Micrografx Designer 7 - IRIS Poster Final

1
C a s c a d i a E a r t h q u a k e S u m m a r y S t a t i s t i c s D a t e : T B A ( l a s t e a r t h q u a k e J a n u a r y 2 6 , 1 7 0 0 ) F r e q u e n c y : 1 0 % - 1 5 % c h a n c e i n 5 0 y e a r s M a g n i t u d e : M w 8 . 5 - 9 . 0 L e n g t h o f S h a k i n g : E s t i m a t e o f 5 m i n u t e s + T y p e : S u b d u c t i o n Z o n e ( J u a n D e F u c a P l a t e > N o r t h A m e r i c a n P l a t e ) R a t e o f M o v e m e n t : ~ 4 c m / y r R u p t u r e L e n g t h : ~ 1 0 0 0 k m T s u n a m i s : O f f s h o r e t h r u s t c r e a t e s l o c a l a n d d i s t a n t S u m a t r a E a r t h q u a k e S t a t i s t i c s D a t e : 2 0 0 4 D e c e m b e r 2 6 0 0 : 5 8 : 5 3 U T C F r e q u e n c y : E v e r y f e w h u n d r e d y e a r s M a g n i t u d e : M w 9 . 0 ( o r p o s s i b l y 9 . 3 ) L e n g t h o f S h a k i n g : ~ 7 - 1 0 m i n s T y p e : S u b d u c t i o n Z o n e ( I n d i a P l a t e > B u r m a P l a t e ) R a t e o f M o v e m e n t : ~ 6 c m / y r R u p t u r e L e n g t h : ~ 1 2 0 0 k m f a u l t r u p t u r e T s u n a m i s : l o c a l ~ 3 0 m ; d i s t a n t ~ 1 1 m 2 0 0 4 S u m a t r a E a r t h q u a k e a n d T s u n a m i V e r s u s C a s c a d i a S u b d u c t i o n Z o n e M o d e l s Y u m e i W a n g a n d B i l l B u r n s , O r e g o n D e p a r t m e n t o f G e o l o g y a n d M i n e r a l I n d u s t r i e s O n D e c e m b e r 2 6 , 2 0 0 4 , a d e v a s t a t i n g e a r t h q u a k e i n i t i a t e d o f f t h e w e s t e r n c o a s t o f S u m a t r a , I n d o n e s i a , a n d p r o p a g a t e d r o u g h l y 1 2 0 0 k m t o t h e n o r t h . T h i s e a r t h q u a k e c r e a t e d s e i s m i c a n d t s u n a m i w a v e s t h a t a f f e c t e d p e o p l e w h o l i v e a r o u n d t h e e n t i r e I n d i a n O c e a n r e g i o n . T h e S u m a t r a - N i c o b a r - A n d a m a n E a r t h q u a k e ( S u m a t r a E a r t h q u a k e ) h a d a m o m e n t m a g n i t u d e o f M w 9 ( o r p o s s i b l y h i g h e r ) , m a k i n g i t o n e o f t h e l a r g e s t e a r t h q u a k e s e v e r r e c o r d e d . T h e m o s t s e v e r e d a m a g e o c c u r r e d i n l o w - l y i n g c o a s t a l r e g i o n s o f I n d o n e s i a , T h a i l a n d , S r i L a n k a a n d I n d i a . T h e t s u n a m i d e s t r o y e d m u c h o f w h a t l a y i n i t s p a t h a n d r e s u l t e d i n a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l h u m a n t r a g e d y w i t h a n e s t i m a t e d o n e - q u a r t e r m i l l i o n d e a t h s o r m o r e . T h i s p o s t e r c o m p a r e s t h e 2 0 0 4 S u m a t r a e a r t h q u a k e a n d t s u n a m i w i t h t h e C a s c a d i a S u b d u c t i o n Z o n e . C o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n p l a t e t e c t o n i c s e t t i n g s , r e c e n t e a r t h q u a k e s , p r o b a b i l i s t i c g r o u n d m o t i o n s , a n d d a m a g e a n d l o s s ( a c t u a l f o r S u m a t r a v e r s u s p r o j e c t e d f o r C a s c a d i a ) a r e p r o v i d e d . T h e r e i s a s e c t i o n o n d a m a g e p a t t e r n s n o t e d i n T h a i l a n d . I t c o n c l u d e s w i t h s o m e o f t h e l e s s o n s l e a r n e d f r o m t h e 2 0 0 4 S u m a t r a e a r t h q u a k e a n d t s u n a m i a n d f u t u r e s c i e n c e a n d p o l i c y a c t i o n s i t e m s . F i n d i n g s i n d i c a t e t h a t s t r u c t u r e s a n d l i f e l i n e s s h o u l d r e q u i r e m o d e r n e n g i n e e r i n g d e s i g n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n , i n c l u d i n g t s u n a m i - r e s i s t a n t b u i l d i n g s ( a t l e a s t f o r m o r e i m p o r t a n t s t r u c t u r e s ) , t s u n a m i e d u c a t i o n f o r c o m m u n i t i e s , a n d r e g i o n a l t s u n a m i w a r n i n g s y s t e m s . I . S u m a t r a E a r t h q u a k e V e r s u s C a s c a d i a S u b d u c t i o n Z o n e C a s c a d i a E a r t h q u a k e D a m a g e a n d L o s s e s S t a t i s t i c s F a t a l i t i e s : ~ 5 , 0 0 0 i n O r e g o n ( G l o b a l u n k n o w n ) E s t i m a t e d L o s s e s : ~ $ 1 2 b i l l i o n i n b u i l d i n g s i n O r e g o n D i s p l a c e d P o p u l a t i o n : ~ 1 7 , 0 0 0 i n O r e g o n ( G l o b a l u n k n o w n ) S u m a t r a E a r t h q u a k e D a m a g e a n d L o s s e s S t a t i s t i c s F a t a l i t i e s : ~ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 i n S u m a t r a ( ~ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 G l o b a l ) E s t i m a t e d L o s s e s : U n t o l d b i l l i o n s D i s p l a c e d P o p u l a t i o n : ~ 4 2 5 , 0 0 0 i n S u m a t r a ( ~ 1 . 1 m i l l i o n G l o b a l ) I n d i a n O c e a n S u b d u c t i o n Z o n e S e t t i n g a n d R e c e n t E a r t h q u a k e s C a s c a d i a S u b d u c t i o n Z o n e S e t t i n g a n d R e c e n t E a r t h q u a k e s P e a k G r o u n d A c c e l e r a t i o n ( % g ) w i t h a 1 0 % P r o b a b i l i t y o f E x c e e d a n c e i n 5 0 I I . D a m a g e P a t t e r n s N o t e d f r o m t h e S u m a t r a E a r t h q u a k e I I I . L e s s o n s L e a r n e d f r o m S u m a t r a E a r t h q u a k e I V . S c i e n c e a n d P o l i c y A c t i o n s N e e d e d C l a g u e , J . , A t w a t e r , B . , W a n g , K . , W a n g , Y . , W o n g , I . , 2 0 0 0 . P e n r o s e C o n f e r e n c e 2 0 0 0 : G r e a t C a s c a d i a E a r t h q u a k e T r i c e n t e n n i a l . O r e g o n D e p a r t m e n t o f G e o l o g y a n d M i n e r a l I n d u s t r i e s , S p e c i a l P a p e r 3 3 . F r a n k e l , D . , P e t e r s e n , M . , M u e l l e r , C . , H a l l e r , K . , W h e e l e r , R . , L e y e n d e c k e r , E . , W e s s o n , R . , H a r m s e n , S . , C r a m e r , C . , P e r k i n s , D . , R u k s t a l e s , K . , 2 0 0 2 . D o c u m e n t a t i o n f o r t h e 2 0 0 2 U p d a t e o f t h e N a t i o n a l S e i s m i c H a z a r d M a p s , U S G S O p e n - F i l e R e p o r t 0 2 - 4 2 0 G l o b a l S e i s m i c H a z a r d A s s e s s m e n t P r o g r a m ( G S H A P ) W e b s i t e , 2 0 0 4 . S e i s m i c H a z a r d s M a p o f G S H A P R e g i o n 1 0 , S o u t h - W e s t P a c i f i c , h t t p : / / w w w . s e i s m o . e t h z . c h / G S H A P / N A S A E a r t h O b s e r v a t o r y N a t u r a l H a z a r d s W e b s i t e , 2 0 0 4 . M o d e l e d m a x i m u m w a v e h e i g h t ( t o p ) a n d t r a v e l t i m e ( l o w e r ) f o r t h e I n d i a n O c e a n T s u n a m i o f D e c e m b e r 2 6 , 2 0 0 4 h t t p : / / e a r t h o b s e r v a t o r y . n a s a . g o v / N a t u r a l H a z a r d s / n a t u r a l _ h a z a r d s _ v 2 . p h p 3 ? i m g _ i d = 1 2 6 4 5 P a r k , J . , A n d e r s o n , K . , A s t e r , R . , B u t l e r , R . , L a y , T . , S i m p s o n , D . , 2 0 0 5 . G l o b a l S e i s m i c N e t w o r k R e c o r d s t h e G r e a t S u m a t r a - A n d a m a n E a r t h q u a k e , E O S , A m e r i c a n G e o p h y s i c a l U n i o n , V o l u m e 8 6 , N u m b e r 6 P r i e s t , G . , 2 0 0 0 . D i g i t a l r e i s s u e o f t s u n a m i h a z a r d m a p s o f c o a s t a l q u a d r a n g l e s o r i g i n a l l y m a n d a t e d b y S e n a t e B i l l 3 7 9 ( 1 9 9 5 ) , O r e g o n D e p a r t m e n t o f G e o l o g y a n d M i n e r a l I n d u s t r i e s , O p e n F i l e R e p o r t 0 - 0 0 - 0 5 . S t e i n , S . a n d O k a l , E . , 2 0 0 5 . L o n g p e r i o d s e i s m i c m o m e n t o f t h e 2 0 0 4 S u m a t r a e a r t h q u a k e a n d i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e s l i p p r o c e s s a n d t s u n a m i g e n e r a t i o n . h t t p : / / w w w . e a r t h . n o r t h w e s t e r n . e d u / p e o p l e / s e t h / r e s e a r c h / s u m a t r a 2 . h t m l U S G S E a r t h q u a k e H a z a r d s P r o g r a m W e b s i t e , 2 0 0 4 . M a g n i t u d e 9 . 0 S u m a t r a - A n d a m a n I s l a n d s E a r t h q u a k e O f f t h e W e s t C o a s t o f N o r t h e r n S u m a t r a 2 0 0 4 D e c e m b e r 2 6 0 0 : 5 8 : 5 3 U T C , h t t p : / / e a r t h q u a k e . u s g s . g o v / e q i n t h e n e w s / 2 0 0 4 / u s s l a v / t e c t s e t t i n g _ l g . g i f W a n g , Y . , 1 9 9 9 , R i s k a s s e s s m e n t a n d r i s k m a n a g e m e n t i n O r e g o n , A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r s T e c h n i c a l C o u n c i l o n L i f e l i n e E a r t h q u a k e E n g i n e e r i n g f o r t h e 5 t h U . S . C o n f e r e n c e i n S e a t t l e W a s h i n g t o n , 1 0 p p . W a n g , Y . , 2 0 0 5 . U n p u b l i s h e d s i t e p h o t o s f r o m A S C E s p o n s o r e d r e c o n n a i s s a n c e f i e l d t r i p t o T h a i l a n d . A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s : A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r s ( A S C E ) ; T e c h n i c a l C o u n c i l o n L i f e l i n e E a r t h q u a k e E n g i n e e r i n g ( T C L E E ) - G l o b a l s c a l e d i s a s t e r s a r e g e t t i n g b i g g e r a n d m o r e e x p e n s i v e - S t r o n g g r o u n d s h a k i n g f o r ~ 5 + m i n u t e s - C o s e i s m i c s u b s i d e n c e ~ 2 m - D a m a g i n g n e a r f i e l d ( l o c a l ) a n d d i s t a n t t s u n a m i s - E d u c a t i o n w a s n o t p a r t o f t h e c u l t u r e i n c o m m u n i t i e s w i t h i n t s u n a m i z o n e s - T s u n a m i d e s i g n w a s n o t i n c l u d e d i n b u i l d i n g c o d e - R e g i o n a l t s u n a m i w a r n i n g s y s t e m w a s n e e d e d - N e e d m o r e s c i e n t i f i c s t u d i e s a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e h a z a r d s , i n c l u d i n g d a m a g e a n d l o s s s t u d i e s - A p p l y t h e s c i e n c e t o p u b l i c p o l i c y s u c h a s : i n c l u d i n g t s u n a m i d e s i g n i n t h e b u i l d i n g c o d e a n d i n c o r p o r a t i n g e d u c a t i o n i n t o t h e c u l t u r e o f c o m m u n i t i e s w i t h i n t s u n a m i i n u n d a t i o n z o n e s - G o v e r n m e n t t o c o m m u n i t y l e v e l s u p p o r t o f c o m p r e h e n s i v e m i t i g a t i o n p r o g r a m s a n d m o d e r n e n g i n e e r i n g d e s i g n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n - P e r f o r m p r e - d i s a s t e r m i t i g a t i o n o f e m e r g e n c y f a c i l i t i e s , s c h o o l s , a n d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e A ) E x t e n s i v e s c o u r i n g a n d e r o s i o n f r o m t s u n a m i w a v e f o r c e s e x a c e r b a t e d b y d e b r i s l a d e n r e c e d i n g w a t e r s F o u n d a t i o n s u n d e r m i n e d b y s c o u r i n g B ) S t r u c t u r e s t h a t a l l o w w a t e r t o f l o w t h r o u g h g e n e r a l l y p e r f o r m e d b e t t e r P e a k G r o u n d A c c e l e r a t i o n ( m / s 2 ) w i t h a 1 0 % P r o b a b i l i t y o f E x c e e d a n c e i n 5 0 ~ 2 . 5 - f t h i g h r e t a i n i n g w a l l C ) P r o t e c t i o n f r o m t s u n a m i s , e v e n a s m i n i m a l a s t h i s s e a - w a l l , g e n e r a l l y h a d l e s s l a n d w a r d d a m a g e D ) L o c a l a n d d i s t a n t t s u n a m i s w e r e b o t h d e s t r u c t i v e . R u n u p h e i g h t s a n d i n u n d a t i o n d i s t a n c e s w e r e , i n p l a c e s , s u r p r i s i n g l y e x t e n s i v e H i g h w a t e r m a r k i n s i d e a w a s t e - w a t e r t r e a t m e n t p l a n t ( U S G S E a r t h q u a k e H a z a r d s P r o g r a m W e b s i t e , 2 0 0 4 ) ( G l o b a l S e i s m i c H a z a r d A s s e s s m e n t P r o g r a m W e b s i t e , 2 0 0 4 ) ( F r a n k e l , A . a n d o t h e r s , 2 0 0 2 ) ( N A S A E a r t h O b s e r v a t o r y N a t u r a l H a z a r d s W e b s i t e , 2 0 0 4 ) ( W a n g , 2 0 0 5 ) ( W a n g , 2 0 0 5 ) ( W a n g , 2 0 0 5 ) ( W a n g , 1 9 9 9 ) ( U S G S E a r t h q u a k e H a z a r d s P r o g r a m W e b s i t e , 2 0 0 4 ) T s u n a m i i n u n d a t i o n m a p a n d a e r i a l p h o t o o f N e w p o r t , O R ( P r i e s t , 2 0 0 0 ) W a t e r f l o w t h r o u g h ( W a n g , 2 0 0 5 ) C o n t r o l p a n e l s s o a k e d b y s e a w a t e r h a d t o b e r e p l a c e d M a r c h 2 0 0 5 M 8 . 7 E a r t h q u a k e ( W a n g , 2 0 0 5 ) ( W a n g , 2 0 0 5 ) ( W a n g , 2 0 0 5 ) A b s t r a c t w w w . o r e g o n g e o l o g y . c o m ( P a r k a n d O t h e r s , 2 0 0 5 , S t e i n a n d O k a l , 2 0 0 5 , a n d U S G S E a r t h q u a k e H a z a r d s P r o g r a m W e b s i t e , 2 0 0 5 ) ( C l a g u e a n d o t h e r s , 2 0 0 0 ) R e f e r e n c e s ( U S G S E a r t h q u a k e H a z a r d s P r o g r a m W e b s i t e , 2 0 0 4 )

Transcript of Micrografx Designer 7 - IRIS Poster Final

Page 1: Micrografx Designer 7 - IRIS Poster Final

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � � � � � ! " � � # " �

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � % � � & ' � � � % � � � � � (

� � � � � � ) � * + � � � & � � , & � � � � � � � � - � . � � � � / � � 0 1 & � � �� % � � � � � � / � � �

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 3 � % 4 � �

� � � � � � � � � � � 2 � � � � � � %

� � � � � � � � � 5 ' ' � � & � � � � � � � � � � � � � & � � � � � � + � + � � � �

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � � 3 � - � % * � � � � � � � 6 � ! 6 � 7 � 8 � 9

� � � � � � � � � $ : � � � ' � � � � + � + � � � � �

� � � � � � � � � � # " � � � & � � ; & � � � * � � � # " 7 �

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 � � � � � % � � �

� � � � � � ) � * + � � � & � � , & � � � < � + � � � / � � 0 � � � % � � / � � �

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 � � � % 4 � �

� � � � � � � � � � � 2 � � � � � � % � ' � � � � � � ; � �

� � � � � � � � � � & � � � � 2 7 � � % = � + � � � � � 2 � � % �

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! � " � � � � � # � $ � � � � � � % � & � � � � � ' � � � � � � � � � � � � ( � � � � � � �

5 � � - � % * � � � � � � � � � 3 � � � � + : � � � � � > � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � & ' ' � � � � � � � � & � � � & ' � ) � % � � � � � < � + & � � � � � � � � + � ; � & ; � > � + � � & � > � � � � � � � � � � % � & � � � � & � � " � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � % � � � � � + � � � � � % � � � : � � � � � � ' ' � + � ; & ; � � � & � � � : � � � & � � + � � � � � � � < � + � � � � 5 � � � � � > � & � " � � � � ) � % � � � � 1 � � & * � � �� � + � % � � � $ � � � � � � � � ) � % � � � � $ � � � � � � � � � � + � � � % & % � � % � > � � � + � & ' � � # � � & � � ; & � � � * � � � � � > � � � � � % � � � � > � � � & � � & ' � � � � � � > � � � � � � � � � � : � �� � & � + + " � � � � % & � � � : � � + � % � > � & � � � � � + � � � � � & � � � � � > � � & � � � � � � > � & � � � & ' � < � + & � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � ) � � � ? � � � � � � � + � < � + � � " � � � � � � � � % � � + � � & � + � % � � � � & ' � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ; � � � � � + � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � & � � � � � � % � � � � � > + � � � � � � � � � � % � + � & � � � � � � � % � � � � & � � + � � � � & � � % & � " � � � � � � ; & � � � � & % ; � � � � � � � � � 3 �) � % � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � % � � � � � � � 9 � � � � + � � � ) � * + � � � & � � , & � " � 9 & % ; � � � � & � � � * � � ; � � � � & � � � � � � � > � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ; � & * � * � � � � � � �> � & � � + � % & � & � � � � � � + � + � % � > � � � + � � & � � � � � � � � � � ' & � � ) � % � � � � : � � � � � ; � & @ � + � ' & � � 9 � � � � + � � � � � � � ; � & : � + + " � � � � � � � � � � � � � & � � & � � + � % � > � ; � � � � � � & + � � � �� � � � � � � + " � � < � � & � � � � + � � � � � � & % � & ' � � � � � � & � � � � � � � + � ' � & % � � � � � � 3 � ) � % � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � % � � � � + � ' � � � � � � � � � � � � + � ; & � � � � � � � � & � � � � % � " �. � � + � � > � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � ' � � � � � � � & � � + � � � � � � % & + � � � � > � � � � � > � + � � > � � � � + � � & � � � � � � & � � � � � � � � + � � > � � � � � % � � � � � � � � � * � � � + � � > � � � � � � � � �' & � � % & � � � % ; & � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � % � � + � � � � & � � ' & � � � & % % � � � � � � � � � + � � > � & � � � � � � � � % � � � � � � � > � � � � % � "

( ) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � � � 2 � � � � � � � � � 5 � > & � � � A � & * � � � � � � � & � �

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 B � � � * � � � � & � � � � � * � � � + � � > � � � � � 5 � > & �

� � � � � � � � � ! � � � � � � � � 2 � � � � � � � � � � 5 � > & � � � A � & * � � �� � � � & � �

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � � � 2 � � � � � � � � � � � ) � % � � � � � 2 7 � � � � � � � A � & * � � �

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 � & � + � * � � � � & � �

� � � � � � � � � ! � � � � � � � � 2 3 � � � � � � � � � � ) � % � � � � � 2 � " � �% � � � � & � � A � & * � � �

< � + � � � � 5 � � � � ) � * + � � � & � � , & � � ) � � > �� � + � C � � � $ � � � � � � �

9 � � � � + � � � ) � * + � � � & � � , & � � ) � � > �� � + � C � � � $ � � � � � � �

/ � � � A � & � � + � � � � � � � � & � � � � > � � � � � � �� � � � / � & * � * � � � � � & ' � $ D � + � � � � � � � � � �

( ( ) � # � � � � � � * � � � � � + � � � � % � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

( ( ( ) � , � � � � � � � , � � � � � � % � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

( � ) � � � � � � � � � � � � � * � � � � ' � - � � � � � � + � � � � �

9 � � > � � � � " � � � � � � � � " � � E � � > � � F " � � E � � > � � G " � � E & � > � � < " � � � � � � " � � / � � & � � 9 & � ' � � � � � � � � 6 � A � � � 9 � � � � + � � � $ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � " � 5 � > & � � - ; � � % � � & ' � A & � & > � � � � + � � � � � � � � < � + � � � � � � � ) ; � � � � � / � ; � � 7 7 ". � � � � � � � - " � � / � � � � � � " � � � � � � � � � 9 " � � H � � � � � � F " � � E � � � � � C " � � ? � � + � � � � � $ " � � E � � & � � � C " � � H � � % � � � � ) " � � 9 � � % � � � 9 " � � / � � � � � � � - " � � C � � � � � � � � F " � � � � � � " � - & � � % � � � & � � ' & � � � � � � � � � 8 ; + � � & ' � � � 1 � � & � � � � ) � � % � � � H � I � � + � � � ; � � � 8 ) A ) � 5 ; � � . � � � C ; & � � � � � 3 � �A � & * � � � ) � � % � � � H � I � � + � � � � � � % � � / � & > � � % � � A ) H � / � � E * � � � � � � � 3 " � ) � � % � � � H � I � � + � � � � ; � & ' � A ) H � / � C > � & � � � � � � ) & � � � E � � / � � � ' � � � � � ; 6 4 4 " � � � % & " � I " � � 4 � A ) H � / 41 � ) � � $ � � � � 5 * � � : � & � � � 1 � � � � � � H � I � � + � � E * � � � � � � � 3 " � � & + � + � % � D � % � % � � : � � � > � � � & ; � � � � + � � � : � � � % � � � & � � � ' & � � � � < � + � � � � 5 � � � � � � � � � % � � & ' � - � % * � � � � � � � � � 3 � � ; 6 4 4 � � � & * � � : � & � � " � � � � " > & : 4 1 � � � � � H � I � � + � � 4 � � � � � � J � � I � � + � J : � " ; � ; 7 K � % > J � + L � � � 3 �/ � � � � � � " � � � � + � � & � � � F " � � � � � � � C " � � � � � � � � C " � � ? � � � � � " � � ) � % ; � & � � � - " � � � � � � " � A � & * � � � ) � � % � � � 1 & � � � C � & � + � � � � A � � � ) � % � � � � � � + � % � � � $ � � � � � � � � $ 5 ) � � � % � � � � � � A & ; � � � � � � � � 8 � � & � � � M & � � % � ! � � � 1 � % * � � �/ � � � � � A " � � � � � � " � - � > � � � � � � � � � � & ' � � � � � % � � � � I � � + � % � ; � � & ' � � & � � � � � � � + � � � > � � � & � � > � � � � � � � % � � + � + � * � � ) � � � � � � � � 7 � # � � � # # � � � � 5 � > & � � - ; � � % � � & ' � A & � & > � � � � + � � � � � � � � < � + � � � � � � � 5 ; � � . � � � C ; & � � � � � � � � � ") � � � � ) " � � � + � 5 � � � � � $ " � � � � � � " � � ? & � > � ; � � & + � � � � % � � � % & % � � & ' � � � � � � 3 � ) � % � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � % ; � � � � � & � � � ' & � � � � � � � ; � ; � & � � � � � � + � � � � � % � � > � � � � & � " � � ; 6 4 4 " � � � " � & � � � � � " + � 4 ; & ; � 4 � � 4 � � � � � � 4 � � % � � � � " � % �8 ) A ) � $ � � � � � � � H � I � � + � � / � & > � � % � E * � � � � � � � 3 " � � � > � � � + � # " � � � ) � % � � � � � � + � % � � � < � � � � + � � $ � � � � � � � 5 ' ' � � � E � � 9 & � � � & ' � 1 & � � � � � ) � % � � � � � � � 3 � - � % * � � � � � � � 6 � ! 6 � 7 � 8 � 9 � � � ; 6 4 4 � � � � � � " � � > � " > & : 4 � � � � � 4 � � � 3 4 � � � � � : � 4 � � � � > J � > " > � 'E � � > � � G " � � � # # # � � C � � � � � � � � � % � � � � + � � � � � � % � � � > % � � � � � 5 � > & � � � � % � � � � � � ) & � � � � & ' � 9 � : � � � $ � > � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 9 & � � � � � � & � � ? � ' � � � � $ � � � � � � � $ � > � � � � � > � ' & � � � � � � � 8 " ) " � 9 & � ' � � � � � � � ) � � � E � � � � � > & � � � � � � ; ; "E � � > � G " � � � � � � " � 8 � ; � * � � � � + � � � � ; � & & � � ' � & % � � ) 9 $ � � ; & � � & � + � � � & � � � � � � � � � � ' � � + � � � ; � & � � � � � � � � + "

� � � � & � + > % � � 6 � � � % � � � � � � ) & � � � � & ' � 9 � : � � � $ � > � � � � � � � ) 9 $ � = � � � � � � � � � � 9 & � � � � � � & � � ? � ' � � � � $ � � � � � � � $ � > � � � � � > � � � 9 ? $ $ �

� � A � & * � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � > � � > � * � > > � � � � + � % & � � D ; � � � : � � ) � & � > � > � & � � + � � � � � � � > � ' & � � 2 � ( � % � � � �� � 9 & � � � % � � � � � * � � + � � � 2 � � %� � - � % � > � � > � � � � � ' � � + � � � & � � � � � � � + � + � � � � � � � � � % � �� � $ + � � � � & � � � � � � & � ; � � � & ' � � � � � � � � � � � � � & % % � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � % � � I & � �� � � � � � � % � � + � � > � � � � � � & � � � � � � + + � � � � * � � � + � � > � � & + � � C > � & � � � � � � � � % � � � � � � � > � � � � % � � � � � + +

� � 1 + � % & � � � � � � � ' � � � � � + � � � � � + � � � + � � � � + � � > � & ' � � � � � I � � + � � � � � � � � + � � >� + � % � > � � � + � � & � � � � � + � �� � � ; ; � � � � � � � � � � � & � ; � * � � � � ; & � � � � � � � � � � � � 6 � � � � � � + � � > � � � � � % � � + � � > � � � � � � � * � � � + � � > � � & + � � � + � � � � & � ; & � � � � > � + � � � � & � � � � & � � � � � � � � � & ' � � & % % � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � % � � � � � � + � � & � � I & � �� � A & : � � % � � & � � & % % � � � � � � : � � � � ; ; & � � & ' � � & % ; � � � � � : � % � � > � � & �� ; � & > � � % � � � � + � % & + � � � � > � � � � � > � + � � > � � � � + � � & � � � � � � & �� � / � ' & � % � ; � � + � � � � � � % � � > � � & � � & ' � % � > � � � � ' � � � � � � � � � � � � & & � � � � � � +� � � ' � � � � � � � �

� � � $ D � � � : � � � & � � � � > � � � + � � & � � & � � ' � & % � � � � � % � � � : �' & � � � � D � � � * � + � * � � + * � � � � � � + � � � � + � � > � � � �

. & � � + � � & � � � � � + � % � � +� * � � � � & � � � � >

� � � ) � � � � � � � � � � � � � & � � � � & � ' � & � � � & � > � �> � � � � � � � ; � ' & � % + � * �

/ � � � A � & � � + � � � � � � � � & � � � % 4 � � � � � � � � �� � � � / � & * � * � � � � � & ' � $ D � + � � � � � � � � � �

2 � " � � ' � � � > � �� � � � � � > � � � �

9 � � / � & � � & � � ' � & % � � � � � % � � � � : � � � � � % � � � % � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � > � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � + � � + � + � % � > �

- � � ? & � � � � � � + � + � � � � � � � � � % � � � � � * & � � + � � � � � : " � � C � � � � ; � � � > � � �� � + � � � � � + � � & � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � ; � � � � � � � � � ; � � � � � > � � � D � � � :

H � > � � � �% � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � % � � ; � � �

� 8 ) A ) � $ � � � � � � � H � I � � + � � / � & > � � % � E * � � � � � � � 3 �

� A � & * � � � ) � � % � � � H � I � � + � � � � � � % � � / � & > � � % � E * � � � � � � � 3 �

� . � � � � � � � � " � � � + � & � � � � � � � � � �

� 1 � ) � � $ � � � � 5 * � � : � & � � � 1 � � � � � � H � I � � + � � E * � � � � � � � 3 �

� E � � > � � � � � � �

� E � � > � � � � � � �� E � � > � � � � � � �

� E � � > � � � # # # �� 8 ) A ) � $ � � � � � � � H � I � � + � � / � & > � � % � E * � � � � � � � 3 �

� � � � � % � � � � � � + � � & � � % � ; � � � + �� � � � � � ; � & & � & ' � 1 ; & � � � 5 C

� / � � � � � � � � � �

E � � � ' � & � � & � > �

� E � � > � � � � � � �

9 & � � & � � ; � � � � � � & � � +* � � � � � � � � � � +

& � * � � ; � � � +

� � � � � �� � � � � � ! " �$ � � � � � �

� E � � > � � � � � � �

� E � � > � � � � � � �� E � � > � � � � � � �

- � � � �

. . . ) � � � � � � � � � � � ' ) � � �

� / � � � � � � + � 5 � � � � � � � � � � � ) � � � � � + � 5 � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � 8 ) A ) � $ � � � � � � � H � I � � + � � / � & > � � % � E * � � � � � � � � �

� 9 � � > � � � � + � & � � � � � � � � � �

/ � % � � � � � �

� 8 ) A ) � $ � � � � � � � H � I � � + � � / � & > � � % � E * � � � � � � � 3 �