Microfilmed Newspapers: Selection for Digitization Success
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Microfilmed Newspapers: Selection for Digitization Success
ALA June 25, 2006
OCLC Preservation Service Centers
OCLC Preservation Service Centers
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Microfilmed Newspapers: Selection for Digitization Success
Kelly Barrall
OCLC
Brenda Bailey-Hainer
Colorado State Library
Henry Snyder
California Newspaper
Project
ALA June 25, 2006
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Microfilmed Newspapers: Selection for Digitization Success
Kelly Barrall,
Manager Quality Assurance
Joan DaShiell
Sr. Digital Project Manager
OCLC Preservation Service Centers
ALA June 25, 2006
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Selecting Microfilm for a Digital Imaging Project
Microfilm Format
Film Generation
Determining Film Base & Polarity
Evaluating Technical Criteria
Microfilm To Digital – Tips For Success!
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Selecting Microfilm for a Digital Imaging Project
1ST Step Determine format of microfilm available
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Microfilm Format Determination
35 mm Preservation microfilm
Larger frames/smaller reduction
Negative or positive
Acetate ?
Diazo/Vesicular
16mm/105mm
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Microfilmed Newspapers: Selection for Digitization Success
2nd step Determine generation of microfilm
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Microfilm Generation Determination
Archival Master Camera film
1st generation
Negative
Acetate ?
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Microfilm Generation Determination
Print Master Duplicate copy
2nd generation
Negative
Acetate ?
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Microfilm Generation Determination
Service Copy Duplicate copy
3rd generation
Positive
Heavily used
Acetate ?
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Microfilmed Newspapers: Selection for Digitization Success
3rd step Determine base and polarity of microfilm
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Acetate or Polyester Base?
What’s better for digitization?
Microfilm Base Determination
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Acetate
Deteriorating
Warped
Brittle
Curled
Microfilm Base Determination
Dirty
Scratched
Unstable
Easy to tear
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Steps to determine if your film is acetate
Hold a woundreel of film up to the light: If opaque (light will not pass through it) the film is most likely acetate
Unwind several inches of film: acetate film tends to curl across the width of the film
Acetic Acid is vinegar. Acetate film that is deteriorating most likely will have a vinegar odor present.
VIEW CURL SMELL
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Polyester
Preservation
Stable
Durable
Microfilm Base Determination
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Negative or Positive Polarity?
What’s better for digitization?
Microfilm Polarity Determination
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Positive
Usually 3rd generation
Lower resolution
More scratched
Microfilm Format Determination
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Line that separates columns
Heavyscratches
Example: Heavily scratched positive microfilm
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Negative
Usually less noise
Better contrast for text and optical character recognition (OCR)
Microfilm Format Determination
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OCLC Online Computer Library CenterExample: digitized from negative microfilm
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Microfilmed Newspapers: Selection for Digitization Success
4th step Evaluate technical criteria
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Microfilm Technical criteria
Reduction ratio Newspapers filmed at 20:1
or lower are optimal
Newspapers filmed at a higher resolution could contain small text that is not legible
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Microfilm Technical Criteria
Resolution Focus achieved at the time of capture,
measured with a 100X microscope
Poor resolution = fuzzy text = poor OCR
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Microfilm Technical Criteria
Density Range Film created to meet preservation guidelinesFilm created to meet preservation guidelines
Film too light or too dark = poor OCRFilm too light or too dark = poor OCR
Film with uneven lighting = poor OCRFilm with uneven lighting = poor OCR
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Example: Uneven lighting – lost text
Lost text
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Review Steps 1 - 4
Microfilm Format—35mm
Microfilm Generation—archival, print master, service copy
Microfilm Base & Polarity—acetate vs. polyester; negative vs. positive
Microfilm Technical Criteria—reduction, resolution & density
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Tips for a successful microfilm to digital project
Know your microfilm Quantity
Quality
Contents
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Tips for a successful microfilm to digital project
Quantity Frame count = 1up/2up
Targets
ISE intentional second exposures
Duplicates
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Tips for a successful microfilm to digital project
Quality Poor original
Poor filming
Poor condition of the film
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Tips for a successful microfilm to digital project
Contents Newspaper format
Size of the paper, including supplements and full page spreads
Was it filmed bound?
Title changes, should it be treated as one?
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Review tips for success!
Quantity – how many images do you really have
Quality – poor quality film = poor quality images
Contents – bound newspapers and title changes
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Microfilmed Newspapers: Selection for Digitization Success
Microfilm to digital
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Digitization and imaging options
Duplicate to polyester
Image enhancement
Dynamic threshold adjustment
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OCLC Online Computer Library Center
Questions?
Kelly Barrall/Joan DaShiell1-800-773 7222