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Polarization microscopy

M i c r o s c o p y f r o m C a r l Z e i s s

Michel Lévy Color ChartPolarized LightConoscopic Determination

ZEI1202_ColorChart.GB 07.11.2002 13:18 Uhr Seite 1

2

Eye

Eyepiece

Intermediate image plane

Tube lensBertrand lens plane

Intermediate image plane

Bertrand systemDepolarizer

AnalyzerCompensator plane

Objective pupil

Objective

Specimen plane

Condenser

Aperture diaphragm

Polarizer

Luminous field diaphragm

Collector

Light source (filament)

Inte

rmed

iate

tu

be

Pol

Orthoscopy Conoscopy

Polarization in transmitted light

Orthoscopy and conoscopy are the most

important techniques in classical trans-

mitted light polarization microscopy.

With their different ways of examining,

they provide different options, e.g. in

mineral diagnosis in geological micros-

copy. In orthoscopy, each pixel corre-

sponds to a dot in the specimen.

Analyzing minerals is based on such

morphological and optical features as

form, cracks, color, pleochroisms, and

their characteristic interference colors.

In conoscopy, each pixel corresponds to a

direction in the specimen. This technique

requires the use of the highest objective

and condenser aperture possible.

Particularly suitable objectives are CP-

Achromat 50x/0.80 Pol, Plan-Neofluar

40x/0.85 Pol or Plan-Neofluar 100x/1.30

Oil Pol. When the Betrand lens is placed

in the light path, the interference or

axial image in the back focal plane of the

specimen becomes visible. Conoscopy is

used when additional information about

the specimen is necessary for analysis. It

provides interference images that can be

seen through the eyepiece and enable dif-

ferentiation according to 1 or 2 axes and

with compensator λ (λ-lamina, Red I),

according to 1-axis positive/negative or

2-axis positive/negative.

The intermediate tube Pol is designed for

high-performance conoscopy. Thanks to

its two additional intermediate image

planes with suspended crosshair and

field of view diaphragm, it permits the

conoscopy of crystals larger than 10 µm.

*Field of view

diaphragm

*


3

200

400

600

800

1000

0 40 97 158

218

234

259

267

275

281

306

332

430

505

536

551

565

575

589

664

728

747

826

843

866

910

948

998

0.00

1

0.00

2

0.00

3

0.00

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0.00

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0.00

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0.00

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0.00

8

0.00

9

0.01

0

0.01

1

0.01

2

0.01

3

0.01

4

0.01

5

0.01

6

0.01

7

0.01

8

0.01

9

0.02

0

0.02

1

Ana

lcite

Leuc

ite

Apo

phyl

lite

Mar

ialit

e

Apa

tite

Cha

bazi

te

Eudi

alyt

eVa

ntho

ffite

Nep

helin

eSa

nidi

ne

Bery

lZo

isite

Har

mot

ome

Ant

igor

ite

Cor

undu

mPl

agio

clas

eA

n 20

-60

Alb

iteC

eles

tite

Stru

vite

Stilb

iteBr

onzi

teC

hrys

ober

ylA

ndal

usite

Byto

wni

te

Nat

rolit

eBa

rite

Kor

neru

pine

Hyp

erst

hene

Then

ardi

teM

arga

rite

Thur

ingi

te

Jade

iteC

ross

ite

Mon

ticel

lite

Rich

terit

e

Kya

nite

Na-

Trem

olite

Parg

asite

Alu

nite

Verm

icul

iteK

atop

horit

eC

omm

. Hor

nbl.

Gla

uber

ite

Penn

ine

Ripi

dolit

e

Phill

ipsi

teK

ämm

erer

ite

Rieb

ecki

teC

ham

osite

Clin

ozoi

site

Arf

veds

onite

Heu

land

iteSa

pphi

rine

Gla

serit

eA

enig

mat

ite

Chr

ysot

ileTr

iphy

lite

Topa

zEn

stat

iteC

ordi

erite

Axi

nite

Epis

tilbi

teM

g-Ri

ebec

kite

Clin

ochl

ore

Chl

orito

id

Laum

ontit

eH

ydro

neph

elite

Clin

toni

teD

ipyr

eSt

auro

lite

Ecke

rman

nite

Epid

ote

Picr

omer

ite

Phen

akite

Mer

win

ite

Syng

enite

Hio

rtda

hlite

Law

soni

tePu

mpe

llyite

Mel

inop

han

Act

inol

ite

Bark

evik

itePr

ehni

te

Cry

olite

Mel

ilite

Sapo

nite

Hal

loys

ite

β-C

risto

balit

eα

-Tric

alci

umph

osph

ate

Vesu

vian

iteTr

idym

ite

Sere

ndib

iteC

oesi

te

Ort

hokl

ase

Mic

rocl

ine

Åke

rman

iteK

aolin

ite

Silic

ocar

notit

eA

nort

hocl

ase

Qua

rtz

Rank

inite

Tric

alci

umsi

licat

eG

ypsu

mBo

raci

te

Geh

leni

teSc

olec

ite

γ-D

ical

cium

silic

ate

Brus

hite

Peta

lite

Ano

rthi

teRh

odon

iteTr

ona

Wol

last

onite

Bust

amite

Boeh

mite

β-D

ical

cium

silic

ate

Mul

lite

Ged

rite

Thom

soni

te

Poly

halit

eA

mes

ite

Spod

umen

eA

mbl

ygon

ite

Bruc

iteG

ibbs

ite

Blac

k

Iron

gray

Lave

nder

gra

y

Gra

y bl

ue

Cle

ar g

ray

Gre

enis

h w

hite

Nea

rly p

ure

whi

teYe

llow

ish

whi

tePa

le s

traw

yel

low

Stra

w y

ello

wLi

ght

yello

wBr

ight

yel

low

Brow

n-ye

llow

Red-

oran

ge

Red

Dee

p re

dPu

rple

Vio

let

Indi

go

Sky

blue

Gre

enis

h bl

ueG

reen

Ligh

ter

gree

nYe

llow

ish

gree

n

Gre

enis

h ye

llow

Pure

yel

low

Ora

nge

Brig

ht o

rang

e-re

d

Second OrderFirst Order

Birefringence(nγ – nα)

d [µm]

50

40

30

20

10

0

Thic

knes

s


4

-0.040

-0.045

-0.050

-0.055

-0.060

-0.065-0.070

-0.080

-0.090

-0.120

-0.180

1200

1400

1600

1101

1128

1151

1258

1334

1376

1426

1495

1534

1621

1652

1682

1711

1744

0.02

2

0.02

3

0.02

4

0.02

5

0.02

6

0.02

7

0.02

8

0.02

9

0.03

0

0.03

1

0.03

2

0.03

3

0.03

4

0.03

5

0.03

6

Gla

uber

ite

Trem

olite

Has

tings

ite

Pige

onite

Om

phac

ite

Aug

ite

Tour

mal

ine

Wav

ellit

eH

ydro

mag

nesi

teW

öhle

rite

Fass

aite

Tita

naug

itePh

logo

pite

Epso

mite

Para

goni

te

Salit

eH

eden

berg

iteJo

hann

seni

te

Cum

min

gton

ite

Zinn

wal

dite

Cho

ndro

dite

Hum

ite

Fors

terit

eVa

risci

te

Bisc

hofit

e

Oliv

ine

Fe-E

pido

te

Gra

ndid

ierit

e

rehn

ite

Car

phol

iteTr

iplit

e

Kai

nite

Coo

keite

Ant

hoph

yllit

eG

lauc

opha

ne

Rose

nbus

chite

Miz

zoni

te

Car

nalli

te

Col

eman

iteC

hlor

omel

anite

Babi

ngto

nite

Hög

bom

ite

Dio

psid

eC

linoh

umite

Alla

nite

Rhön

ite

Preh

nite

Ker

nite

Lazu

lite

Cat

aple

iite

Gib

bsite

Silli

man

iteO

rtho

ferr

osili

te

Larn

iteG

adol

inite

Kae

rsut

ite

Bora

xM

ontm

orill

onite

Can

crin

ite

Stis

hovi

te

Gla

ucon

iteLe

pido

lite

Cal

cium

hydr

oxid

e

Pseu

dow

olla

ston

ite

Sucr

ose

Dum

ortie

rite

Lam

prop

hylli

teC

linof

erro

silit

e

Stilp

nom

elan

e

Pect

olite

Mus

covi

te

Dar

k vi

olet

-red

Ligh

t bl

uish

vio

let

Indi

go

Gre

enis

h bl

ue

Sea

gree

n

Lust

rous

gre

en

Gre

enis

h ye

llow

Fles

h co

lor

Car

min

e re

d

Dul

l pur

ple

Vio

let-

gray

Gra

y-bl

ue

Dul

l sea

gre

en

Blui

sh g

reen

TephroiteMeioniteAegerine-augiteGruneriteDatolite

TalcMonaziteZirconAegirine

Astrophyllite

Basaltic HornblendeOxyhornblende

AschariteAnatase

Siderophyllite

Baddeleyite

SpheneBrookiteColumbiteAragoniteCalciteDolomiteMagnesiteSideritePyrophaniteHematiteRutileGeikieliteLepidocrocite

TilleyiteSpurrite

Biotite

Carborundum

Diaspore

Cholesterole

Silk

Nylon

Cellulose

Maltose

Bicalciumferrite

BrownmilleriteGlucose

Carbamide

Monocalciumferrite

LåveniteNontronite

PhengiteTitanbiotiteAnhydrite

PyrophylliteFayaliteIlvaite

Piemontite

Kieserite

Stilpno melane

Cassiterite

Xenotime

Goethite

WhewelliteLudwigite

Path difference [nm](1000nm = 1µm = 10-3mm)

Third Order

0,0380,039

0,0410,0430,0440,0450,0470,0480,0490,0500,052

0,055

0,0600,063

0,0650,0700,073

0,080

0,0900,096

0,107

0,1200,1400,1500,1560,1720,1800,1950,2410,2700,2800,2860,360,57

Michel Lévy

Color Chart

We make it visible.


5

Linear and circular polarized light

Determination of optical character

Behavior of optically

anisotropic crystals in linearly

and circularly polarized light

in orthoscopic and

conoscopic observation.

Determination of the optical

character of uniaxial and

biaxial minerals in linearly

and circularly polarized light.

The reference direction ny of

the λ-compensators is oriented

NE-SW.

linear

linear

biaxial

State of polarization of the light

linear circular

compensator λ

without with without with without with without with

normal position diagonal position normal position diagonal position

positive

barite

negative

muskovite

0° 45° 90° 135° 180°Zir

con

Muscovit

e

Specim

en

State of polariza-

tion of the light

Rotation of the microscope stage

State of polarization of the light

linear circular

compensator λ

without with without with

circular

uniaxial

positive

quartz

negative

calcite

circular


Axi

osko

p 40

A P

olA

xios

kop

40 P

ol

Stands

Transmitted light

(basic version)

Transmittedlight

Transmittedand reflectedlight

Transmittedlight

Transmittedand reflectedlight

Reflected light

Tubes

Binocular tube30°/23 or binoculartube with photo-port 20°/20 Pol orergotube 20°/23and other tubes ifdesired

Binocular tube withphoto port 30°/25with slider prism orwith 2 ports, TVtube mio. with 2ports and furthertubes from theAxioskop 2 pro-gram if desired

Polarizers

All polarizersexcept CircularPolarizer D

Transmitted light:Polarizer (switch-able), polarizer(rotatable with 0°and 90° stop),polarizer (switch-able with λ-plate,rotatable)Reflected light:Reflector modulePol, reflector mod-ule Pol for HBO 103

Transmitted light:Polarizer (switch-able), polarizer(rotatable with 0°and 90° stop),polarizer (switch-able with λ-plate,rotatable)Reflected light:Reflector module Pol,reflector module Polfor HBO 103

Analyzers

Analyzer slider oranalyzer slider with λ-plate

Analyzer module ormeasurement ana-lyzer with 0.1°splitting, 180°rotatable

Analyzer module oranalyzer slider oranalyzer slider withanalyzer and λ-plate, rotatable +/-10° or measure-ment analyzer with0.1° splitting, 360°rotatable

Bertrand system

Diopter or auxiliarymicroscope

Fixed focus Betrandmodule andswitchable pin holediaphragm or inter-mediate tube Polwith centerableBetrand lens;crosshair and fieldof view diaphragmin additional inter-mediate imageplanes

Intermediate tubePol with centerableBetrand lens;crosshair and fieldof view diaphragmin additional inter-mediate imageplanes

Nosepieces

6 position H

6 position Pol (5xW0.8 screw thread,1xM27 screwthread for HD DICobjective), individu-ally centerable

6 position Pol,encoded (5xW 0.8screw thread,1xM27 screwthread for HD DICobjective), individu-ally centerable

Reflector turrets

5 position, changeof Push&Click mod-ule without tools

8 position, manualor motorized,change ofPush&Click modulewithout tools

Axi

opla

n 2

imag

ing

Pol

Polarization microscopy from

Carl Zeiss

Polarization microscopy from Carl Zeiss is based on

Axioskop 40 Pol and Axioplan 2 imaging Pol. Two

powerful microscopes that are tailor-made for your

individual applications and designed to meet the

growing needs of polarization microscopy – easier

and more effectively than ever before.

Dunite thin section, transmitted light polar-

ization

Carl ZeissLight Microscopy

P.O.B. 404137030 GöttingenGERMANYPhone: ++49 551 5060 660Telefax: ++49 551 5060 464E-Mail: [email protected]

www.zeiss.de/microSubject to change

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