Microprocessors Intro 2013
-
Upload
anonymous-l7xrxpei1z -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
0
Transcript of Microprocessors Intro 2013
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
1/22
Chapter 1Fundamentals of
Microprocessor
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
2/22
A little History
What is a computer?[Merriam-Webster Dictionary] one that computes;specifically : programmable electronic deice that
can store! retriee! and process data"#Wi$ipedia] A computer is a machine thatmanipulates data according to a list of instructions"Classification of Computers %po&er and price'(ersonal computersMainframes)upercomputersDedicated controllers * +mbedded controllers
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
3/22
Mainframes
Massie amounts of memory,se large data &ords./ bits or greaterMostly used for military defense and large
business data processing+0amples 23M /451! Honey&ell D()5
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
4/22
(ersonal Computers
Any general-purpose computerintended to be operated directly by an end user6ange from small microcomputers that &or$ &ith /-bit &ords to (Cs&or$ing &ith 47-bit &ords or more8hey contain a Processor- called different names
Microprocessor * built using 9ery-:arge-)cale2ntegration technology; the entire circuit is on a single
chipCentral (rocessing ,nit %C(,'Microprocessor ,nit %M(,' * similar to C(,
httpen"&i$ipedia"org&i$i(ersonal
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
5/22
)upercomputers
Fastest and most po&erful mainframesContain multiple central processors %C(,',sed for scientific applications! and number crunching=o& hae teraflops performanceFLoating Point Operations Per Second%F:>()',sed to measure the speed of the computer
+0amples of special-purpose supercomputers3elle! Deep 3lue! and Hydra! for playing chess6econfigurable computingmachines or parts of machines
?6A(+! for astrophysics and molecular dynamicsDeep Crac$! for brea$ing the D+)cipherMD?6A(+-4! for protein structure computation
httpen"&i$ipedia"org&i$i)upercomputer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_(chess_machine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_(chess_machine) -
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
6/22
+olution
First came transistors2ntegrated circuits))2 %)mall-)cale 2ntegration' to ,:)2
9ery :arge )cale 2ntegration circuits %9:)2'1- Microprocessors %M(,'Microcomputers %&ith C(, being a microprocessor'Components Memory! C(,! (eripherals %2>'+0ample (ersonal computers7- Microcontroller %MC,'Microcomputers %&ith C(, being a microprocessor'Many special function peripheral are integrated on a single circuit8ypes ?eneral (urpose or +mbedded )ystem %&ith special functionalities'
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
7/22
Microprocessor-based )ystems
Microprocessor8he microprocessor %M(,' is a computing and logic
deice that e0ecutes binary instructions in a se@uence
stored in memory"
Characteristics?eneral purpose central processor unit %C(,'
3inary
6egister-basedCloc$-drien
(rogrammable
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
8/22
Microprocessor-based )ystemsMicroprocessor
the brainsB of the computerits job is to fetch instructions, decode
them, and then execute them
8/16/32/etc bit (how it moves the data
contains
rithmetic
!o"ic
#nit
$e"ister
rra%s
&ontro' #nit
!#erforms comutin" tas)s maniu'ates the data/ erforms numerica' and 'o"ica'
comutations
$e"isters are used for tem* stora"e
&ontro' unit is used for timin" and other contro''in" functions contains a ro"ram counter (next
instruction+s address and status re"ister
-%stem software. "rou of ro"rams that monitors the functions of the entire s%stem
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
9/22
rithmetic
!o"ic#nit
$e"isterrra%s
&ontro' #nit
?(-
C(,C: 6eg
M(,
C(,
Microprocessor-3ased )ystems
Central (rocessing ,nit %C(,'
Memory
2nput>utput %2>' circuitry
3uses
* Address bus
* Data bus
* Control bus
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
10/22
Microprocessor-3ased )ystem &ith
3uses Address! Data! and Control
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
11/22
8ransistors
9acuum 8ubes A deise to control! modify!and amplify electric signals8hen can transistors
Designed by Eohn 3ardeen! William)hoc$ley! and Walter 3rattain! scientists atthe 3ell 8elephone :aboratories in MurrayHill! =e& Eersey - 1/G2n 1. Eac$ ilby and 6obert =oycedesigned the first integrated circuit %2C'Fairchild company manufactured logic gates
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
12/22
2ntegrated Circuits
Adances in manufacturingallo&ed pac$ing moretransistors on a single chip
8ransistors and 2ntegratedCircuits from ))2 %)mall-)cale2ntegration' to ,:)23irth of a microprocessor andits reolutionary impact
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
13/22
Microprocessors
=oyce and ?ordon Moorestarted 2ntel2ntel designed he firstcalculator2ntel designed the firstprogrammable calculator2ntel designed the firstmicroprocessor in 1G1Model ///-bit; 74 transistors! ./bytes of memory! 15 HIcloc$ speed
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
14/22
First (rocessors
2ntel released the 55.! a 1.-bit microprocessor! in1G5Motorola follo&ed &ith the MC.5 as their 1.-bit
processor8he 1.-bit processor &or$s &ith 1. bit &ords! ratherthan 5 bit &ords2nstructions are e0ecuted faster
(roide single instructions for more comple0instructions such as multiply and diide1. bit processors eoled into 47 bit processors2ntel released the 545.
Motorola released the MC.57
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
15/22
+olution of C(,s
2n 1.J! ?ordon Moore! co-founder of 2ntel! indicated that the number of transistors per s@uareinch on integrated circuits had
doubled eery yearsince the integrated circuit &as inented" Moore predicted that this trend &ould continue for theforeseeable future"
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
16/22
+olution of C(,s
8u$&ila
WorldKs First 7-3illion 8ransistor Microprocessor -
=e0t-generation 2ntelL 2taniumL processors%codenamed 8u$&ila'
http&&&"intel"comtechnologyarchitecture-silicon7billion"htm
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
17/22
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
18/22
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
19/22
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
20/22
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
21/22
Memory Interface to Microprocessors
Memory Types
Read Only memory (ROM)
Programmable ROM (PROM)
Erasable PROM (EPROM)
Electrical Erasable PROM (E2PROM)
Random Access Semiconductor Memories
Memory typesStatic and ynamic
-
8/9/2019 Microprocessors Intro 2013
22/22