independence, Missouri, through the Rockies at South Pass to the Oregon Country

Santa Fe Used by traders and merchants to link the Mexican trading center of Santa Fe with Independence, Missouri

The Trails went through the center portion of the West,

a huge area of grasslands called the Great Plains.

Slavery in the Territories• Wilmot Proviso

– Law that would have outlawed slavery in any territory taken from Mexico

• Popular Sovereignty– The idea that the people in a territory should decide whether to

permit slavery or not• Gold Rush

– The movement of many people who rushed to California when gold was discovered

• Forty-niners– People who came to look for gold in 1849

• Compromise of 1850– Compromise that allowed California to be admitted as a free state

1850• Compromise of 1850

– A compromise between free states and slave states that allowed California to join Union as a free state but required all states to catch and return runaway slaves to their original owners

• Fugitive Slave Act– A part of the Compromise of 1850 that required runaway slaves be captured and returned no matter

where they were found in Union • Harriet Beecher Stowe

– The author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin• Uncle Tom’s Cabin

– A novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that revealed the cruelty of slavery• Kansas-Nebraska Act

– A law that overturned the Missouri Compromise by allowing popular sovereignty in newly organized territories of Kansas and Nebraska

• Popular Sovereignty– The idea that each new state added to the Union should decide for itself whether to be a free state

or a slave state • Republican Party

– A new political party formed by those who did not like the Kansas-Nebraska Act; the party did not want the expansion of slavery into new territories

• Dred Scott– A slave who sued for his freedom nut lost his case in the Supreme Court

• John Brown– A radical abolitionist who led a raid on the government armory and arsenal at Harper’s Ferry

Election of Abraham Lincoln• Republic Party

– The political party that strongly opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories. In the presidential election of 1860, Abraham Lincoln

• Democratic Party– The political party that spilt in 1860 over the issue of slavery. Two new

parties were formed: Northern and Southern Democrats• Stephen A. Douglas

– Northern Democrats candidate, tried to remain neutral on the issue of slavery, neither strongly for nor against it.

• John C. Breckenridge– Southern Democrats candidate, current vice-president of the United

States, strongly supported slavery and its expansion into the territories.

Election of 1860Party

Original Democratic Party (northern Democrats)

Stephen Douglas. Illinois

North Took the “middle-of-the-road” stance on slavery, neither for it or against it, but spoke boldly against secession and disunion(wanted a united Democratic Party and united Union of the sates)

Southern Democratic Party

John Breckinridge, Kentucky

South Strongly supported slavery

Republican Party Abraham Lincoln, Illinois

North Opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act; opposed slavery and the extension of slavery in the territories, but Lincoln took “middle-of-the-road” stance as not to cause waves

Constitutional Union Party

John Bell, Tennessee

South Wanted to reunite the country by continuing to compromise on the issue of slavery

Forming of the Confederate States• Secede

– To separate from • Confederate States of America

– The new “nation” formed by the southern states that had seceded(separated) form the United States

• Jefferson Davis– The president of the newly formed Confederate States of America

• Montgomery, Alabama– The place where the seceded states met to form the Confederate States of America

• Winston County– County in Alabama that seceded from Alabama and wanted to be neutral

• Border states– The slave states of Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky that were geographically

between the Union sates and the Confederate states

Before the Civil War

• Arsenal– A place where guns and ammunition are stored

• Lame Duck– A politician that has not been reelected but their term of

office has not yet expired • Inauguration– The ceremony to officially induct a new President

• Confederacy– Term for the southern states that seceded from the

United States.

The War Begins at Fort Sumter• Fort Sumter

– a fort located in the Charleston, S.C; became the site of the first “battle” of the American Civil War.

– Lincoln was sending food and military supplies here • Abraham Lincoln

– United States President during the Civil War • Jefferson Davis

– The president of the Confederacy during the Civil War– Planed to cut off the food and military supplies before they reached Fort

Sumter • Martial Law

– Military control of the local government. The Military had the authority to arrest citizens if needed.

North

South

Civil War Goals of the North and South• Blockade

– A war tactic that uses ships to block ports to keep the enemy from receiving supplies • Anaconda Plan

– The Noth’s strategy to defeat the South by taking Richmond, blockading the ports, controlling the Mississippi River, and keeping the border states in the Union

• Ironclad– A ship that had been fitted with iron plates to keep enemy fir from destroying it; the Monitor and the Merrimack were the first

two ironclads in history to do battle The South’s secret weapon• Border states

– The slave states of Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky that were geographically between the Union sates and the Confederate states

• Writ of habeas Corpus– A legal procedure that requires an accused person to be brought before a judge to determined if he or she has been rightfully

charged of a crime • Northern Goals

– Take the Confederate Capital of Richmond, Virginia– Blockade Southern ports– Keep border states from joining the Confederacy – Take control of the Mississippi River and divide the South in two

• Southern Goals– Fight a defense war and wait for the North to give in

Military Battles of the Civil War• Robert E. Lee

– Confederate general whose eventual surrender ended the Civil War • Ulysses S. Grant

– Union general who, by the end of the war, was in charge of the entire Union army• Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

– Famous Confederate general who led the Confederate victory at Bull Run • William T. Sherman

– Union general who captured Atlanta and then destroyed everything in his path from Atlanta to Savannah and then throughout the Carolinas

Appomattox (Courthouse)Where Lee (South) surrendered to Grant (North)

Politics and Other issues of the Civil War

• Winston County

• Homestead Act 1862– A law that gave settlers 160 acres of public land in western territories if they lived on that land for five years

• Morrill Land Grant Act 1862– A law that gave public land to states to establish public colleges with the programs in agriculture, industry, and military tactics

• Emancipation Proclamation– An order to free the slaves in Southern states in rebellion against the Union

• Conscription– Mandatory military service(also called a “draft’)

• Draft Riots– Lincoln drafted men to serve in the military or pay $300. Those who could not afford this were angry at those who could. They

fought back by looting the homes of the rich and damaging their property. This went on for three days at the expense of about $2 million.

• Black Military Units– North actively recruited African Americans for the military.

They were paid less, not allowed to be officers, segregated (separated from whites) and if captured by the Confederates they were shot, treated harshly, placed into slavery

• Casualties– Soldiers killed in battle who either died from their wounds or some other cause

Gettysburg Address

• Lincoln’s famous speech“Four score and seven years ago our

fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.”

• Lincoln went into the battlefield to dedicate a portion of the cemetery for soldiers killed in battle during the Civil War.

Election of 1864

• Election of 1864– Lincoln faced opposition from Democrats– McClellan ran against him– Lincoln chose Andrew Johnson (D-TN) as a running mate– Was thought Lincoln would be defeated in election

• Copperheads– Northern Democrats who supported the South and

opposed the Civil War • Assassination of Lincoln– Shot in Ford’s Theater by John Wilkes Booth

Reconstruction of the New South• Reconstruction

– The period after the Civil War when the Confederate states were rebuilt and readmitted into the union• Lincoln’s Plan

– (also called the Ten-Percent Plan) a plan for Reconstruction that granted a pardon for all Southern(except high ranking officials) allowed states to be readmitted to the Union once 10% of voters pledged allegiance to the Union

• Johnson’s Plan– A plan for Reconstruction that granted a pardon to ordinary Southern and allowed Southern states to rejoin the

Union after abolishing slavery and ratifying the 13th amendment • Radical Republicans

– The Republicans who wanted harsh penalties for Confederate states and who wanted to give freed slaves equal rights

• Freeman – The ex-slaves who freed after the Civil War but who were not yet citizens

• Black Codes– Laws passed in Southern states that were meant to limit the civil rights of blacks

• Freedman Bureau– A federal agency created to provide food, shelter, and medical care to war refugees and also to provide education

and help finding jobs to freemen

Radical Reconstruction• Civil Rights Act

– A law passed by Congress that made former slaves citizens of the United States and protected the civil rights of all citizens

• the Civil Rights Act by defining citizenship to include former slaves and protecting civil rights as part of the Constitution

• Congressional Plan– (also known as Radical Reconstruction)- Congrees’ plan for reconstruction that included setting

military districts in Southern states • Carpetbaggers

– Northerners who moved to the South after the war• Scalawags

– Southern Republicans who supported Northern efforts of Reconstruction • Ku Klux Klan

– An organized group who resisted Northern efforts of Reconstruction by using scare tactics and violence

• Impeachment– The act of accusing a government official, such as the President, with misconduct

Post Reconstruction Amendments

• Thirteenth Amendment– abolished slavery in the United States

• Fourteenth Amendment– Due Process, Citizenship

• Fifteenth Amendment– gave all men the right to vote regardless of color,

race or former state of servitude

Grant’s Presidency• Ulysses S. Grant

– Union general and war hero who become President of the United States in1868• Credit Mobilier

– A scandal during Grant’s administration that involved the Union Pacific Railroad • Whiskey Ring

– A scandal during Grant’s administration that allowed whiskey distillers to pay only part of the taxes that they owed to the government

• Tweed Ring– A scandal during Grant’s administration that involved William “Boss” Tweed who

stole millions of dollars from New York City through fraudulent contracts• Compromise of 1877

– An informal “deal” that settled the dispute over the presidential election by giving the presidency to the Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in exchange for the end to Reconstruction in the South

The New South• New South-– A term that refers to the South after the Civil War as having more industry and being less

dependent on agriculture.• Politics

– Solid South - a term that described the tendency of all Southern states to vote for the Democratic Party for many years after the Civil War

• Economy– Sharecropping an alliance between poor workers and landowners where workers would

provide the labor on a farm in exchange for part of the crops• Cultural Structure

– Families, Blacks not permitted to marry or have stable family structure, looked for family sold in slavery

– Churches, Religion very important to slaves, provided aid and support to struggling members– Schools, Freedmen’s Bureau

– A federal agency created during Reconstruction that helped to educate freed slaves • Race Relations

– Literacy• The ability to read

– Poll Tax• A tax that had to be paid before a person could vote

– Jim Crow laws• Laws that required blacks to be segregated from the whites in public facilities

The Western Frontier• Frontier

– Area beyond the last line of settlements• Miners

– People who searched for minerals and dug them from the earth• Booms town

– Mining towns that were populated almost overnight during “boom” times when minerals were being mined from the area.

• Ghost town– Mining towns that were deserted once minerals could no longer be mined

from the area

• Revolver– A handheld gun invented in 1837 that could hold six round of ammunition

before being reloaded

Railroads in the West

• First transcontinental Railroad– Railroad that ran across the country from Omaha,

Nebraska, to Sacramento, California.• Insert map on page 307

The Western Plains• Reservation

– Land set aside by the Federal Government for the Native Americans• Plains Indians

– Native Americans living on the Great Plains; mostly hunters who depended on the buffalo to support their way of life

– Buffalo- • Indian Conflict and Wars

– The Sand Creel Massacre

– Battle of Little Bighorn• Location where Colonel Custer and his men were killed

– Chief Joseph Surrenders– Ghost Dance– Wounded Knee Massacre

• Location where the last battle between the United States Army and the Indians took place

• Dawes Act– A law that divided reservation land among Native Americans

Frontier Ranching• Long cattle drive– An event where cowboys walked cattle

from Texas to Railroads that crossed the Great Plains in order to ship them to market.

• Ranch– A place where livestock is raised as a business

• Open Range– Public land where ranchers grazed their cattle for free

• Barbed Wire– An inexpensive form of fencing perfected

by Joseph F. Glidden; used to fence in the open range

Frontier Farming• Sod

– Thick grass with tightly matted roots; grass and dirt the adheres to the roots• Homestead Act

– A law that offered free land to those who would farm the land for five years; passed during the Civil War in 1862 to encouragement settlement of the frontier

• Homesteaders– people who stalked a claimed on the land offered by the Homestead Act

• Settlers– People who bought land from the government or from the railroads

• Oklahoma Land Rush– The rush by settlers to claim land in the Oklahoma Territory that was made available

by the government • Sooner

– People who stalked claims to the Oklahoma Territory before it was officially opened for settlement

• Steel Plow– An invention that enabled farmers to plow

through the hard soil of the Great Plains

Farmers’ Grievances and The Populists Movement

• Grange– A fraternal organization of farmers

• Cooperative or Co-op– A group of farmers that pooled their resources for the good of its

members• Farmers’ Alliance

– An organization formed to address the economic issues faced by farmers

• Inflation– An increase in the supply of money so that currency is worth less

• Populist Party– A 3rd political party formed to fight for the political demands of the

farmers.

Gilded Age• Gilded

– Covered with a thin layer of gold• Gilded Age

– Period from around 1875 to 1900 that characterized as a time of wealth but also of greed and corruption underneath

• Second Industrial Revolution– Period of further industrialization in the late

1800’s during which time the United States began using electricity as a main source of power

• Raw materials– The things that industries need to make finished products

• Thomas Edison– The late 19th century inventor of the phonograph, the indoor light

bulb, and an electrical power distribution system, to name a few

Urbanization

• Rural– Refers to life in the country or on a farm

• Agrarian– Agricultural; related to farming

• Urban– Refers to life in the city

• Urban migration– The movement of people from rural/farm areas to the cites

• Slums– Crowded areas in the cities

where lots of poor people live

Alabama in the Industrial Age• Birmingham

– Alabama city that was established as an industrial center especially for the coal, iron, and steel industries

• Textiles– Goods made from cloth

• Mobile– Alabama’s most important sea port; home of shipping and

shipbuilding industries• Convict leasing

– The practice of a state’s justice system to lease or rent state prisoners to work for local industries

• Lumber– One of the most important industries in Alabama

Big Business in the Gilded Age• Merger

– The process of combining smaller companies to make a larger one• Monopoly

– A company that controls most of its market without having competition from others

• Andrew Carnegie– Man who created the steel industry in the United States and revolutionized

construction• John D. Rockefeller

– Businessman who formed the Standard Oil Company and controlled most of the petroleum production in the United States

• Trust– A group that controls a number of different corporations to promote a monopoly

• Robber Baron– A wealthy businessman who took advantage of laborers to increase his profits

Business Ideologies and Labor Union during the Gilded Age

• Social Darwinism– The idea that “survival of the fittest” also applies to business

• Laissez faire– The idea that government should not interfere in business

• Gospel of Wealth– Andrew Carnegie’s belief that the wealthy should use their money

to benefit society• Horatio Alger

– Author who wrote popular novels that had a “rags to riches” theme• Collective Bargaining

– The practice of a labor union to bargain with a company on behalf of it’s workers

• Knights of Labor– A labor organization formed in 1869 that accepted membership from all workers

including women and blacks• Haymarket riots

– A peaceful protest in Chicago that turned into a riot after someone bombed policemen• American Federation of Labor (AFL)

– A labor organization started in 1886 that accepted only skilled workers but who fought for higher wages, shorter hours, and benefits for disabled workers

• American Railway Union (ARU)– A union of railroad workers formed in 1893

• Pullman Strike– A strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company that also led to an ARU railroad strike

• Injunction– A court order requiring that a union stop a strike

Business Ideologies and Labor Union during the Gilded Age

Politics of the Gilded Age• Pendleton Act 1884

– A law that set up a Civil Service Commission to oversee the hiring of people for government jobs; only those who scored highest on an exam were given certain jobs, not political supporters

• Interstate Commerce Commission– An organization set up by the Interstate Commence Act to oversee railroad rates

• Sherman Antitrust Act– A law that was meant to make trust illegal

• Gold Standard– A monetary system in which currency issued by the government could be traded

for gold• William Jennings Bryan

– Young Nebraska representative nominated by the Democrats for President in 1896• Disenfranchise

– To make rules that take away people’s right to vote• 1901 Constitution

– The Alabama Constitution that was rewritten to keep blacks from voting

Communication Revolution of the Gilded Age

• Telegraph– Device for sending messages long

distances over a wire• Morse Code– Code for sending and receiving messages with a telegraph

• Transatlantic Cable– A telegraph cable laid across the

Atlantic from North America to Ireland• Radio– Device for sending messages

through the air without the use of wires

The Progressive Era• Progressive Era

– Period from around 1890 the first world war, which was a time of political and social reform• Age of Imperialism

– Period during the late 19th and early 20th centuries when the United States desired to expand beyond its borders to influence other nations

• Expansionism– The idea that the United States should expand into the Caribbean and the pacific– Alaska, purchased by William Seward known as “Seward’s Folly” until gold was discovered then American people thought

it was a great buy.– Hawaii, American sugarcane and pineapple farmers over through Queen Liliuokalani . Became the 50th State of the United

States• Yellow Journalism

– Emotional stories reported in gory details without much concern for the facts • Spanish-American War

– War with Spain over the treatment of the Cuban people• U.S.S.Maine

– United States warship that blew up in Havana harbor, the Spanish in Cuba were blamed • Rough Riders

– A voluntary cavalry unit that fought in Cuba. Teddy Roosevelt was 2nd in command. Charged Kettle Hill and captured Santiago (major city in Cuba)

• Panama Canal– Canal built in 1914 across the isthmus of Panama.

• William Gorgas– Alabama Native, army doctor in charge of stopping the spread of yellow fever and malaria from mosquitoes. He separated

the patients so it would not spread. This helped in getting the Panama Canal built.

Progressive Reform• Political Machines

– A group that provided social help for people in exchange for their votes for a specific political party

• Political Boss– The person in charge of a political machine and responsible for the votes of his people

• Referendum– A vote on an initiative

• Recall election– An election that allows the people to vote an official out of office before the end of his

or her term• Direct Primary

– A process in which the people choose the candidates for an election • Prohibition

– A law that prohibits the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages• Women’s suffrage

– Women’s right to vote

Progressive Amendments

• 16th – Established the income tax

• 17th

– Direct election of Senators

• 18– Prohibition by prohibiting the manufacturing, sale and transportation fo

alcoholic beverages

• 19th

–Women’s suffrage (right to vote)

American Imperialism

• United States gained– Guantanamo Bay in Cuba, Puerto Rico– Hawaii, Guam and the Philippines (Eastern Islands

of Samoa)

World Imperialism

• United States targeted China and Africa markets• China– Open Door Policy, proposed by the United States that

would guarantee equal trading rights for all nations with China

• Africa– Foreign governments established colonies in Africa.

This created rivalries which was one of the long-range causes of World War I

Teddy Roosevelt

• Teddy Roosevelt– Big Stick Policy or Big Stick Diplomacy. Roosevelt

believed in an African proverb “speak softly and carry a big stick”. This is how he conducted business.

• Trust busting– The act of breaking up bad trust suing them in court

• Muckrakers– Writers that exposed corruption in big businesses, government, and society

• Conservation– Preserving natural resources

• Roosevelt Corollary– Theodore Roosevelt’s “ amendment” to the Monroe Doctrine that said the

United States would intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries to protect America’s interest

Teddy Roosevelt• Ida Tarbell

– Wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company, exposed corruption in the Standard Oil Company owned by Rockefeller

• Upton Sinclair • wrote the Jungle, exposed filthy meat packing conditions

• Roosevelt’s Progressive Legislation– Meat Inspection Act 1906, Animals must be inspected

before slaughtered and processed and the facilities must be clean– Pure Food and Drug Act 1906, outlawed the sale of altered or mislabeled

food and drug products• The Gentlemen’s Agreement

– Agreement with Japan that they would slow down immigration into the United States and the United States would not stop all Japanese immigration.

Taft and Wilson

• Progressive Party– Political party started by Roosevelt for his 1912 run for

president• Federal Trade Commission– Government agency to protect consumers from unfair

business practices• Federal Reserve System– System of federally controlled regional banks to

stabilize the currency and provide banking services to the federal government

Civil Rights• Jim Crow Laws- laws that separated blacks and whites in public accommodations in

the South. (Separating people according to race is called segregation.)• Plessy v. Ferguson-Supreme Court ruling that made segregation legal, separate but

equal.• Booker T. Washington-Early civil rights leader and head of Tuskegee Institute • Atlanta Compromise- speech by Booker T. Washington that encouraged blacks to

work hard, be patient, and wait for equality.• W.E.B Du Bois- Early civil rights leader who wanted racial equality right away and

who started two organizations to help African Americans: the Niagra Movement and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

• Tuskegee Institute- Black college started by a former slave to educate African Americans.

• George Washington Carver- Agricultural researcher at Tuskegee who helped to improve farming in the South.

World War I

• The Great War or World War I- War fought from 1914 to 1919; involved most of the world and the United States; renamed World War I following World War II

• Isolationism- A foreign policy of not promising to help other countries if they go to war

• Neutral- A country who doesn’t take either side in a war.

Cost of World War I• M. A.I.N Causes:• Militarism- the policy of having an aggressive military and a desire

to go to war to solve a disagreement rather than to us diplomacy (talking).

• Alliances- Agreements made between nations to defend one another in case of war.

• Imperialism- Action of stronger nation to take control of a weaker one; another name for colonization.

• Nationalism- A feeling of pride for one’s nation and culture.• Triple Alliances- Alliance between Austria-Hungary, Germany and

Italy• Triple Entente- Alliance between France, Great Britain, and Russia.

World War I Begins• Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire

(Turkey), and others who fought together in World War I.• Allies (friends)- England, France, and Russia who fought

together in World War I and others including the United States, who joined during the war.

• Trench Warfare- A war tactic in which facing armies dug deep ditches to protect against enemy fire.

• No man’s land- Are between trenches that was protected by machine guns and barbed wire.

World War I Begins• Machine Guns- Mechanical

weapon that shoots bullets more than 600 times a minute.

• Attrition- The process of weakening the other army by killing or capturing their soldiers.

• Poison Gas- A chemical weapon used by both sides in World War I to kill more people.

• Tanks- A large armored vehicle which moves with trends and is equipped with a cannon (a new invention in World War I).

America Enters World War I• Isolationism- A policy of avoiding foreign alliances.• Neutrality- The policy of not choosing sides in a war.• Submarine- An underwater ship used in war;

German submarines were also called U-boats.

• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare- A war tactic of sinking ships of any kind, even passenger ships, without warning.– Sinking of the Lusitania, 126 Americans were killed

on the luxury ship

• Zimmerman Note- A telegram from the German Ambassador to Mexico asking them to fight the Americans.

• Selective Service Act 1917- A law that required young men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register for military service.

• American Expeditionary Force- American troops sent to Europe in 1917.• Armistice- An agreement by both sides in a war to stop fighting.

World War I on the Home Front• Home front- The activities that happen at home during a war overseas.• War Industries Board- A government agency used to organize

manufacturing in the United States during World War I.• Suffragettes- Women who worked for women’s right to vote.• 19th Amendment- Constitutional Amendment that gave women the right

to vote.• The Great Migration- A mass movement of African Americans out of the

South and into the North for jobs.• Victory Gardens- American vegetable gardens grown during World War I

to preserve the food supply.• Liberty Loans- War bonds sold to help pay for the war.• Income Tax- A direct tax on the money

people and corporations make (as income).

World War I Treaty

• Fourteen Points- President Wilson’s suggestions for world peace.

• Treaty of Versailles- Treaty that ended World War I.• League of Nations- Organization of

nations designed to promote world peace; excluded the Central Powers and Russia; the United States chose not to join.

• Reparations- Payments made for war expenses and damages.

After World War I

• Red Scare or Red Hysteria- Fear that communist revolution would come to America.

• Palmer Raids- Arrests of immigrants in 1919 who were suspected of being communists.

The Roaring Twenties

• The Roaring Twenties- The decade between 1920 and 1929

• The Jazz Age- Another name for the Roaring Twenties because Jazz music was so popular.

• Nativism- Suspicion of and discrimination against foreigners; anti-immigration.

The Roaring Twenties• Isolationism- The policy of protecting American

manufacturing with high tariffs and avoiding alliances with foreign governments.

• Nativism- Anti-Immigration feelings among Americans that led to a mistrust of foreigners and quotas on immigration.

• Laissez faire- A policy for government to help business rather than regulate them.

• Teapot Dome Scandal- A scandal that occurred when a member of President Harding’s cabinet took a bribe to open the Navy oil reserves in a Teapot Dome, Wyoming, to private companies.

Roaring TwentiesNew Technology

• Henry Ford- Inventor who revolutionized the automobile by perfecting both the car the assembly line.

• Assembly Line- A new process where workers put one part on an unfinished car as it moved past their work station.

• Mass Production- Making lots of the same item to decrease its price.• Electric Appliances- Devices that use electricity to help do work.• Charles Lindbergh- First pilot to fly across the Atlantic to Paris, France,

alone; his flight is known as the first transatlantic flight.• Spirit of St. Louis- The name of Charles Lindbergh’s

airplane.

Roaring TwentiesSocial Issues

• Suffrage- The right to vote.• Suffragettes- Women who worked to gain the right to vote.• Birth Control- The prevention of pregnancy through various ways.• Flappers- Young girls during the 1920s who

rebelled against traditional fashions and morals.• Prohibition- A law that made selling alcoholic

beverages illegal.• Speakeasy- A place where people went to

drink and dance.• Organized crimes- Groups of people who make money doing illegal things.• Bootlegging- The act of providing illegal alcohol to the people who wanted

to buy it.

Roaring Twenties Social Issues

• Scope Trials- the 1925 trial of a biology teacher for teaching evolution in a Tennessee public school.

Roaring TwentiesArts and Humanities

• The Great Gatsby- A novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald that pictured the emptiness and despair of the wealthy during the Roaring Twenties.

• Harlem Renaissance- A revival of African American culture by black artists, writers, and musicians.

• Jazz- Emotional music based on the rhythm of African work songs and folk music.

• Jazz Age- Another name for the Roaring Twenties because jazz music was so popular.

• Mass Entertainment- Entertainment for larger audiences such as radio, movies, and sports.

Roaring TwentiesThe Economy

• Consumer Spending- A term that refers to people buying things.• Installments buying- The practice of buying things by making

monthly payments (buying on credit).• Boll weevil- Central American insect

that destroys cotton plants.

• Diversification- The practice of planting different kinds of plants. (Boll Weevil destroyed cotton, they needed a different crop)

• Stock Market- A place where stocks are bought and sold.• Disparity of Income- A term that describes a large difference in

the amounts of money people make.

Roaring TwentiesRacism and Radical Tensions

• Ku Klux Klan- A white hate group that targeted blacks, Catholics, immigrants, and Jews.

• WASP- Abbreviation that stands for White, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant; considered by the Klan to be only true Americans.

• Sacco and Vanzetti- Two immigrant anarchists convicted of murder; many believe they were found guilty because they were foreigners and anarchists.

• Lynching- The murdering of an accused person by a mob; done mostly by a white mob against an African American.

• Race riots- Attack of white mobs on black communities.

The Great Depression and the New Deal

• Depression- A time when the economy slows down and businesses lower wages or lay off people

• Great Depression- The worst economic slow-down in American history that occurred from around 1929 to 1939.

• Stock market- A place where stocks are bought and sold; also called Wall Street.

The Great Depression and the New Deal:The Great Depression Begins

• Stock Market Crash- The tremendous loss of value of the stock market in a short period of time.

• Disparity of Income- Having much income in the hands of very few people and little income in the hands of many.

• Malnutrition- A state of poor nutrition caused by a lack of food or by a poor diet.

• Bank failure- The closing of a bank because it cannot pay back customer deposits.

• Bank run- A financial crisis that occurs when lots of people try to take their money out of the bank all at one time; can lead to bank failure.

• Layoff- The firing of workers because business slows down.• Soup Kitchen and Bread lines- Places where the needy could get hot soup

and bread when there was nowhere else to turn.

The Great Depression and the New Deal: The Hoover Administration

• Herbert Hoover- Republican President elected in 1928 and “blamed” for the Great Depression.

• Hoovervilles- Shanty towns built by the homeless.• Bonus Army- Unemployed World War I veterans who went to Washington

to encourage the passage of a bill to pay their military bonus early; the bonus was to be paid in 1945.

• Dust Bowls- Huge dust storms that occurred on the Great Plains during the Great Depression; caused by drought, high winds, and poor farming methods; caused many to migrate to other areas of the country.

• Okies- Slang term used for migrant workers from Oklahoma; it was not a compliment.

The Great Depression and the New Deal:Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) as President

• Landslide- A wide margin of victory in an election.• New Deal- Programs implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in an

attempt to end the Great Depression.• Bank Holiday of 1933- A four day holiday when FDR and Congress ordered all banks

be closed; the banks were inspected , and the ones that were in good shape were reopened.

• Hundred Days- The flurry of New Deal legislation passed in the first 100 days of FDR’s presidency.

• 20th Amendment- The Lame Duck Amendment; shortened the time between the November elections and the inauguration of the new President; eliminated the December session of Congress.

• 21st Amendment- Repealed the 18th Amendment for Prohibition. • Fireside Chats- Radio addresses by FDR to explain and gather support for his New

Deal proposals.

The Great Depression and the New Deal:The Second New Deal

• The Second New Deal- A new round of New Deal legislation beginning in 1935 and aimed more toward reform.

• Deficit Spending- The practice of a government spending more money than it takes in from taxes.

• Court Packing Bill- Legislation proposed by FDR to add more justices to the Supreme Court (These justices would be more favorable to his New Deal legislation.)

World War II

• World War II- Another world war that started in Europe but spread to most of the world; lasted from 1939 to 1945.

World War II

• Dictatorship- A form of government that has only one leader and one political party; the leader has absolute power to rule the nation.

• Benito Mussolini- Leader of the Fascist Party and dictator of Italy in the World War II era.

• Adolph Hitler- Leader of the Nazi Party and dictator of Germany around the time of World War II.

• Axis Powers- Italy, Germany, and Japan during World War II.• Allies- Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States during World War II.• Concentration Camps- Places where political, ethnic, or war prisoners were kept.• Holocaust- The extermination of six million European Jews by the Nazis.

World War II:The War Begins

• Munich Agreement- An agreement by France and England to give Hitler the German-speaking part of Czechoslovakia.

• Appeasement- Giving in to the demands of a dictator to avoid war.• Non-aggression pact= Agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union not to

attack each other and a secret agreement to divide Poland between them.• Blitzkrieg- Lightning war; tactic used by Germans to quickly take territory.

Battle of Britain- German air attacks over Britain that ultimately failed; Hitler was unable to invade England.

• Radar- A technology that uses radio waves to detect objects before they can be seen.

• Sonar- A technology that uses sound waves to located underwater objects such a submarines.

• Atlantic Charter- An agreement between FDR and Churchill about how a postwar should look; became the basis for the United Nations.

World War II:The United States Enters the War

• Neutral- Not taking either side in a war.• Lend-lease- A policy of loaning or leasing war materials to Allies rather than selling the

supplies.• Cash and Carry- A policy of selling supplies to countries for cash and requiring that they come

get the supplies on their own ships.• Non-aggression pact- An agreement between two nations no to attack each other.• Battle of Stalingrad- Battle that stopped the German advance into Russia; a turning point in

the war.• December 7, 1941- The date that the Japanese attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor.• North Africa- The first place the United States sent troops; defeated Germans and Italians

there on the way to an Italian invasion; considered a turning point in the war.• Dwight D. Eisenhower- An American general and the Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in

Europe.• D-Day- Allied invasion of France; also known as the Normandy invasion.• George S. Patton- American general who commanded a tank battalion in North Africa and

Europe.

World War II:The Home Front

• Selective Service Act 1937- Draft of young men for military service; first peacetime draft in American history.Tuskegee Airman- African American fighter pilots in World War II.

• War Production Board- Oversaw the transition from peacetime economy to a war time economy.

• War bonds- Loans from citizens to the government to fund the war effort.

• Rationing- Conserving scarce resources for the war effort. • Japanese internment- the forced removal of Japanese from

the West coast to camps away from the coast.

World War II:The War in the Pacific

• Battle of Midway- A turning point battle in 1942 where the Japanese advance was turned back.

• Island-hopping- American tactic in the Pacific; the taking of strategic islands on the way to the Japanese mainland.

• General Douglas MacArthur- American commander in the Pacific.• Atomic bomb- New weapon built by

the Americans; caused the Japanese to surrender in 1945.

• Harry S. Truman- New President in 1945 when FDR died of a stroke.

• V-J Day- September 2, 1945; stands for “victory over Japan”.