Micronutrients
Transcript of Micronutrients
Overview of the Micronutrients:Overview of the Micronutrients:Lecture OutlineLecture Outline
â˘â˘ VitaminsVitaminsââ Absorption & StorageAbsorption & Storageââ ToxicityToxicity
ââ Preservation in FoodPreservation in Foodss
â˘â˘ MineralsMineralsââ Absorption & StorageAbsorption & Storageââ ToxicityToxicityââ Preservation in FoodsPreservation in Foods
â˘â˘ Functional RolesFunctional Rolesââ Enzymes, coenzymes & Enzymes, coenzymes &
cofactorscofactorsââ Fluid & Electrolyte BalanceFluid & Electrolyte Balanceââ Antioxidant SystemsAntioxidant Systemsââ Building BonesBuilding Bonesââ Energy MetabolismEnergy Metabolismââ Blood HealthBlood Health
â˘â˘ Nutrition and Your HealthNutrition and Your Healthââ CholineCholine: The Newest : The Newest
Vitamin?Vitamin?
Vitamins OverviewVitamins Overview
â˘â˘ CarbonCarbon--containing substances needed in containing substances needed in small amounts by the bodysmall amounts by the body
â˘â˘ Essential: canEssential: canâât be synthesized by bodyt be synthesized by body
â˘â˘ To be a vitamin:To be a vitamin:
ââ 1.) Body can1.) Body canâât make enough to t make enough to maintain healthmaintain health
ââ 2.) Absence 2.) Absence ââ deficiency that can be deficiency that can be cured if vitamin is resuppliedcured if vitamin is resupplied
Vitamins ClassificationVitamins Classification
â˘â˘ Fat Soluble VitaminsFat Soluble Vitaminsââ Vitamin AVitamin Aââ Vitamin DVitamin Dââ Vitamin EVitamin Eââ Vitamin KVitamin K
â˘â˘ Water Soluble Water Soluble Vitamins & Vitamins & CholineCholineââ ThiaminThiaminââ RiboflavinRiboflavinââ NiacinNiacinââ PantothenicPantothenic acidacidââ BiotinBiotinââ Vitamin BVitamin B--66ââ FolateFolate (folic acid)(folic acid)ââ Vitamin BVitamin B--1212ââ Vitamin CVitamin Cââ CholineCholine 44
Fat Soluble Vitamins: Fat Soluble Vitamins: Absorption & StorageAbsorption & Storage
FatFat--soluble:soluble:
ââ Absorbed with dietary fatAbsorbed with dietary fat
ââ Anything interfering with fat Anything interfering with fat absorption will impair fat soluble absorption will impair fat soluble absorptionabsorption
Fat Soluble Vitamin ToxicityFat Soluble Vitamin Toxicity
â˘â˘ FatFat--soluble:soluble:
ââ Not readily excreted from the bodyNot readily excreted from the body
ââ Toxicity by vitamin A most Toxicity by vitamin A most frequently observedfrequently observed
Vitamin toxicity most frequently from supplemental Vitamin toxicity most frequently from supplemental sources: not foodssources: not foods
Water Soluble Vitamins: Water Soluble Vitamins: Absorption & StorageAbsorption & Storage
WaterWater--soluble:soluble:
ââ Absorbed primarily in small intestineAbsorbed primarily in small intestine
ââ Transported to liver via portal vein & Transported to liver via portal vein & distributed to body tissuesdistributed to body tissues
ââ Inside cells: active coenzymes Inside cells: active coenzymes resynthesizedresynthesized
Water Soluble Vitamin ToxicityWater Soluble Vitamin Toxicity
â˘â˘ WaterWater--soluble:soluble:
ââ Excess excreted in urineExcess excreted in urine
ââ Exception: B6 & B12 stored in liverException: B6 & B12 stored in liver
Vitamin Preservation in FoodsVitamin Preservation in Foods
â˘â˘ WaterWater--soluble particularly susceptible to soluble particularly susceptible to destruction by heat, light, air exposure, destruction by heat, light, air exposure, cooking in water & alkalinitycooking in water & alkalinity
â˘â˘ More ripe a fruit and vegetable = more More ripe a fruit and vegetable = more vitamin contentvitamin content
â˘â˘ Freezing can help retain nutrients (frozen Freezing can help retain nutrients (frozen foods often blanched first) foods often blanched first) ââ vitamin vitamin contentcontent
MyPlateMyPlate: : Sources of Vitamins & Sources of Vitamins & CholineCholine
Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MyPlate:Sources of Vitaminsand Choline
Grains⢠Thiamin⢠Riboflavin⢠Niacin⢠Folic acid
Vegetables⢠Vitamin A⢠Vitamin K⢠Folate⢠Vitamin C
Fruits⢠Vitamin A⢠Vitamin C
Dairy⢠Vitamin D⢠Riboflavin⢠Vitamin B-12⢠Choline
Protein⢠Thiamin⢠Riboflavin⢠Niacin⢠Biotin⢠Vitamin B-6⢠Vitamin B-12⢠Choline
FruitsGrains
VegetablesProtein
Dairy
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Minerals OverviewMinerals Overviewâ˘â˘ Individual chemical components: canIndividual chemical components: canâât be t be
broken down furtherbroken down further
â˘â˘ Essential when:Essential when:
ââ Dietary inadequacy Dietary inadequacy ââ physiological or physiological or structural abnormalitystructural abnormality
ââ And addition to diet reinstates healthAnd addition to diet reinstates health
â˘â˘ Categorized on amount needed per day:Categorized on amount needed per day:
ââ Major: need 100 mg+ per dayMajor: need 100 mg+ per dayââ Trace: need < 100 mg per dayTrace: need < 100 mg per day
Minerals ClassificationMinerals Classification
â˘â˘ Major minerals:Major minerals:
ââ SodiumSodiumââ PotassiumPotassiumââ ChlorideChlorideââ CalciumCalciumââ PhosphorusPhosphorusââ MagnesiumMagnesiumââ SulfurSulfur
â˘â˘ Trace minerals:Trace minerals:ââ IronIronââ ZincZincââ SeleniumSeleniumââ IodideIodideââ CopperCopperââ FluorideFluorideââ ChromiumChromiumââ ManganeseManganeseââ MolybdenumMolybdenum
Minerals: BioavailabilityMinerals: Bioavailability
Bioavailability affected by:
⢠Age
⢠Gender
⢠Genetic variables
⢠Nutritional status
⢠Diet
⢠Prescription drugs
Minerals: AbsorptionMinerals: Absorption
â˘â˘ PhyticPhytic acid & oxalic acid acid & oxalic acid ââ some mineral absorptionsome mineral absorption
â˘â˘ ââ fiber diets can fiber diets can ââ absorption of Fe, Znabsorption of Fe, Zn
â˘â˘ Vitamin C intake Vitamin C intake ââ iron absorptioniron absorption
â˘â˘ Vitamin D intake Vitamin D intake ââ calcium absorptioncalcium absorption
â˘â˘ Excess of one mineral can Excess of one mineral can ââ absorption of another:absorption of another:ââ ââââ Zn intake Zn intake ââ Cu absorptionCu absorption
Minerals: StorageMinerals: Storage
⢠Stored in various tissues
⢠Some remain in bloodstream
⢠Ca, Phos, Mg, Fl stored in bone
⢠Fe, Cu, Zn & some trace stored in liver
⢠Others stored in muscle tissue, organs, glands
Minerals: ToxicityMinerals: Toxicity
â˘â˘ Supplements pose biggest Supplements pose biggest problem for toxicityproblem for toxicity
â˘â˘ Harmful interactions with Harmful interactions with other nutrients can occurother nutrients can occur
â˘â˘ Look for brands with USP for Look for brands with USP for supplementssupplements
Minerals: Preservation in FoodsMinerals: Preservation in Foods
â˘â˘ Not typically lost from animal foods Not typically lost from animal foods during processingduring processing
â˘â˘ Are lost from plant foods during Are lost from plant foods during processingprocessing
â˘â˘ Refined grains = Refined grains = ââ levels of vitamin levels of vitamin E, B vitamins & trace mineralsE, B vitamins & trace minerals
â˘â˘ Refined grains = Fe added but Se, Refined grains = Fe added but Se, Cu, Zn not added backCu, Zn not added back
MyPlateMyPlate: Sources of Minerals: Sources of MineralsCopyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MyPlate:Sources of Minerals
FruitsGrains
VegetablesProtein
Dairy
ChooseMyPlate.gov
Grains⢠Sodium chloride⢠Calcium(fortifiedproducts)
⢠Phosphorus⢠Magnesium⢠Iron⢠Zinc⢠Copper⢠Selenium⢠Chromium
Vegetables⢠Potassium⢠Magnesium
Fruits⢠Potassium⢠Boron
Protein⢠Sodium chloride
(processedfoods)
⢠Potassium⢠Phosphorus⢠Magnesium⢠Selenium⢠Iron⢠Zinc⢠Copper
⢠Zinc
Dairy⢠Calcium⢠Phosphorus
Functional RolesFunctional Rolesof Micronutrients: Overviewof Micronutrients: Overview
â˘â˘ Enzymes, coenzymes & cofactorsEnzymes, coenzymes & cofactors
â˘â˘ Fluid & Electrolyte BalanceFluid & Electrolyte Balance
â˘â˘ Antioxidant SystemsAntioxidant Systems
â˘â˘ Building BonesBuilding Bones
â˘â˘ Energy MetabolismEnergy Metabolism
â˘â˘ Blood HealthBlood Health
Functional RolesFunctional Rolesof Micronutrients: Overviewof Micronutrients: Overview
â˘â˘ Enzymes, coenzymes & cofactorsEnzymes, coenzymes & cofactors
ââ Enzymes: catalysts for biochemical reactionsEnzymes: catalysts for biochemical reactions
ââ Enzymes typically made of proteinsEnzymes typically made of proteins
ââ Require a cofactor for biological activityRequire a cofactor for biological activity
ââ Minerals: inorganic molecules are Minerals: inorganic molecules are cofactorscofactors
ââ Vitamins: organic molecules are Vitamins: organic molecules are coenzymescoenzymes
ââ The BThe B--vitamins function as coenzymesvitamins function as coenzymes
Functional RolesFunctional Rolesof Micronutrients: Overviewof Micronutrients: Overview
â˘â˘ Fluid & Electrolyte BalanceFluid & Electrolyte Balance
ââ Balance between intracellular and Balance between intracellular and extracellular waterextracellular water
ââ Includes:Includes:â˘â˘ SodiumSodiumâ˘â˘ PotassiumPotassiumâ˘â˘ ChlorideChlorideâ˘â˘ PhosphorusPhosphorus
Functional RolesFunctional Rolesof Micronutrients: Overviewof Micronutrients: Overview
â˘â˘ Antioxidant SystemsAntioxidant Systems
ââ Aid in antioxidant function as Aid in antioxidant function as components of antioxidant enzymescomponents of antioxidant enzymes
ââ Includes:Includes:â˘â˘ Vitamin EVitamin Eâ˘â˘ Vitamin CVitamin Câ˘â˘ Vitamin A and Vitamin A and carotenoidscarotenoidsâ˘â˘ SeleniumSelenium
Functional RolesFunctional Rolesof Micronutrients: Overviewof Micronutrients: Overview
â˘â˘ Building BonesBuilding Bones
ââ Bone is a living, dynamic tissueBone is a living, dynamic tissue
ââ Includes:Includes:â˘â˘ Vitamin DVitamin Dâ˘â˘ Vitamin KVitamin Kâ˘â˘ CalciumCalciumâ˘â˘ PhosphorusPhosphorusâ˘â˘ MagnesiumMagnesiumâ˘â˘ FluorideFluoride
Functional RolesFunctional Rolesof Micronutrients: Overviewof Micronutrients: Overview
â˘â˘ Energy MetabolismEnergy Metabolism
ââ Vitamins & minerals do not yield Vitamins & minerals do not yield energyenergy
ââ They participate as cofactors or They participate as cofactors or coenzymes in energycoenzymes in energy--yielding yielding reactionsreactions
Functional RolesFunctional Rolesof Micronutrients: Overviewof Micronutrients: Overview
â˘â˘ Immune FunctionImmune Function
ââ Immunity defends against pathogensImmunity defends against pathogens
ââ Include: skin, intestinal cells, WBCInclude: skin, intestinal cells, WBC
ââ Includes:Includes:â˘â˘ Vitamin A, D, EVitamin A, D, Eâ˘â˘ Some B vitaminsSome B vitaminsâ˘â˘ Vitamin CVitamin Câ˘â˘ Chromium, copper, selenium, iron & zincChromium, copper, selenium, iron & zinc
Functional Roles Functional Roles of Micronutrients: Overviewof Micronutrients: Overview
â˘â˘ Blood HealthBlood Health
ââ Transport oxygen, nutrients & Transport oxygen, nutrients & wastewaste
ââ Includes:Includes:â˘â˘ Blood clotting: Vitamin K & calciumBlood clotting: Vitamin K & calciumâ˘â˘ Blood cell health: iron, copper, Blood cell health: iron, copper,
folatefolate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12