Microsoft Power Point - 0910 S1 CC2413 L8 Memory Standard StudentV

8/14/2019 Microsoft Power Point - 0910 S1 CC2413 L8 Memory Standard StudentV

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CC2413Fundamental Psychology forHealth Studies

Lecture 8

Memory

Lecturer:


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Do youthink we

can

develop adrug that

can deleteour

Memory?If yes, doyou wantto try it?

Why orWhy not?


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Lesson Plan

(A) Introduction

(B) Encoding (C) Storage

(D) Retrieval

(E) Forgetting

(F) Conclusion


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(A) What Is Memory ()?

Memory is a system that

receives() information from the senses,

organizes() and stores() theinformation, and then

retrieves() the information as needed.


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(A) Fig 7.2 Three key processes in memory


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(A) Fig7.16 The anatomy of memory.

All the brain structures identified here have been implicated in efforts to discover the anatomical

structures involved in memory. Although its exact contribution to memory remains the subject ofdebate, the hippocampus is thought to play an especially central role in memory.

()


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(B) Encoding (/)

1) Role of Attention ()

_____ on certain stimuli while screening others out

Why?

2) Automatic encoding

Flashbulb memories ()


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(B) Encoding

3) Level of Processing

Incoming information is processed at 3 different

levels (Craik and Lockhart,1972) : Structural ()= shallow

Phonemic (((()))) = intermediate

Semantic (((()))) = deep

_________ processing = more lasting memory codes


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(B) Fig 7.3 Levels-of-processing theory


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(C) 3- stage of Memory systems

Fig 7.6 The Atkinson and Schiffrin model of memory storage


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(C) Storage

1) Sensory Memory (SM) ()Brief preservation of information in original

____________ form

Very limited duration ()

Echoic / Auditory - Approx. 2 seconds

Iconic / Visual - Approx. second

Very limited capacity () It disappears when no more attention is paid


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(C) Storage

2) Short-term /Working Memory (STM) (/)

Serve as a work space for mental operations i.e., a station in which information is transferred to long termmemory

encoding in STM is mostly structural or phonemic

Limited duration ()

about_____ secondswithout rehearsal

Maintenance rehearsal() vs.

Elaborative rehearsal()


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(C) Storage

2) Short-term /Working Memory (STM) (/)Limited capacity()

Memory span: 7 +/- 2 items (Miller, 1956)

___________ ()

Grouping familiar stimuli for storage as a single unit

Chunking


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(C) Storage

3) Long-term Memory (LTM) ()

Encoding () in LTM is mainly semantic (i.e. meaning isencoded)

Duration () and Capacity ()________________()

Organization () of information

Form schemas () - a semantic network model ()

Types () of LTM

Explicit memory ()

Episodic (): e.g. wedding

Semantic (): e.g. dogs have four legs

Implicit memory ()


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(C) Storing () & Organization () of LTM

Fig 7.8 Semantic network model (). Much of the organization of LTMdepends on networks of associations among concepts.


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(C) Types () of Long-term Memory (LTM)

LTM

Declarative ()(Explicit)

factual information

Procedural () /Nondeclarative

(Implicit)motor skills, habits,

classically conditioned reflexes

Episodic ()

events experienced

by a person

Semantic ()general knowledge

Slumdog Millionaire

My surfing coach atKenting


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(D) Retrieval 1) Retrieval cues ()

a stimulusfor remembering

Free recall () vs. Recognition ()

2) Encoding __________ () principle

Context () Mood ()

3)Serial-position effect ________ effect ()

________ effect ()


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(E) Forgetting ()

1) Why cant we remember?

Ineffective encoding () (pseudo-forgetting) due to lack of attention, rehearsal or overloading

________ () theory Memory traces fade with time

______________ () theory Retroactive () interference

Proactive () interference

Interference


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(E) Fig 7.12 Retroactive and proactive interference


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(E) Forgetting

1) Why cant we remember?Motivated forgetting

________________() - painful memories

are pushed into the unconscious

:

Biological Factor Alzheimers disease ()

Brain injury may cause severeloss of memory

Amnesia ()

Charles and May Wan Kao


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(E) Forgetting Retrograde amnesia ()

loss of memories for events that occurred priorto the onset ofamnesia

Anterograde amnesia () the loss of memories for events that occur___________ the

onset of amnesia.


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Can youimaginehow life

would bewithout the

ability to

form LTM?

TextbookRef: p. 252

Case of H.M.


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(F) Conclusion 1) How can we improve our memory?

Engage in adequate rehearsal

Emphasis_________processing

Organize information

Schedule___________practice

Minimize interference

Use verbal / visual ____________()

Method of Locitaking an imaginary walk along a familiar pathwhere images of items to be remembered are

associated with certain locations

distributed


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Sleep

Deprivationimpairs

cognitiveabilities, such

asconcentrationand memory!


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(F) Conclusion 2) Memory: Processes, Types, & Strategies

3) Focus of the Next Topic Personality & Psychological Disorders

4) References**Ciccarelli, S. K., & White, J. N. (2009). Psychology(International

edition, 2nd ed). Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Weiten, W. (2008). Psychology: Themes and variations(Briefer version.,7th ed., pp. 204 - 233). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning.

** Assigned Readings - Ch 6 Memory

5) Video Demonstration BBC The Human Mind (24:07 30:07)


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(F) Conclusion

6) Web Resources

1) The Memory Exhibition

http://www.exploratorium.edu/memory/index.html

2) The Memory Improvement techniques

http://www.mindtools.com/memory.html

3) Human Memory Models

http://www.akri.org/cognition/hummod.htm

4) Memory Links

http://www.exploratorium.edu/memory/links.html#collective

5) Hong Kong Memory Study Association http://www.hkmsa.org/intro.html

Microsoft Power Point - 0910 S1 CC2413 L8 Memory Standard StudentV

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