Microprocessor-based Systems

Prof. Dr. eng. Sebestyen Gheorghe Computers Departmentgheorghe.sebestyen@cs.utcluj.ro

2

Content Introduction: short history &some concepts The main structure of a computer: CPU, ALU,

instruction execution strategies Microprocessors Specialized microprocessors (microcontrollers and

DSPs) Communication Buses Memory design Memory hierarchies (cache, virtual memory) Input/Output interfaces Interrupt system Direct memory access Advanced computer architectures:

– RISC– parallel and distributed systems

3

References Dancea I, - Calculatoare electronice – 1975 Nedevschi S. - Microprocesoare – 1994 Pusztai s.a, - Calculatoare numerice – Indrumator de lucrari de

laborator Sztoianov E.s.a. - De la poarta TTL la microprocesor - 1987 Tanenbaum A.S. - Structured Computer Architecture –1990 Gorgan D, Sebestyen G.- Arhitectura calculatoarelor – 1997 Gorgan D. Sebestyen G. - Structura calculatoarelor – 2000 Gorgan D. Sebestyen G. – Proiectarea calculatoarelor - 2005 www.intel.com www.ti.com www.microchip.com www. ??? AOA - The Art of Assembly Programming Course and Labs on-line:

– http://users.utcluj.ro/~sebestyen/cursuri_lab.htm

4

Short history

Generations 0 – mechanical computers – (??-1940)– ?? - abacus– 17th – 18 century – arithmetical computing devices

• Pascal – device for adding and subtraction• Leibnitz – device for basic arithmetical operations (+,-,*,/)

– 19th century - Ch. Babbage (Cambridge) – differential and than analytical machine (Ada Byron-prima programmer)

• main parts: memory, computing unit, card reader and puncher• a computer like a mill – processing data is like processing

materials – beginning of the 20th century

• Konrad Zuse – electro-mechanical computers – basic elements: relays

• John Athanasoff – proposed the binary counting system for computers

• H. Aiken – Mark I, II – computers made of relays

Ada Byron

5

First generation – 1945-55– technology: electronic tubes– 1943-46 – P. Eckert & J. Mauchley – ENIAC –

• the first functional computer !!!!• 18000 tubs, 1500 relays, 30 tones

– J. von Neumann – IAS • the first scientist who wrote a book on computers• defined the classical computer model with 5 components:

– memory, control unit, arithmetical and logical unit, input device(s), output device(s)

– the idea of memorized program

– Shanonn – information theory• defined the metrics for information: the bit• information = the opposite of entropy

– Alan Turring – coding and decoding systems • Colossus – the Turring machine

– other versions: EDVAC, ILLIAC, MANIAC, Wirlwind, UNIVAC– IBM 701,704,709 – first commercial computers– CIFA, MECIPT – Romanian versions

6

First computer generation

Eckart&Mauchley

John von Neumann

UNIVACShanonn

7

First computer generation

ENIAC

ADVAC

IBM 701

8

Second generation – 1955-65– technology: transistor– Shockley&Brattain – first transistor (Bell labs)– first computer with transistors: TX-0– IBM 7090 – transistorized version, IBM 1401– Wirlwind – MIT– PDP-1, PDP-8, made by DEC company– CDC 6600 – first parallel computer– CETA, DACICC (Ghe. Farkas, L. Negrescu) –

Romanian computers

TX-0 PDP-1First transistor

9

3rd generation – 1965-75– technology: integrated circuits– computer families:

• mainframes: IBM 360, IBM 370• mini-computers: PDP 11

– Romanian computers:• Felix c-256, c-512, c-32• Independent, Coral – clones of PDP-11

– improvements:• speed• reliability• small dimensions• high capacity memories (16k-512k)• new peripheral devices (floppy disk, hard disk)• display as operating consol (PDP11)

10

3rd generation

First integrated circuit Apollo

HP Computer HP (1972)

Seymour – LOGO

1967

11

4th generation 1975-90??– technology: VLSI

• advantages: speed, high integration ratio, high reliability, small costs and dimensions

– first microprocessor - Intel 4004 !!!!– high capacity memory circuits: ROM, RAM, DRAM

(1-16ko)– first microprocessor-based microcomputers– first computers for personal use:

• home-computers: ZX81, Spectrum• PCs: IBM-PC, XT, AT, Apple, Machintosh

– Romanian computers:• M18 series, PRAE, aMIC, Felix PC, Telerom-PC

(Sebestyen, Electrosigma)

12

4th generation

Intel 4004

IBM-PC

Apple

13

4th generation

Portable computer (Osborn)Computer with TV set as display

IBM PS2 Motorola 68040

14

4th generation

Bill Gates Steve Jobs si Steve Wozniak

15

Microprocessor’s evolution1971 I4004 4 biti first μP

1972 I8008 8 biti 16ko First μP on 8 bits

1974 8080 8 biti 64ko First successful μP

1978 8086, 8088 16 biti 1Mo First μP on 16 bits, bases for the first PC

1982 80286 16 biti 16Mo PC-AT

1985 80386 32 biti 4Go First μP on 32 bits

1989 80486 32 biti 4 Go Incorporated FPU

1993 Pentium 32 biti 4Go pipeline

1995 P. Pro 32 biti 64 Go P6 super-pipeline architecture

1997 P. II 32 biti 64 Go MMX technology

1999 P. III 32 biti 70 To SSE2 technology

2002 P. IV 32 biti 70 To NetBurst architecture

2004 P. IV 64 biti 70 To Hyper-threading technology

2006 Core 2 64 biti 70 To Multicore architecture (2 cores/chip)

2007 Dual Core 64 biti 70 To 2 processors/chip

2008-9 I5, I7 64 biti 70 To, 8Mo L3 cache

Nehalem architecture, multicore and hyper-threading 4cores/8 multithread cache 8Mo (L3)

2011 Sandy Bridge

16

Microprocessor’s evolution Other microprocessor families:

– Motorola: 6800 (8 biti), 68000 (16 biti), 68020, 68030 (32 biti), 68040

– Zilog: Z80, Z8000– Texas Instruments: - digital signal

processors: TMS320c10/20/30/50/80– Microchip: microcontrollers: PIC12/16/18– MIPS, ARM, etc.

17

8086

4004

Pentium 4

‘486

‘386‘286

Pentium

8080

Moor’s law

18

Tendencies and perspectives increase of integration ration

– smaller switching elements (transistors): 45->35nm– increase of switching elements’ number

• processors - over 1 billion de transistors• memory – over 64-512 billion

power reduction– intelligent power distribution– dynamic power control: energy where and when it is needed– frequency limitation

multi-core and multi-thread architectures– from 2 cores/chip to 128 cores and more– symmetric and asymmetric architectures (see Intel and Power PC)

network-on-chip– network communication inside the chip instead of parallel buses

19

Tendencies and perspectives

memory hierarchies– more cache memory levels (inside the processor)– virtual memory – access request anticipation

external memories of silicon – no more hard and floppy disks of DVDs, flash instead

multi-processor architectures– parallel architectures– distributed architectures

computer networks– Interne – an indispensable computer resource– wireless networks

mobile and portable computers:– laptops, graphic tablets – PDA, GPS– intelligent phones

20

Computer's performance parameters

Clock frequency, – Higher clock frequency = higher performance– Doubled every 24 month, until 2005– Limited by the power consumption and disipation– Today – 2-3GHz

Number of Cycles Per Second – CPI– Number if clock cycles for executing an instruction– Older computers: 5-120 cycles– New processors: 1, 0.5, 0.25 CPI

Number of instructions per second– MIPS, FLOPS – million of instructions per second

21

Computer's performance parameters

Execution time of a program, – See Benchmarks

execution time of a transaction set– Read-modify-save operations executed on databases in a

concurrent way Memory capacity and speed

– Gbytes, Tbytes– Access time: 70ns, 15ns, 0.1ns

I/O capabilities– HDD throughput

Communication performances – bandwidth and speed

22

A microprocessor-based computer system

Simplified scheme:

μP

Memory Memory

I/O interface I/O interface

I/O dev. I/O dev.

Address

Data

Commands

23

Structure of a Personal Computer (PC)

μP

Chipset

N

Chipset

S

SVGAAGP

PCI

Mem Mem

Net

Keyboard Mouse

24

The multi-layer structure of a computer

more abstraction levels/layers more access layers to the computer’s

resources virtual machines:

– a programming language– a set of functionalities– ex: Java Virtual Machine, BASIC machine, etc.

why multi-layer:– easier and more efficient programming– different kind of users– complexity reduction through abstraction and

functional decomposition

25

Multi-layered computer structure

Application

High level language

Assembly language

Operating system

Conventional machine

Microprogramming

Digital circuites/hardware Translation

Interpretation

Interpretation (micro-program sequences)

Interpretation (System calls)

Decoding

Translation (compile)

Translation (compile)

Translation and interpretation (aggregate, compile)

ISA

26