MicroGrids, Electric Vehicles and Wireless Charging

Team Cloud Nine

Eugene Heng Yi Jian A0117099XMarvin Yip A0033694BLee Seng Chiew A0034358EStanny Yanuar A0098463R

Contents

• Introduction to MicroGrid + Link to EV

• Electric Vehicles (EV)

• Feasibility of Charging stations

• Future for charging stations

• Conclusion

Concept of Microgrid

Source: http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/mil-log/fort-bliss-microgrid-enters-demonstration-phase/

Concept of Microgrid• Integration platform for power supply, storage units

and demand resources in local distribution grid

– Distributed Generation Systems

– Demand management systems and energy storage units

– Grid Applications

Source: Microgrids: Architectures and Control (N. Hatziagyriou, 2013)

Benefits of Microgrid

• Energy savings – Direct DC charging

• Renewable-energy integration

• Improved control and monitoring

• Improved system reliability

• Facilitation of Entrepreneurial Opportunities

– Energy Storage Systems

– Electric vehicle integration

– Wireless Charging

Source: http://www.facilitiesnet.com/powercommunication/article/Converting-Power-from-AC-to-DC-Offers-Many-Benefits--13920

Drivers of Growth for Microgrids

• Power Supply

– Growth in Renewable energy sources => Lower electricity prices

• Power Demand

– Growth in usage of localisedGrid applications• e.g. Electric Vehicles

– Growth in storage and discharging capacities and rates of energy storage units

Contents

• Introduction to MicroGrid + Link to EV

• Electric Vehicles (EV)

• Feasibility of Charging stations

• Future for charging stations

• Conclusion

Electric Vehicle

• A Vehicle that uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle

Main focus on RESS(Rechargeable Electricity Storage System) for consumer products

Gasoline vs Electric Vehicle

In comparison to gasoline vehicle, electric vehicle has 6x lower cost for 1 mile drive. However, its driving range is only 1/3 of gasoline vehicle per full charge. main drawback

http://www.snappygreen.com/plug-in-hybrid-electric-cars-the-future-is-here/

How can we increase driving range?

We can increase driving range by increasing battery capacity.

But at what expense ?

- bigger and heavier battery battery energy density needs to be higher

- more costly battery/car lower cost of battery storage is needed

How can we increase driving range?

We can increase driving range by increasing battery capacity.

But at what expense ?

- bigger and heavier battery battery energy density needs to be higher

- more costly battery/car lower cost of battery storage is needed

Battery Energy Density Trend

Double every 10 years8% increase annually

Today’s Tesla Model S has 800 Wh/L energy density

http://electronicdesign.com/power/here-comes-electric-propulsionhttp://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/panasonic-20091225.html

http://www.energyresourcefulness.org/Fuels/plug_ins.html

With Battery’s 8% annual rate of improvement,Only in in 2047 battery’s energy density can match Gasoline’s

How can we increase driving range?

We can increase driving range by increasing battery capacity.

But at what expense ?

- bigger and heavier battery battery energy density needs to be higher

- more costly battery/car lower cost of battery storage is needed

Energy density by various technology

http://liquidair.org.uk/full-report/report-chapter-four

Hi-tech

Cost of battery storage (per kWh)

From 2015 onwards, rate of improvement is more subtle at 5% (even on the case of high technology battery)

In order for electric vehicle to match the price and driving range of gasoline vehicle, cost of battery ($/kWh) needs to fall by 4 times unachievable even in 2035

http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=6930

Future of battery

• Only in 2047, battery is able to catch up with gasoline in terms of energy density

• Even up to 2035, price of EV may not be able to match price of gasoline vehicle. Primarily due to cost of battery only drop by 5% annually

Other alternatives are needed to drive the penetration of EV to the consumer market

Contents

• Introduction to MicroGrid + Link to EV

• Electric Vehicles (EV)

• Feasibility of Charging stations

– Do we need more charging stations?

• Future for charging stations

• Conclusion

Charging standards & cost

http://www.driveclean.ca.gov/pev/Charging.php

$500-$3000

$12000-$15000

Cost of one DC Fast charge (level 2) is the same as the price of one 24 kWh battery (used by Nissan LEAF)Building more charging stations will open up opportunity to have smaller battery capacity, thus offering a cheaper Electric Vehicle

Wireless compared to wired charging

• Advantages :– Protected connections (away from water/oxygen)

– Durability (less wear and tear)

• Disadvantages :– Lower efficiency/slower charging

– More expensive

• Can the disadvantages be resolved in future?

Comparable to wired charging

http://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/blog/80/is-wired-charging-more-efficient

Wireless Charging

• Component Breakdown

– MOSFETs

– MEMS

– ICs

– Thin Film Coils

• Analyzing the future of wireless charging

Wireless charger components

http://www.appliedmaterials.com/nanochip/nanochip-fab-solutions/december-2013/power-struggle

Building blocks for charging system

• Diodes and transistors are two of the key building blocks

• To increase circuit efficiency, designers are replacing silicon components with those made from SiC. Switching to the wide band gap alternatives slashes recovery times, which means that the devices cannot only turn on and off more efficiently – they can be deployed in circuits operating at far higher frequencies

Building blocks for charging system

• Going up in frequency allows a trimming of the size of the capacitors and inductors

• SiC devices have a far higher maximum operating temperature than their silicon equivalents, so cooling demands are lower

Rates of improvements of MOSFETs

• New technologies in Power MOSFET will affect sales in the coming years.

• Manufacturers are finding it more difficult to enhance performance of silicon-based MOSFETs

• Turning to wide band-gap (WBG) semiconductors to boost performance.– gallium nitride (GaN) – silicon carbide (SiC)

• Reduction in power consumption• Higher frequencies• Lower on-resistance• Faster switching speeds

Experiment on MOSFET

• New improvements maximize efficiency by achieving:

– Low RDS(ON) (on-resistance)

– Low Qg (gate charge)

– Low RG (gate resistance)

– Lowest p.c. board losses

• Upgrade the MOSFET package

– accomplished by a simple redesign by reducing the package profile from 0.7mm to 0.6mm.

– improved thermal performance with better heat transfer from the MOSFET die to the PCB

S. Davies, 2013

Low PCB losses

Low RG (gate resistance)

A) compares the efficiency vs. output current for a MOSFET operating at 300 kHz with R G of either 0.3Ω or 2.0Ω

B) compares the efficiency vs. output current for a MOSFET operating at 800 kHz with R G of either 0.3Ω or 2.0Ω

http://powerelectronics.com/discrete-power-semis/next-gen-mosfets-efficiency-synchronous-buck-converters

www.semi.org/node/36781

WBG materials and Cost Reduction for EVs

• Lux Research: Wide bandgap (WBG) materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) to address emerging power electronics performance needs in electric vehicles (EVs), with SiC displacing silicon as early as 2020

• Highly efficient power electronics => smaller battery size, which in turn has a positive cascading impact on wiring, thermal management, packaging, and weight of electric vehicles

• 20% power savings can lead to USD$6000 price reduction in larger size EVs

Sources:• http://www.luxresearchinc.com/news-and-

events/press-releases/read/silicon-carbide-power-electronics-can-slash-6000-cost-tesla

• https://portal.luxresearchinc.com/research/report_excerpt/17422#analysis

WBG materials and Smaller Feature sizes

Source: http://www.semicon.sankenele.co.jp/en/guide/GaNSiC.html/

• Smaller feature sizes when compared to traditional Si devices (Materials and breakdown voltage)

WBG materials and Rates of Improvements

• High rates of improvements in WBG Semiconductor developments:– Efficiency increases

– Feature size reductions

http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1272514

http://m.eet.com/media/1051133/C0357-Figure4.gif

Improvements for IGBTs and MOSFETs

MOSFETS: Metal

Oxide Semiconductor

Field Effect Transistors

IGBTs

(Insulated Gate Bipolar

Transistors)

Thin Film Coils• Improvements in cost per area

• Fewer layers

• Less materials

• Lower temperature and simpler processes

– Organic materials, CIGS, and Perovskite can be roll

printed onto a substrate

Thin Film Coils for Power Transmission

• Prospects in using Gallium Oxide (Ga2O3) for power transmission

• Challenges in overcoming low thermal conductivity => integration of (Ga2O3) with higher thermal conductivity substrates

• Roll printing as mass production method to lower costs of production of Ga2O3 thin films for use in wireless charging?

http://www.nict.go.jp/en/press/2012/01/13-01-1.html

TO FOCUS ON BATTERIES OR CHARGING SYSTEM?

Expensive battery

• One of the big reasons why electric cars have been slow to catch on is that batteries are still hugely expensive — usually around one-third the price of the vehicle — and can provide only limited range.

• There is no Moore's Law for batteries

http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/04/02/expensive-batteries-are-holding-back-electric-cars-what-would-it-take-for-that-to-change/

http://www.technologyreview.com/view/424996/why-your-battery-life-is-terrible-in-one-handy-chart/

Our propose design

• Based on driving patterns is there a need to increase battery capacity to increase driving range?

• Some technologies directly experience improvements while others indirectly experience them through improvements in “components”

• With a faster rate of improvement in MOSFETs and ICs, it is more worthwhile to concentrate on tackling the issue of wireless charging

Wireless charging and EV

• To have more facilities for wireless charging made easily available to EV users

www.therealpowerofwireless.blogspot.com

Contents

• Introduction to MicroGrid + Link to EV

• Electric Vehicles (EV)

• Feasibility of Charging stations

• Future for charging stations

• Conclusion

Future for charging stations• EVs have already been brought to Singapore since 2011, but

take up rate has been low – A grand total of 3 publicly registered cars on the road in 2013

(http://transport.asiaone.com/news/general/story/only-3-electric-cars-road)

– Low mile range and lack of charging stations – Facts or consumer perceptions?

• High cost of EV in Singapore?

http://www.mitsubishicars.com.sg/cars/brochures/iMiEV.pdf

Future for charging stations• Chicken-and-Egg problem

– Infrastructure availability for EV charging (lowering power supply costs)

vs

– Directly lowering EV costs (increasing EV demand)

• Building a strong infrastructure for EV charging can overcome the problem of low mile range– With EVs able to easily locate charging facilities / perform

charging on the move when required

– Requires complementary improvements in smart powering and metering systems for calculation and payment of charging fees

Future for charging stations• Private companies already developing Wireless Electric Vehicle

Charging (WEVC) solutions– https://www.qualcomm.com/products/halo

– WEVC for buses in Korea - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ginb51DqBYA

• What type of efforts needed to make WEVC mainstream?

Source: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20141028-the-bus-that-recharges-on-the-go

Energy Market Authority

• Statutory board under the Ministry of Trade and Industry– Awards research grants, licenses for energy related industries

• Key Related Sponsored Research Initiatives (http://www.ema.gov.sg):– Semakau Landfill Integrated Hybrid MicroGrid Test-Bed - 2014– Pulau Ubin MicroGrid Test-Bed – 2013– Electric Vehicle Test Bed (with LTA) - 2011– Smart Grid research grants – 2013– Electric Vehicle research grants – 2010

• Should the government distribute its resources to favour research in EV demand, or to favour research in R&D for cheaper EV power supply?– Low cost and availability of power supply to drive EV demand, or vice versa

Building the Future for EVs

• Investments into EV infrastructure– Wireless charging stations and integration with renewables

– Wireless charging lanes on major expressways (PIE, CTE)

– Building smart metering and secure payment systems for wired and wireless EV charging

Building more publicly available EV charging stations / Licensing of public EV charging

stations in commercial and industrial properties

Building dedicated wireless charging lanes on expressways => few other underground utilities, less competition for space and

minimal interference issues

Building the Future for EVs

• Licensing of third party activities– Microgrids for localised power generation – peak shaving and

commercial opportunities for sale of excess energy back into grid

– EV Battery charging, rental, replacement services

– Advertisement on charging stations

– Software and mobile applications to find the nearest charging station

Source : http://www.neuralenergy.info/2009/06/v2g.html

Replaceable battery chassis for electric vehicles

Contents

• Introduction to MicroGrid + Link to EV

• Electric Vehicles (EV)

• Feasibility of Charging stations

• Future for charging stations

• Conclusion

Rates of Improvements• Rates of improvements facilitating growth in usage of

MicroGrid, EV and Wireless Power transfer technologies:– ICs– MOSFETs– Roll printing for thin film substrates

• Rates of improvements in above technologies exceeding rate of improvement in (car) battery technologies

• Therefore, the challenge in low mile range of EVs to be overcome more quickly by facilitating the growth of cheaper wireless charging facilities, powered through MicroGrids– Building the case for WEVC

Beyond the EV - Extension of Wireless Transmission Applications

• Wireless powering of other applications:– Military, medical, consumer devices

– Developments in ICs, MOSFETs, Roll to roll printing for other materials also applicable (e.g. mid-field wireless power transfer for medical equipment)

Military applications – wireless charging of unmanned equipment and electronics systems carried by soldiers

(http://witricity.com/applications/military/)

Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants (A. Poon, 2014) – used in LVADs

in heart disease treatment

Q & A