Micromineral

7/29/2019 Micromineral

1/71

MICROMINERALSMindanao Sanitarium and Hospital College

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Level II


2/71

DESCRIPTION

The microminerals are a group of minerals which

are needed by the body in minute amounts to

perform certain vital functions. They are sometimes

called trace minerals because they are found in the

adult body at the level of about 5 g and must beconsumed in amounts less than 100 mg/day. The

microminerals function primarily as conezymes in

energy metabolism.


3/71

IRON


4/71

FUNCTION

As a constituent of hemoglobin and myglobin, iron

is a carrier of oxygen needed for cellular

respiration.

It is necessary for hemoglobin formation.

It is an active component of tissue enzymes

involved in the conversion of beta-carotene to

Vitamin A.


5/71

UTILIZATION

Absorption Form of Iron

Type of Iron

Body Needs

Bulk in the Diet Size of Dose

Presence of Phytic and Axalic Acids

Presence of citrates, sugar and some amino acids

Presence of Tannins

Intake of Coffee

Presence of Ascorbic Acid

Infections and malabsorption syndromes

Metabolism

Excretion


6/71

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

Anemia


7/71

TOXICITY RESULTS

Hemosiderosis

Excessive iron intake through use of supplements

Failure of the body to regulate iron absorption

High doses of Vitamin C

Hemochromatosis

Absorbs usually large amounts of iron and stores it in

tissues that normally do not store iron

Causes: cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes mellitus,

discoloration of the skin

Habitual, excessive alcohol consumption


8/71

RECOMMENDED NUTRIENT INTAKES

The 2002 Philippine RENI suggests the following intakes:

Men, 19 years

and above

12 mg Infants, 6-11

months

10 mg

Women, 16-64

years

27 mg Children, 1-9

years

8-11 mg

65 years and

above

10 mg Boys, 10-18

years

13-20 mg

Pregnant

women

27-38 mg Girls, 10-15

years

19-21 mg

Lactatingwomen

27-30 mg


9/71

FOOD SOURCES

Heme iron: meat, fish, poultry

Nonheme iron: legumes, dried fruits, whole grains,

fortified cereals


10/71

ZINC


11/71

FUNCTION

Essential component of several metalloenzymes.

Nucleic acid metabolism and in protein synthesis or

in the growth of cells and tissues.

Necessary for the development of malereproductive functions and spermatogenesis.

Associated with stored insulin.

Detoxification of metals and metabolism of sulfur-

containing amino acids.Acceleration of wound healing and normal sense of

taste.

Host immune defenses.


12/71

UTILIZATION

Absorption

Upper jejunum

Transportation

Mucosal cells

Alburnin

Liver

Excretion

Feces

Urine

Hair loss

Sweating


13/71

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

Slow growth

Alopecia

Disturbances in the Keratinization process in the

skin Hypospermia

Delayed Sexual Maturation

White Cell Defects

Decreased taste acuity


14/71

TOXICITY RESULTS

Excess of Zinc:

Nausea

Vomiting

Abdominal Cramps

Gastrointestinal Irritation

Fever

Decrease of High Density Lipoprotein

Formation of antheromatous plaques.


15/71



Men, 19 years

and above

12 mg Infants, 6-11

months

10 mg

Women, 16-64

years

27 mg Children, 1-9

years

8-11 mg

65 years and

above

10 mg Boys, 10-18

years

13-20 mg

Pregnant

women

27-38 mg Girls, 10-15

years

19-21 mg

Lactatingwomen 27-30 mg


16/71

FOOD SOURCES

Milk

Beef

Liver

Oysters

Eggs

Crimini Mushrooms

Spinach

Sea Vegetables

Pumpkin seeds

Green peas

Nuts


17/71

SELENIUM


18/71

FUNCTION

Reduce or Prevent the Effects of Vitamin E

Deficiency

Antioxidant

Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones


19/71

UTILIZATION

Absorption

Dependent upon the source, form, solubility

Seleno-amino acid

80% or more

Excretion

Urine

Respiration


20/71

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

Cardiomyopathy

Muscle inflammation

Enhanced skin pallor


21/71

TOXICITY RESULTS

20-30 times more can cause toxicity

Hair loss

Nails and Dental Caries

Dermatitis Peripheral Neuropathy

Irritability

Fatigue


22/71



Men, 19 years

and above

31 mcg Lactating

women

40 mcg

Women, 19

years and

above

31 mcg Pregnant

women

35 mcg


23/71

FOOD SOURCES

Fish

Grains

Red and White Meat

Dairy Eggs

Organ Meats

Muscle Meats

Seafoods

Garlic


24/71

MANGANESE


25/71

FUNCTION

Catalyst

Glucose Metabolism

Protein Metabolism

Fat Metabolism

Formation of Urea

Increases the storage of thiamin

Bone Development


26/71

UTILIZATION

Absorption

Intestine

Transportation

Loosely binded with proten

Tissues for storage

Bile

Excretion

Feces


27/71

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

Weight Loss

Dermatitis

Nausea

Changes in color and growth rain of the fair, beard,and nails

Hypocholesterolemia


28/71

TOXICITY RESULTS

No incidence of maganese toxicity caused by diet

has yet been observed in humans, unless

experimentally induced.


29/71



Men, 19 years

and above

2-3 mg Girls, 13-18

years

10 mg

Women, 19

years and

above

1.8 mg Children, 1-12

years

1.2-1.9 mg

Boys, 13-18

years

2.2 mg


30/71

FOOD SOURCES

Nuts

Whole Grains

Dried legumes

Tea Green Leafy Vegetables

Dried Fruits

Fresh Fruits

Non-leafy Vegetables


31/71

COPPER


32/71

FUNCTION

Iron Functions

Catalyst

Oxidation-Reduction Mechanism

Integrity of the Myelin Sheath Bone Formation

Formation of Melanin Pigment

Maintains Enzyme Activity


33/71

UTILIZATION

Absorption

30%

Stomach and Upper Intestine

Transportation

Protein Albumin

Muscle Mass and Bones, Liver, Heart, Kidneys, and

Central Nervous System

Excretion

Large Intestine

Feces

Urine (4%)


34/71

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

Hypocupremia

Anemia

Nephrosis

Menkes Disease Hypoproteinemia


35/71

TOXICITY RESULTS

Wilsons Disease

Inherited

Excess Accumulation

Neuron and Liver Cell Damage

Excess Copper stored:

Liver

Brain

Cornea


36/71



Adult 1.5-3 mg Infants 0.4-0.7 mg

Children 0.7-2.5 mg Adolescents 0.7-2.5 mg


37/71

FOOD SOURCES

Organ meats

Shellfish

Nuts

Cocoa

Cherries

Mushroom

Whole Grain Cereals

Leafy Vegetables

Eggs

Fish

Fresh Fruits


38/71

IODINE


39/71

FUNCTION

Synthesis of Thyroxin

Conversion of carotene to the active form of the vitamin

Synthesis of protein by ribosomes

Absorption of carbohydrate from the intestine

Synthesis of cholesterol


40/71

UTILIZATION

Absorption

Small Intestine

Transportation

Blood Stream to the Thyroid Gland

Alpha-Globulin

Excretion

Urine


41/71

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

Cretinism- hypothyroidism, physically dwarfed

Myxederma- coarse, sparse hair, dry, yellowish

skin, poor tolerance to cold, low husky voice


42/71

TOXICITY RESULTS

Thyrotoxicosis

Iodine-induced Goiter

Excess of Iodine

Symptoms: tachycardia, palpitation, insomnia, and bug-

eyes


43/71



Men, 19 years

and above

150 mcg Children, 1-6

years

90 mcg

Women, 19

years and

above

150 mcg Children, 7-12

years

120 mcg

Adolescents,

13-18 years

150 mcg Pregnant and

Lactating

women

50 mcg


44/71

FOOD SOURCES

Oysters

Shrimps

Iodized Salt


45/71

MOLYBDENUM


46/71

FUNCTION

Xanthine oxidase necessary for the oxidation of

xanthine to uric acid

Liver aldehyde oxidase, a flavoprotein, for

catalyzing the oxidation of aldehydes to

corresponding carboxylic acid

Sulfate oxidase which functions in the degradation

of sulfur derived from amino acids


47/71

UTILIZATION

Absorption

Gastrointestinal tract

Excretion

Urine


48/71

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

Headache

Irritability

Night Blindness

Lethargy Coma

Abnormal Metabolism of Sulfur-containing amino

acids

Abnirmal degradation of nucleic acid


49/71

TOXICITY RESULTS

None observed on humans.

Experimental animals manifested:

Diarrhea

Anemia

Depressed Growth Rate


50/71



Men, 19 years

and above

75-250 mcg Adolescents,

13-18 years

75-250 mcg

Women, 19

years and

above

75-250 mcg Infants 25-150 mcg


51/71

FOOD SOURCES

Milk

Milk Products

Whole Grain Cereals

Dark Green Leafy Vegetables


52/71

COBALT


53/71

FUNCTION

Constituent of Vitamin B12

Normal functioning of all cells

Bone Marrow

Nervous System

Gastrointestinal System


54/71

UTILIZATION

Absorption

Gastrointestinal Tract

Excretion

Urine

Feces

Sweat


55/71

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

Pernicious Anemia


56/71

TOXICITY RESULTS

Polycythemia

Increase number of Red Blood Cells

Hyperplasia of the bone marrow


57/71



Men, 19 years

and above

5-20 mcg Children, 1-6

years

5-20 mcg

Women, 19

years and

above


years

5-20 mcg

Adolescents,

13-18 years

5-20 mcg Pregnant and

Lactating

women

5-20 mcg


58/71

FOOD SOURCES

Liver

Kidney

Oysters

Clams Lean Beef

Veal

Poultry

Salt Water Wish Milk


59/71

CHROMIUM


60/71

FUNCTION

Raise abnormally low fasting blood sugar levels

Improve faulty uptake of sugar by body tissues

Assist insulin in moving glucose through the

membrane into the cell

Synthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol


61/71

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

Glucose intolerance

Increased incidence of diabetes

Decreased glycogen reserves

Retarded growth Disturbed amino acid metabolisms


62/71

TOXICITY RESULTS

Increased incidence of bronchial cancer

Eczematous dermatitis

Systemic effects on the liver and kidneys


63/71



Men, 19 years

and above


years

20-200 mcg

Women, 19

years and

above


years

20-200 mcg

Adolescents,

13-18 years

20-200 mcg Infants 10-60 mcg


64/71

FOOD SOURCES

Corn Oil

Clams

Whole Grain Cereals

Vegetables

Meat

Brewers Yeast


65/71

FLUORINE


66/71

FUNCTION

Reduces dental caries

Minimizing bone loss


67/71

UTILIZATION

Absorption

Bones

Teeth

Excretion

Urine (50%)


68/71

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

Increase risk to dental caries


69/71

TOXICITY RESULTS

Mottling of the enamel or dental fluorosis

Crippling Skeletal Fluorosis


70/71



Infants, 0-6

months

6-11 months

0.01 mg

0.5 mg

Children, 1-3

years

0.7 mg

Adolescents

and adultfemales

2.5 mg 4-6 years 1.0 mg

Adolescent

males, 13-18

years

2.5-2.9 mg 7-9 years 1.2 mg

Adult males 19years and over

3.0 mg 10-12 years 1.7-1.8 mg


71/71

FOOD SOURCES

Water

Tea

Chinese Tea

Soybeans

Seafood

Micromineral

Documents

Transcript of Micromineral