Middle Ages Timeline Early Middle Ages 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages 1000 - 1500.
Middle Ages
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Transcript of Middle Ages
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Middle Ages
Charlemagne and the Germanic Kingdoms
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Key Terms
• Middle Ages• Franks• Monastery• Carolingian Dynasty• Charlemagne
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Middle Ages• Era of European history
following the decline of the Roman Empire
• Lasted between years of 500-1500
• Roots in:1. classical heritage of Rome2. beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church3. customs of various Germanic tribes
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Changes to Western Europe
• By the end of the 400’s Germanic tribes overran the western half of Roman empire
• Remember the empire was spilt in 2
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Constant Warfare led to:
• Disruption of trade- businesses collapsed and breakdown of trade destroyed European cities, money became scarce
• Downfall of cities- cities were abandoned
• Population shifts- nobles retreated to rural areas, and Rome left with no strong government, others fleeing to countryside to grow own food
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Decline of Roman Culture
• Germanic tribes could not read
• People moved to rural areas
• Less stress on learning• Germanic tribes had no
written language, but had oral tradition of songs and legends
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Loss of Common Language
• Latin changed as Romans and Germans mixed
• New languages evolved from Latin
• The different languages was a symbol of the breakup of the Roman Empire
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Germanic Kingdoms• Societies held together by
family ties and personal loyalty
• Governed by unwritten laws and traditions
• Germanic chiefs led warriors who were loyal to him
• In peacetime, warriors lived in their lord’s hall
• Given weapons, food, and treasure
• In battle, fought until the death at their lord’s side
• No obligation to obey king they didn’t know
• Did not obey officials collecting taxes or administering justice
• Impossible to establish orderly government over them.
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The Franks• Germanic people located
in Gaul• Leader was Clovis• His wife urged him to
convert to Christianity• In 496, he asked for
assistance of the Christian God in battle
• They won and soon Clovis and 3,000 warriors asked to be baptized
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Germans Adopt Christianity• Frankish rulers convert
many Germanic people• Missionaries work to
convert Germanic and Celtic group bordering Roman Empire in the 300s and 400s
• Fear of Muslim attacks on the coast led to many in southern Europe to become Christians in the 600s
• To adapt to rural conditions, Churches built monasteries , or religious communities
• Christian men called monks gave up private possessions and became servants of God
• Women became nuns and lived in convents
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Kingdoms• After Roman Empire
dissolved, tiny kingdoms sprang up all over Europe
• England had 7 tiny kingdoms
• Under Clovis, the Franks controlled the largest and strongest kingdom-Gaul
• By the time Clovis died in 511, he had extended rule over what is now France
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Major Domo
• By 700, official named major domo (mayor of the palace) had become most powerful person in kingdom
• Officially, he had charge of royal and household estates
• Unofficially, he commanded armies and made policies
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Charles Martel• In 719, Charles Martel
(Charles the Hammer) was named mayor of the palace, and had more power than the king
• Extended Franks power to the north, south and east
• Defeated Muslim raiding from Spain at the Battle of Tours
• Victory made him a Christian hero
• A loss would have meant Europe could have become part of the Muslim Empire
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Pepin the Short
• Son of Charles Martel who wanted to be king
• Cooperated with pope• Fought a tribe who
invaded Italy and threatened Rome, on behalf of Church
• Pope anointed Pepin as “king by the grace of God”
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Carolingian Dynasty
• Pepin the Short died and left a greatly strengthened kingdom to his two sons, Carloman and Charles (Charlemagne)
• After Carloman’s death, Charles (Charlemagne) took control of the kingdom
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Charlemagne• Intro to Charlemagne• Built an empire larger as any
since the Roman empire• Every summer he would
take his army to fight enemies surrounding his kingdom
• Fought Muslims in Spain and other Germanic tribes
• Spread Christianity while conquering new lands
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Charlemagne
• In 800, Charlemagne traveled to Rome to crush an unruly mob that attacked the Pope
• Pope Leo was so grateful that he crowned Charlemagne emperor
• The coronation was historic- a pope had claimed the right to award the title “Roman Emperor” to a European king
• Event signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire
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Charlemagne’s Government
• Strengthened royal power by limiting noble power
• Sent out royal agents to make sure those ruling their counties did so justly
• Charlemagne would visit every part of his kingdom regularly
• He judged cases, settled disputes and rewarded faithful followers
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Importance of Learning
• One of Charlemagne’s greatest accomplishments was his praise of learning
• Surrounded himself with scholars of all languages
• Opened a palace school for his children and others
• Ordered monasteries to open schools and train future monks and priests
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Kingdom Divided
• Charlemagne crowned his only son Louis the Pious emperor a year before his death
• Louis would have been a better monk, and is ineffective as a ruler
• Louis had 3 sons: Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Lewis the German
• All 3 of Charlemagne’s grandsons fight each other for control of the empire
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Kingdom Divided
• A civil war takes place and ends when the brothers signed the Treaty of Verdun, dividing the empire into 3 kingdoms
• After the treaty Carolingian kings lost power• Central authority breaks down• The lack of strong rulers leads to a new
system of governing and land holding- feudalism
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Kingdom Divided
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Reflection
• What role did Christianity play in the development of Western Europe during the early Middle Ages?