MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM DESIGN COURSE INTRODUCTION 1Muhammad Amir Yousaf.
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Transcript of MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM DESIGN COURSE INTRODUCTION 1Muhammad Amir Yousaf.
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Introduction
Micro-controllersHistory of Computer
Course Aims?
Course contents?
Invisible computing
MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM DESIGN ET011G
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HUMAN’S CALCULATIONS AND COMPUTATIONS
History
Humans needed to count, calculate and compute since the beginning.
They needed to count times, distances, money (sheep, cattle )etc.
With development of human society, they had to do advanced calculations to make tide charts, navigational tables and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs.
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HUMAN’S CALCULATIONS AND COMPUTATIONS
History
With the growing need, dedicated people were hired to make repetitive or/and complex calculations.
Later on they started computing to precisely hit their enemies with trebuchets, cannons and bomber jets.
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HUMAN COMPUTERS
History
‘Human computers’ performing repetitive computing to compute navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs.
The term "computer“ was used in the mid 17th century.
The approach was used for astronomical and other complex calculations.
Human computers have played integral roles in the World War II
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EARLY COMPUTATION DEVICES
History
Abacus: The abacus was an early aid for mathematical computations.
An Abacus expert can do addition and subtraction at same speed as with calculator.
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EARLY COMPUTATION DEVICES
History
The period 2700-2300 BC saw the first appearance in Sumerian civilisation
Greek historian mentioned the use of Abacus in ancient Egypt
Achaemenid Persian Empire, around 600 BC
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EARLY COMPUTATION DEVICES
History
In 1632 a slide rule was build using the Napier’s Log table. It was still in use until 1960 by NASA engineers of Apollo program.
John Napier invented Logarithms in 1617 that allows multiplication to be performed via additions
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MECHANICAL COMPUTERS
History
Blaise Pascal (19) invented Pascaline in 1642 for his tax collector father. Still the mechanical odometers use the Pascaline’s mechanism to increment the next wheel after each revolution of prior wheel.
Step Reckoner by Wilhelm Leibniz : It was the first calculator that could perform all four arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Leibniz was the first to advocate use of the binary number system
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PUNCH CARD COMPUTERS1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard introduced wooden punch cards to feed pattern to power looms that could weave fabric and print design on it.
This punched card idea was later used in many mechanical computers for programming .
The presence or absence of holes in predefined positions would physically allows a thread to pass or stops that thread.
History
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PUNCH CARD COMPUTERS
History
Jacquard's Loom showing the threads and the punched cards
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MECHANICAL COMPUTERS
History
Charles Babbage embarked on an ambitious venture to design and build mechanical calculating engines.
'I wish to God these calculations had been executed by steam'
Middle decades of 19th century…..times of unprecedented engineering ambitions.
Steam engines had started powering up.
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MECHANICAL COMPUTERS
History
Babbage came with another idea Analytic Machine power by 6 steam engines.
It was programmable with punch cards used to feed instructions and also to store data.
Difference Engine was the first idea that would compute logarithm tables but never completed .
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MECHANICAL COMPUTERS
History
Herman Hollerith invented a counting machine called Hollerith desk for 1890 US census. The machine was build using the Jacquard’s punched cards and Pascal's gear wheel technologies.
Hollerith build a company, the Tabulating Machine Company which eventually became the International Business Machines (IBM)
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ELECTRO-MECHANICAL COMPUTERS
History
U.S. had battleships that could lob shells weighing as much as a small car over distances up to 25 miles.
WW-II, Precise calculation for shell trajectory was required
Physicists could write the equations that described how atmospheric drag, wind, gravity, muzzle velocity, etc. would determine the trajectory of the shell. But solving such equations was extremely laborious.
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ELECTRO-MECHANICAL COMPUTERS
History
Mark I was first programmable digital computer made by a partnership b/w Harvard and IBM in 1944 to perform military job.
It was not purely electronic but was constructed out of relays, rotating shafts and clutches.
The machine weighed 5 tons, incorporated 500 miles of wire, was 8 feet tall and 51 feet long, and had a 50 ft rotating shaft running its length, turned by a 5 horsepower electric motor.
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FIRST COMPUTER BUG FOUND
History
Grace Hopper found the first computer "bug": a dead moth that had gotten into the Mark I and whose wings were blocking the reading of the holes in the paper tape. The word "bug" had been used to describe a defect since at least 1889 but Hopper is credited with coining the word "debugging" to describe the work to eliminate program faults.
In 1953 Grace Hopper invented the first high-level language, "Flow-matic“ which eventually became COBOL
She also constructed the world's first compiler.
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History
Muhammad Amir Yousaf
The Mark I operated on numbers that were 23 digits wide.
Add or subtract two of these numbers in three-tenths of a second.
Multiply them in four seconds.
Divide them in ten seconds.
Store 72 numbers.
“Six electronic digital computers would be sufficient to satisfy the computing needs of the entire United States.” Howard Aiken
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ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
History
Then the microelectronic revolution allowed the things to change in the way we have today.
Apple I came as a home computer in 1976.
Designed and hand-built by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, the Apple I was Apple's first product, and went on sale in July 1976.
It was the first commercially successful home computer to feature both a mouse-based input system, as well as an easy-to-use graphical user interface.
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COMPUTER IN ELECTRONIC AGE
History
History of electronic computer development is divided into 5 generations.
1st Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers 2nd Generation: Transistor Computers 3rd Generation: Integrated IC 4th Generation: VLSI (processors)
Major changes occur in the areas:
Size, Cost, Efficiency, Reliability
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1ST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBES
History
1906 Lee de Forest invents the vacuum tube that could amplify and switch voltage level.
1945, ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator was the first vacuum tube computer designed by Eckert and Mauchly.
Programmable with punched cards and tape Much faster than Mark I as there was no
mechanical moving part. Mark I takes 6 seconds for multiplications
whereas it takes only 2.8 thousandth of a second.
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ENIAC filled a 20 by 40 foot room, weighed 30 tons, and used more than 18,000 vacuum tubes.
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1ST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBES
History
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To reprogram the ENIAC you had to rearrange the patch cords that you can observe on the left in the prior photo, and the settings of 3000 switches that you can observe on the right
174,000 watts of heat produced by 19000 vacuum tubes.
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1ST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBES1940S-1956
History
1951, The two guys of ENIAC teamed up with John Von Neumann to eliminate the obnoxious fact that reprogramming the computer required a physical modification of all the patch cords and switches. It took days to change ENIAC's program.
Neumann was first to give stored program computer architecture that is still in use in most modern computers with some modifications.
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1ST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBES1940S-1956
History
Vacuum Tube technology was:
Much faster than mechanical computers
Expensive Bulky Power Hungry Un-reliable Punched cards, paper tape,
magnetic drum memories.
2ND GENERATION: TRANSISTORS 1956-1963
History
Transistors allowed 2nd generation computers to be:
Smaller in size. Faster in speed. Reliable Energy efficient.
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1947, Transistors invented in Bell Labs. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in 2nd generation computers.
Magnetic core technology was used for memory. Instructions were stored in memory.
Computers moved to assembly language and high level languages e.g. FORTRAN and COBOL were used for instructions.
3RD GENERATION: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 1964- 1971
History
Integrated circuit technology was developed that allowed integration of several transistors on a silicon chip.
It drastically increased the speed and efficiency of 3rd generation computers while reducing the size. The change was ‘revolutionary’.
The use of operating system allowed several applications running on same time.
The reduction in size and cost due to IC technology had made it accessible to mass users.
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Altair 1975
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4TH GENERATION: VLSI1971 TO PRESENT
History
Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), thousands of ICs on same chip made it possible to develop entire processor on single chip.
Intel 4004 processor chip, 1971 CPU, memory to I/O control on same chip. 4-bits
IBM introduced home computer, 1981 Apple introduced the Macintosh, 1984 Personal computers Desktops, laptops, Netbooks, Pads and tablets
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COMPUTERS PAST PRESENT FUTURE
History
Difficult to maintain.
Expensive
Require specialized cooling infrastructure.
Only in Research labs
Multi to one relations
Up to 1970s
Computers up to 1970s were very large objects, called mainframes.
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COMPUTERS PAST PRESENT FUTURE
History
After 1971
Intel’s 4004 (1971), mainframe built on to a chip.
Computing became cheaper, robust, portable.
Personal computers, Every one started having one’s own.
‘Many to one’ relation changes to ‘One to One’
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COMPUTERS PAST PRESENT FUTURE
History
Where it would lead to in future
Computing would be distributed in physical space.
Invisible but everywhere around us, Mark Weiser (1990)
In woodworks around us even in the clothing.
Embedded, wireless, invisible
Interfaces.? Gestural, voice
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Invisible but everywhere around us
Future
Computing away from mainframe and desktop computers.
In the smaller computing engines ubiquitously spread in physical space.
Microcontrollers…….Smaller computing engines
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Invisible but everywhere around us
Future
New areas computers getting in
Paper 4, Touch sensitive printed surface with printed speakers
http://mkv.itm.miun.se/projekt/paperfour/
MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM DESIGN?
Motivation
To be a system designer and analyst:
Knowledge of programming languages for efficient software design.
General knowledge of modern technologies.
Sensing Computing Communicating
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MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM DESIGNET032G
Labs & Lectures:
Muhammad Amir YousafS- Building 241-F060148748http://apachepersonal.miun.se/~amiyou/
Email: [email protected]
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COURSE AIM
Aims:
The course aims to provide a basic understanding of how microcomputers are constructed and how they are used.
A solid Foundation:
In-depth knowledge of computer architecture.
For design, debug and testing.
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COURSE AIM
Student will learn to design an electronic system into a modern microprocessor and get the skills to program a modern microprocessor.
Microcomputer interaction with external devices
General knowledge of modern technologies.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter successful completion of the course students should learn
Basic microcomputer architecture: how a micro-computer is built and functioning .how to design a simple electronic systems on a microcomputer
Programming in C
how to handle a development environment for a microcomputer how to write simpler program and functions in a microcomputer using C. be able to write and include inline assembler of short code fragments
I/O handling, synchronization to read information from the outside world, process it and then influence its surrounding. to handle both analog and digital signals to / from micro-computer. use interrupt and polling to synchronize program execution to the outside world. link microcomputer with other devices through standard interface such as SPI, I2C, UART and USB.
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COURSE CONTENTSThe course is divided into three parts with the following content
Basic microcomputer architecture Von Neumann architectures Assembly programming Overview of state-of-the-art architectures
Programming in C Structured Programming in C Inline assembler
I/O management Read/write data from/to outside world A/D - D/A converters Memory architectures Synchronization via interrupt and polling Interface to the SPI (e.g. memory cards), I2C, UART, USB communication
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LECTURE PLANIntroduction to Course:
Computer History Course Plan, Aims and Goals Course Contents.
Lecture 1: Von Neumann Architecture Von Neumann Architecture Harvard Architecture Addressing Modes Data Representation.
Lecture2: Microprocessor Programming Problem definition Program design goals Program development Embedded C
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LECTURE PLANLecture 3: Microprocessor Programming II
Embedded C Pointers, Array, Structures Memory Management
Lecture4: Architecture of X-mega micro-controller
Lecture5: IO Handling Communication with external world Communication models Overview of serial and parallel protocols
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LECTURE PLANLecture6: IO Handling II
SPI I2C USART
Lecture 7: Inline Assembly Why Assembly? Basic Instructions. Mixing Assembly and C
Lecture8: Memory Registers Memory Type Memory configurations
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LABS AND EXERCISES
Microcontroller Educational Platform:
Atmel ATxmega128B1 microcontroller 4x40 LCD module with backlight Transfer data over the USB full/low speed device interface Read a light sensor with the ADC Read a temperature sensor with the ADC Measure external voltage input with ADC Measure potentiometer voltage with ADC Read status of the 4 Atmel QTouch® buttons from AT42QT1040
QTouch device 4 LEDs to show status information Read/write data to the 64Mbit Atmel DataFlash Program the kit via USB bootloader or an Atmel programmer Expand the board with Xplained top modules
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LABS AND EXERCISESProgramming Environment:AVR Studio 6Labs
Lab1: Literature reading i.e. Datasheets and getting started
tutorials Getting started with AVR Studio 6 AVR simulator to visualize the data flow within registers
to get deeper idea of architecture Digital IOs, LEDs and Switches
Lab2: IO Handling
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LABS AND EXERCISESProgramming Environment:AVR Studio 6Labs
Lab3: Inline assembly Interrupts More robust applications
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EXAMINATION AND GRADING SYSTEM
A written exam will be held 15th Jan 2014
Examination form3.0 credits, T106: Exam Grades: A, B, C, D, E, Fx and F. A-E are passed and Fx and F are failed.
3.0 credits, L106: Laboratory Grades: Pass (P) or Fail (F)
1.5 credits, I106: Assignment, Project Grades: Pass (P) or Fail (F)