APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTALMICROBIOLOGY

VOLUME 41 0 NUMBER 1 0 JANUARY 1981

EDITORIAL BOARDJames M. Tiedje, Editor-in-Chief (1985)Michigan State University, East Lansing

Robert T. Belly, Editor (1984)Eastman Kodak Company

Rochester, N. Y.R. H. Deibel, Editor (1981)

University of Wisconsin, Madison

A. L. Demain, Editor (1981)Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

Martin S. Favero, Editor (1985)Centerfor Disease Control,

Phoenix, Ariz.

Robert B. Hespe, Editor (1985)University of Illinois, Urbana

Ronald Atlas (1983)Richard Bartha (1982)Barry L. Batzing (1983)Joan W. Bennett(1981)Merlin BergdoO (1981)Jean-Marc BoUag (1983)Charles Boyien (1982)John A. Breznak (1983)Lee A. Bulla, Jr. (1983)Victor Cabeli (1982)Douglas E. Caldwel (1983)Paul E. Came (1982)Tom D. Y. Chin (1983)Richard T. J. Clarke (1981)Michael A. Cole (1982)Richard A. Consigli (1982)Ronald L. Crawford (1983)Frank Dazzo (1982)Burk A. Dehority (1983)Steven W. Drew (1981)Richard Elander (1982)Douglas Eveleigh (1982)Samuel R. Farrah (1983)Carl B. Fliermans (1981)Heinz G. Floss (1983)Dennis Focht (1982)Edwin E. Geldreich (1982)Charles Gerba (1982)Richard E. Goldstrand (1982)

Reinaldo F. Gomez (1982)C. P. Leslie Grady, Jr. (1982)Charles Hagedorn III (1982)George Hegeman (1983)Bruce Hamilton (1981)Paul A. Hartman (1983)Melvin T. Hatch (1981)John C. Hoff (1982)David H. Hubbel (1981)John J. landolo (1983)John Johnson (1982)David M. Karl (1982)Edward Katz (1982)Roger Knowles (1982)Linda L. Lasure (1983)Paul Lemke (1982)Carol Litchfield (1983)Allen J. Markovetz (1983)Prakash Masurekar (1982)Gordon A. McFeters (1981)Larry L. McKay (1983)Terry L. Miller (1982)Thomas Montville (1983)Richard Morita (1982)Claude H. Nash (1981)Betty H. Olson (1982)Ronald Oremiand (1982)Frederick C. Pearson (1982)

W. 0. Pipes (1981)Hap Pritchard (1982)Donald J. Reasoner (1982)C. A. Reddy (1982)Douglas Ribbons (1982)Antonio H. Romano (1983)John P. Rosazza (1982)Harry Rosenberg (1982)Abigail A. Salyers (1983)Dwayne Savage (1982)Robert D. Schwartz (1982)Oldrich K. Sebek (1983)Surendra N. Sehgel (1983)John McN. Skeburth (1981)David C. Stemnberg (1983)Hiroshi Suglyama (1981)Anne 0. Summers (1982)Jon H. Tuttle (1983)Claude Vezina (1982)Edward Voss (1981)D. I. C. Wang (1981)David M. Ward (1983)David White (1982)R. P. Williams (1981)Meyer J. Wolin (1982)William Yotis (1982)Stanley A. Zahler (1982)Alexander Zehnder (1982)

Gisefla Poflock, Acting Managing EditorCheryl Cross, Production Editor

1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006

Albert Balows, President (1980-1981)J. Mebsen Joseph, Secretary

Applied and Environmental Microbiology (ISSN 0099-2240), apublication of the American Society for Microbiology, 1913 I St.,NW, Washington, DC 20006, is devoted to the advancement anddissemination of applied knowledge as well as ecological knowl-edge, both applied and fundamental, concerning microorganisms.Instructions to Authors are published in the January issue eachyear; reprints are available from the Editors and the PublicationsOffice. Applied and Environmental Microbiology is publishedmonthly, two volumes per year. The nonmember subscriptionprice is $90 per year. The member subscription price is $23 peryear. Single copies are $9. Correspondence relating to subscrip-tions, nonreceipt ofjournals. reprints, defective copies, availabil-ity of back issues, and lost or late proofs should be directed tothe ASM Publications Office, 1913 1 St., NW, Washington, DC20006 (area 202-833-9680).

a *: {fX;MstAY wM, '4

EX OFFICIOFrederick C. Neidhardt, President-Elect (1980-1981)

Brinton M. Miler, Treasurer

Second-class postage paid at Washington, DC 20006, and atadditional mailing offices.Made in the United States of America.Copyright i) 1981. American Society for Microbiology.All Rights Reserved.

The code at the top of the first page of an article in this journalindicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the articlemay be made for personal use, or for personal use of specificclients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that thecopier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clear-ance Center, Inc., P.O. Box 765, Schenectady, New York 12301,for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 ofthe U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to otherkinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, foradvertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collectiveworks, or for resale.

Author IndexAlexander, Martin, 229

Baldwin, William W., 325Barnes, William G., 233Beckwith, Cheryl A., 139Bellamy, A. R., 255Bitton, G., 93Buthala, D. A., 246

Cajipe, G. J. B., 155Camp, Bennie J., 212Carlson, James R., 71Caron, David A., 268Cesario, Thomas, 327Chang, L. T., 93Chang, Miau-Chan, 229Cheng, K.-J., 298Cherry, W. B., 9Chibata, Ichiro, 159Clifford, K., 93Cliver, Dean O., 318Cogan, Timothy M., 1Coleman, R. N., 298Colwell, Rita R., 35Cooney, C. L., 148Cooper, David G., 117Corlett, D. A., Jr., 321Costerton, J. W., 298Croxson, M. C., 255

Damare, John M., 35Davey, G. P., 84Davis, R. E., 329Desrochers, M., 222Dewar, Norman E., 233Diem, H. G., 306Dommergues, Y., 306Dommergues, Y. R., 97Dreyfus, B. L., 97Dufrenne, J., 179Dutka, B. J., 107

Echols, Linda C., 334Ellis, John J., 323El-Shaarawi, A. H., 107Epifanio, E. C., 155Esterby, S. R., 107Evans, T. M., 130

Fairshter, Ronald, 327Farrah, S. R., 93Fay, J. P., 298Fliermans, C. B., 9Furuse, K., 164

Gauthier, D., 306Gerba, Charles P., 207Gill, C. O., 90Goldberg, I., 148Goldman, Joel C., 60Grace, Richard D., 233Graham, Stephen J., 60

Granai, Cornelius, III, 190

Haahtela, Kielo, 203Hada, Howard S., 199Hagler, Allen N., 173Halder, Clive A., 212Hall, Thomas A., 196Hanel, Everett, Jr., 196Hashimoto, A. G., 29Hejkal, Thomas W., 207Herbes, Stephen E., 20Hickey, C. S., 124Hijnen, W. A. M., 216Hodges, Glenn R., 233Hospers, G. T., 169Huang, Tan-Chi, 229Hughes, Denise, 309Hussong, David, 35

Irving, Louise G., 51

Jarvis, Audrey W., 77Jarvis, Brion D. W., 77Jeffrey, M. B., 321Jensen, Nancy, 309Johnson, M. G., 124Jurasek, L., 222Juttner, Friedrich, 100

Kato, Nobuo, 261Khazaeli, M. B., 46Klug, M. J., 246Kostenbader, Kenneth D., Jr.,

318

Labbe, Ronald G., 315Landay, Marshall E., 325Landry, Edward F., 139Laserna, E. C., 155LeChevallier, M. W., 130

Macdonald, Colin R., 117Maier, Vincent P., 334Matsumoto, Hideki, 312Means, E. G., 288Melerick, Dervla, 1Mendonga-Hagler, Leda C., 173Milligan, L. P., 298Mitra, R. S., 46Morrison, John, 327

Nabe, Koichi, 159Niven, C. F., Jr., 321Norman, Shirley M., 334Notermans, S., 179

O'Dowd, Mary, 1Ohta, Shin, 312Olson, B. H., 274, 288Oosterom, J., 179

Orrison, L. H., 9Osawa, S., 164

Paice, M. G., 222Parrott, John R., Jr., 237Penney, N., 90Peterson, Ellena, 327Pope, D. H., 9

Richardson, B. C., 84Ridgway, H. F., 274, 288Rohwedder, William K., 323

Sakazawa, Chikahiro, 261Sansone, Eric B., 196Seidler, Ramon J., 130Shimao, Masayuki, 261Shirey, William N., 196Shumate, Starling E., II, 237Sieburth, John M., 268Sizemore, Ronald K., 199Sjogren, Robert E., 190Skujiis, J., 203Sloger, Charles, 184Smith, Felicity A., 51Smith, S. J., 9Strandberg, Gerald W., 237Sundman, Veronica, 203

Taber, Ruth A., 212Tamasi, G6za, 311Taniguchi, Yoshifumi, 261Terawaki, Yoshiro, 312Thomas, McHarrell Z., 139Timms, P., 17Tison, D. L., 9Tseng, Ming, 325Turnbull, P. C. B., 169

Ujimaru, Toshihiko, 159Ulrich, R. G., 246Uyenco, F., 155

van Berkum, Peter, 184van der Kooij, D., 216van Oppenraay, A.B.W.G., 169Varel, V. H., 29Vaughn, James M., 139Veroy, R. L., 155Vesonder, Ronald F., 323

Waarvick, C. E., 130Wartiovaara, Tuula, 203Watanabe, I., 164Wauters, A. M., 90Weiner, Ronald M., 35Willemse-Collinet, M. F., 169

Yamada, Shigeki, 159Yokoyama, Melvin T., 71

Zajic, James E., 117

APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 1981

APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

Instructions to Authors

HOW TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPTSSubmit manuscripts directly to the ASM Pub-

lications Office, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC20006. The manuscript should be accompaniedby a covering letter stating the following: thejournal to which the manuscript is being sub-mitted; the most appropriate section of the jour-nal; the address and telephone number of thecorresponding author; and the former manu-

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clear, clean copies. Type every portion of themanuscript double-space, including figure leg-ends, table footnotes, and Literature Cited, andnumber all pages in sequence, including the ab-stract, tables, and figure legends. The use ofpaper with number lines is recommended. Sub-mit figures as glossy or mat-finish photographs.(See p. iv for detailed instructions.)Authors who are unsure of proper English

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applied research as well as both applied andbasic ecological research on bacteria and othermicroorganisms, including fungi, protozoa, andother simple eucaryotic organisms. Topics thatare considered include microbiology in relation-

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covering various aspects of the field of microbi-ology. Each journal has a prescribed scope whichmust be considered in determining the mostappropriate journal for each manuscript. If agiven manuscript is appropriate for more thanone ASM journal, the author's wishes will begiven primary consideration. However, the Edi-tors reserve the option of transferring a manu-script to another ASM journal when it is appar-ent that the manuscript falls within the provinceof that journal.Some of the guidelines determining transfer

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the use of antimicrobial or anticancer agents astools for elucidating aspects of applied and en-vironmental microbiology. Other papers dealingwith antimicrobial or anticancer agents, includ-ing manuscripts dealing with the biosynthesisand metabolism of such agents, are more appro-priate for Antimicrobial Agents and Chemo-therapy.

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(iii) Manuscripts dealing with the immunesystem or with topics of basic medical interestare more appropriate for Infection and Immu-nity. Reports of clinical investigations and envi-ronmental microbiology applied to hospitalsshould be submitted to the Journal of ClinicalMicrobiology.

(iv) Papers that include mainly taxonomicmaterial (e.g., descriptions of new taxa) shouldbe submitted to the International Journal ofSystematic Bacteriology, which is published byASM for the International Union of Microbio-logical Societies.

If you have questions about these guidelines,please contact the Editor-in-Chief of the journalyou are considering or the ASM PublicationsOffice before submitting your manuscript.Editorial StyleThe editorial style of ASM journals follows

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

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The Review ProcessAll manuscripts are subjected to critical re-

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Regular PapersRegular full-length papers should include the

elements described in this section.

Title. Each manuscript should present theresults of an independent, cohesive study; thus,numbered series titles are not permitted. Exer-cise care in composing a title. Avoid the main-title/subtitle arrangement. On the title page,include: title, running title (not to exceed 46characters and spaces), full name (including firstname and middle initial) of each author, ad-dress(es) of the institution(s) at which the workwas performed, and each author's affiliation ora footnote indicating the present address of anyauthor no longer at the institution where thework was performed. Place an asterisk after thename of the author to whom inquiries regardingthe paper should be directed, and give thatauthor's telephone number.

Abstract. Limit the abstract to 250 words orless. Summarize the basic content of the paper.Avoid abbreviations, diagrams, and references.When it is essential to include a reference, usethe full literature citation but omit the articletitle. Because the abstract will be publishedseparately by abstracting services, it must becomplete and understandable without referenceto the text.

Introduction. The introduction should sup-ply sufficient background information to allowthe reader to understand and evaluate the re-sults of the present study without needing torefer to previous publications on the topic. Theintroduction should also provide the rationalefor the present study. Use only those referencesrequired to provide the most salient backgroundrather than an exhaustive review of the topic.

Materials and Methods. The methods sec-tion should include sufficient technical infor-mation so that a competent worker could repeatthe experiments that are described. For com-monly used materials and methods (e.g., com-monly used media, protein determinations), asimple reference is sufficient. If several alterna-tive methodologies are commonly employed, itis useful to identify the method briefly as well asto cite the reference. For example, it is preferableto state "cells were broken by ultrasonic treat-

. .

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

ment as previously described (9)" rather thanstating "cells were broken as previously de-scribed (9)." You should allow the reader toassess the methodology without constant refer-ence to previous publications. Describe newmethods completely, and give sources ofunusualchemicals, equipment, or microbial strains.When large numbers of microbial strains or mu-tants are used in a study, include strain tablesidentifying the sources and properties of thestrains, mutants, bacteriophages, plasmids, etc.A method, strain, etc., used in only one of

several experiments reported in the paper shouldbe described in the Results section or, if briefenough, may be included in a table footnote orfigure legend.

Results. In the Results section, include onlythe results of the experiments; reserve extensiveinterpretation of the results for the Discussionsection. Present the results in as concise a formas possible, using tables or graphs to presentrepetitive data. However, avoid extensive use ofgraphs to present data that might be more con-cisely presented in the text or tables. For exam-ple, except in unusual cases, double-reciprocalplots used to determine apparent Km valuesshould not be presented as graphs; instead, thevalues should be stated in the text. Similarly,graphs illustrating other methods commonlyused to derive kinetic or physical constants (e.g.,reduced viscosity plots, plots used to determinesedimentation velocity) need not be shown ex-cept in unusual circumstances. Limit photo-graphs (particularly photomicrographs and elec-tron micrographs) to those that are absolutelynecessary to demonstrate the experimental find-ings. Number figures and tables in the order inwhich they are cited in the text, and be sure tocite all figures and tables.

Discussion. The Discussion should providean interpretation of the results in relation topreviously published work and to the experi-mental system at hand and should not containextensive repetition of the Results section orreiteration of the introduction. In short papers,the Results and Discussion sections may be com-bined.

Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments forfinancial assistance and for personal assistanceare given in two separate paragraphs. The usualformat for acknowledgment of grant support isas follows: "This work was supported by PublicHealth Service grant CA-01234 from the Na-tional Cancer Institute."

literature Cited. Arrange the LiteratureCited section in alphabetical order, by first au-thor, and number consecutively. (Abbreviate

journal names according to the BibliographicGuide for Editors & Authors, American Chem-ical Society, 1974, or Serial Sources for theBIOSIS Data Base, BioSciences InformationService, 1981.) Cite each listed reference bynumber in the text.The following types of references are not valid

for listing: unpublished data, personal commu-nications, manuscripts in preparation, manu-scripts submitted, "in press" references, pam-phlets, abstracts, patents, and theses. Referencesto such sources should be made parentheticallyin the text. An "in press" reference to an ASMpublication should state the control number(e.g., AEM 576) or the name of the publication,if it is a book.

Follow the styles shown in the examples be-low.1. Armstrong, J. E., and J. A. Calder. 1978. In-

hibition of light-induced pH increase and 02evolution of marine microalgae by water-solu-ble components of crude and refined oils. Appl.Environ. Microbiol. 35:858-862.

2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, andR. E. Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirementsfor enzyme inhibition by endotoxin in mice, p.321-325. In D. Schlessinger (ed.), Microbiol-ogy-1977. American Society for Microbiology,Washington, D.C.

3. Finegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H.Spaulding. 1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaer-obic bacteriology. Coordinating ed., W. E. Shep-herd. American Society for Microbiology,Washington, D.C.

4. Gill, T. J., m. 1976. Principles of radioimmunoas-say, p. 169-171. In N. R. Rose and H. Friedman(ed.), Manual of clinical immunology. AmericanSociety for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

5. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagalesnomen novum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N.E. Gibbons (ed.), Bergey's manual of determi-native bacteriology, 8th ed. The Williams &Wilkins Co., Baltimore.

6. Sacks, L. E. 1972. Influence of intra- and extra-cellular cations on the germination of bacterialspores, p. 437-442. In H. 0. Halvorson, R. Han-son, and L. L. Campbell (ed.), Spores V. Amer-ican Society for Microbiology, Washington,D.C.

Parenthetical references in the text should becited as follows:... and protects the organisms against oxygentoxicity (H. P. Misra and I. Fridovich, Fed. Proc.35:1686, 1976).... system was used (W. E. Scowcroft, A. H.Gibson, and J. D. Pagan, Biochem. Biophys.Res. Commun., in press).... in linkage group XIV.(R. D. Smyth, Ph.D.thesis, University of California, Los Angeles,1972).... in poly mitochondria (S. E. Mainzer and C.W. Slayman, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Mi-crobiol. 1976, K15, p. 139).

. .

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

NotesSubmit Notes in the same way as full-length

papers. They receive the same review, and theyare not published more rapidly than full-lengthpapers nor are they considered preliminary com-munications. The Note format is intended forthe presentation of brief observations that donot warrant full-length papers.Each Note must have an abstract of no more

than 50 words. Do not use section headings in

the body of the Note; report methods, results,and discussion in a single section. The text is notto exceed 1,000 words, and the number of figuresand tables should be kept to a minimum. Presentacknowledgments as in full-length papers, butdo not use a heading. The Literature Cited sec-

tion is identical to that of full-length papers.

ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLESPhotographsWhen submitting electron micrographs, pho-

tographs of polyacrylamide gels, etc., keep inmind the journal page size: 6.5 cm for a singlecolumn and 14 cm for a double column (maxi-mum). Include only the significant portion ofthe illustration. They must be of sufficient con-

trast to withstand the inevitable loss of contrastand detail inherent in the printing process. In-dicate with a scale marker on the electron mi-crograph the magnification of each photomicro-graph.

Color photographs are discouraged. However,if they are necessary, include three copies so

that a cost estimate for printing may be ob-tained. The cost of printing color photographsmust be borne by the author.Line DrawingsSubmit graphs, charts, diagrams, and other

line drawings as photographs made from fin-ished drawings not requiring additional artworkor typesetting. No part of the graph or drawingshould be typewritten. Use a lettering set or

other professional quality device for all labeling.Most graphs will be reduced to one-columnwidth (6.5 cm), and all elements in the drawingshould be prepared to withstand this reduction.Avoid very heavy letters, which tend to close upwhen reduced, and unusual symbols, which theprinter may not be able to reproduce in thelegend. Symbols and lettering should be of ap-propriate size; do not use large letters and smallsymbols or vice versa. Direct readouts from com-puters, recorders, etc., are not usually accepta-ble; such materials should be redrawn.

In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as wellas table column headings), avoid ambiguous useof numbers with exponents. Usually, it is pref-erable to use the International System of Units(p for 10-6, m for 103, k for 103, M for 106, etc.).A complete listing of SI symbols can be found in

the International Union of Pure and AppliedChemistry (IUPAC) "Manual of Symbols andTerminology for Physicochemical Quantitiesand Units" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970).Thus, a representation of 20,000 dpm on a figureordinate is to be made by the number 20, accom-panied by the label kdpm.When powers of 10 must be employed, the

editorial style of the journal follows the CBEStyle Manual recommendation, which differsfrom the conventions used by several other jour-nals. The CBE Style Manual suggests that theexponent power be associated with the numbershown. In representing 2 x 107 cells per ml, thecorrect designation would be 2, labeled as 107cells per ml, not cells per ml x 10-7. Likewise, anenzyme activity of 0.06 U/ml would be shown as6, accompanied by the label 10-2 U/ml. Thepreferred designation would be 60 mU/ml (milli-units per ml).Figure LegendsType figure legends on a page separate from

the illustrations. Provide enough information sothat the figure is understandable without fre-quent reference to the text. However, do notrepeat experimental methods in the legend. De-fine all symbols and abbreviations used in thefigure. Common abbreviations and others usedfrequently in preceding text need not be rede-fined in the legend.TablesType each table on a separate page. Arrange

the data so that columns of like material readdown, not across. The headings should be suffi-ciently clear so that the meaning of the data willbe understandable without reference to the text.See the "Abbreviations" section of these instruc-tions for those that may be used in tables. Ex-planatory footnotes are acceptable, but moreextensive table "legends" are not. Footnotesshould not include detailed descriptions of theexperiment. A well-constructed table is shownbelow.TABLE 1. Distribution ofprotein and ATPase in

fractions of dialyzed membranes'ATPase

Membranes Fatofrom Fraction U/mg of Total

protein U

Control Depleted 0.036 2.3membrane

Concentrated 0.134 4.82supernatant

El treated Depleted 0.034 1.98membrane

Concentrated 0.11 4.6supernatant

Specific activities of ATPase of nondepleted mem-branes from control and treated bacteria were 0.21 and0.20, respectively.

iV

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Camera-Ready CopyDrawings, tables, chemical formulas, etc., that

can be photographically reproduced for publi-cation without further typesetting or artworkare referred to as "camera ready." Such copymay also be prepared for complicated mathe-matical or physical formulas, portions of geneticmaps, diagrams, and flow schemes. Camera-ready copy must be carefully prepared to con-form with the style of AEM. The advantage tosubmitting camera copy is that the ma-terial will appear exactly as envisioned by theauthor, and no second proofreading is necessary.This is particularly advantageous when thereare long, complicated tables and when the divi-sion of material and spacing are important.

NOMENCLATUREChemical and Biochemical NomenclatureThe recognized authority for the names of

chemical compounds is Chemical Abstracts(Chemical Abstracts Service, Ohio State Uni-versity, Columbus) and its indexes. For biochem-ical terminology, including abbreviations andsymbols, consult the following: InternationalUnion ofBiochemistry Biochemical Nomencla-ture and Related Documents (1978; reprintedfor The Biochemical Society, London, England),Instructions to Authors of the Journal of Bio-logical Chemistry and Archives ofBiochemistryand Biophysics (first issues of each year), andthe Handbook of Biochemistry and MolecularBiology (G. D. Fasman, ed., 3rd ed., 1976, CRCPress, Inc.).Do not express molecular weights in daltons;

molecular weight is a unitless ratio. Molecularmass is expressed in daltons.For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial)

name assigned by the Nomenclature Committeeof the International Union of Biochemistry asdescribed in Enzyme Nomenclature 1978 (Aca-demic Press, Inc., 1979). If a nonrecommendedname is used, place the proper (trivial) name inparentheses at first use in the abstract and text.Use the EC number when it has been assigned,and express enzyme activity either in katals(preferred) or in the older system of ",umol/min."Nomenclature of MicroorganismsBinary names consisting of a generic name

and a specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli)must be used for all microorganisms. Names ofgenera and higher categories may be used alone,but a specific epithet must be preceded by ageneric name the first time it is used in a paper.Thereafter, the generic name should be abbre-viated to the initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli),provided there can be no confusion with other

genera used in the paper. Names of all taxa(phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, species,subspecies) are printed in italics; strain desig-nations and numbers are not.

In general, the nomenclature of bacteriashould follow that presented in Bergey's Man-ual ofDeterminative Bacteriology (8th ed., TheWilliams & Wilkins Co., 1974). If you wish tochallenge this nomenclature, you may express ajudgment, but the name given in Bergey's Man-ual should follow in parentheses the first timethe name is used in both the text and the ab-stract. Only those names which were included inthe "Approved Lists of Bacterial Names" (Int.J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:225-420, 1980) and thosewhich have been validly published in the Inter-national Journal of Systematic Bacteriologysince 1 January 1980 have standing in nomen-clature. It is acceptable to use a name withoutstanding in nomenclature to facilitate commu-nication, but it is recommended that the firsttime such a name is used it should be followedby a statement indicating its status (e.g., "not on'Approved List of Bacterial Names' ").

It is recommended that a strain be depositedin a recognized culture collection when thatstrain is necessary for the description of a newtaxon (see Bacteriological Code, 1976 Revision,American Society for Microbiology, 1975).

Since the classification of fungi is so far fromcomplete, it is the responsibility of the author todetermine the currently accepted binomial for agiven yeast or fungus. Sources for the spelling ofthese names include The Yeasts (J. Lodder, ed.,North-Holland Publishing Co., 1970) and Ain-sworth and Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi,Including the Lichens, 6th ed. (InternationalPublications Service, 1971).Names used for viruses should be those ap-

proved by the International Committee on Tax-onomy of Viruses (ICTV) and published in the3rd Report of the ICTV "Classification and No-menclature of Viruses," Intervirology, vol. 12,no. 3-5,1979. If desired, synonyms may be addedparenthetically when the name is first men-tioned. Approved generic (or group) and familynames may also be used.

Microorganisms, viruses, and plasmids shouldbe given strain designations consisting of lettersand serial numbers. It is generally advisable toinclude a worker's initials or a descriptive sym-bol of locale, laboratory, etc., in the designation.Each new strain, mutant, isolate, or derivativeshould be given a new (serial) designation. Sucha designation should be distinct from those ofthe genotype and phenotype, and genotypic andphenotypic symbols should not be included.

Genetic NomenclatureBacteria. The genetic properties of bacteria

v

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

are described in terms of phenotypes and geno-types. The phenotype designation describessome measurable property of a gene or mutation,whereas the genotype is the name applied to thegenetic locus of a gene or mutation. Use therecommendations of Demerec et al. (Genetics54:61-74, 1966) as a guide in employing theseterms.

(i) Phenotype designations must be employedfor describing mutants when the genetic locusgiving rise to the properties of the mutant hasnot been identified or mapped. Phenotype des-ignations generally consist of three-letter sym-bols; these are not italicized and the first letterof the symbol is capitalized. It is preferable touse roman or arabic numerals (instead of letters)to identify a series of related phenotypes. Thus,a series of bacteriocin-tolerant mutants might bedesignated TolI, TolIl, ToIIII, etc., or a series ofnucleic acid polymerase mutants might be des-ignated Poll, Pol2, Pol3, etc. Wild-type charac-teristics can be designated as Tol+ or Pol+ and,when necessary for clarity, negative superscripts(TolP Pol) can be used to designate mutantcharacteristics. Superscript letters may be usedto further delineate phenotypes (e.g., Str8 forstreptomycin sensitivity). Phenotype designa-tions should be defined.

(ii) Genotype designations are similarly indi-cated by three-letter locus symbols. In contrastto phenotype designations, these are lowercaseitalic (e.g., ara his sup). Wild-type alleles areindicated by positive superscripts (ara+ his'),but negative superscripts are redundant and arenot employed with genotype designations. If sev-eral loci govern related functions, these are dis-tinguished by italicized capital letters followingthe locus symbol (e.g., araA araB araC). Pro-moter, terminator, and operator sites should beindicated as described by Bachmann and Low(Microbiol. Rev. 44:1-56, 1980): e.g., lacZp,lacAt, and lacZo.

(iii) Mutations sites are designated by placingserial isolation numbers (allele numbers) afterthe locus symbol (e.g., araAl araA2). If it is notknown in which of several related loci the mu-tation has occurred, a hyphen is used instead ofthe capital letter (e.g., ara-23).

(iv) The use of superscripts with genotypes(other than + to indicate wild-type alleles)should be avoided. Designations indicating am-ber mutations, temperature-sensitive mutations,etc., should follow the allele number [e.g.,araA230(Am) hisD21(Ts)]. Deletions are indi-cated by the symbol A placed before the deletedgene or region [e.g., AtrpA432 A(aroP-aceE)419].

(v) Keep in mind the distinction between amutation (an alteration of the primary sequenceof the genetic material) and a mutant (a strain

carrying one or more mutations). One may speakabout the mapping of a mutation, but one cannot"map a mutant." Likewise, a mutant has nogenetic locus-only a phenotype.

(vi) Avoid the use of a genotype as a name(e.g., "...subsequent use of leuC6 for transduc-tion..."). If a strain designation has not beenchosen, select an appropriate word combination(e.g.,".. .either strain PA3092 or another straincontaining the leuC6 mutation ...").Any deviations from standard genetic nomen-

clature should be defined in Materials and Meth-ods or in a table of strains. For more detailedinfornation about genetic maps oflocus symbolsin current use, consult reviews by Bachmannand Low (Microbiol. Rev. 44:1-56, 1980) for E.coli K-12, Sanderson and Hartman (Microbiol.Rev. 42:471-519, 1978) for Salmonella typhi-murium, Holloway et al. (Microbiol. Rev. 43:73-102, 1979) for Pseudomonas, and Henner andHoch (Microbiol. Rev. 44:57-82, 1980) for Ba-cillus subtilis. For yeasts, Chiamydomonas, andseveral fungal species, symbols such as thosegiven in the Handbook of Microbiology (A. I.Laskin and H. A. Lechevalier, ed., CRC Press,Inc., 1974) should be employed.Viruses. The rules for genetic nomenclature

of viruses (bacteriophages) differ from those formicroorganisms. In most instances, viruses haveno phenotype, since they have no metabolism,outside host cells. Therefore, distinctions be-tween phenotype and genotype cannot be made.Superscripts are employed to indicate hybridgenomes. Genetic symbols may be one, two, orthree letters. For example, a mutant strain of Xmight be designated as X cI857 int2 redll4Aamll; this strain carries mutations in genes cI,int, and red and an amber-suppressible (am)mutation in gene A. A strain designated X imm2att434 would represent a hybrid of phage A whichcarries the immunity region (imm) of phage 21and the attachment (att) region of phage 434.Host DNA insertions into viruses should be de-lineated by square brackets, and the geneticsymbols and designations for such inserted DNAshould conform to those employed for the hostgenome. Genetic symbols for phage A can befound in Szybalski and Szybalski (Gene 7:217-270, 1979) and in Echols and Murialdo (Micro-biol. Rev. 42:577-591, 1978).

Transposable elements, plasmids, and re-striction enzymes. Nomenclature of transpos-able elements (insertion sequences, transposons,phage Mu, etc.) should follow the recommen-dations of Campbell et al. (Gene 5:197-206,1979). Insertions into a region but not a knownspecific gene should be denoted, for example, aszef-123::Tn5 for the 123rd isolate with Tn5 atthat map position. The nomenclature recom-

Vi

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

mendations of Novick et al. (Bacteriol. Rev. 40:168-189, 1976) for plasmids and plasmid-speci-fled activities, of Low (Bacteriol. Rev. 36:587-607, 1972) for F-prime factors, and of Roberts(p. 757-768, in A. I. Bukhari et al., ed., DNAInsertion Elements, Plasmids, and Episomes,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1977) for re-striction enzymes and DNA fragments derivedfrom treatment with these enzymes should beused. Chromosomal DNA inserted into plasmidsor recombinant DNA molecules should be de-scribed by using the genetic nomenclature andconventions for the organism from which thischromooomal DNA was obtained.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONSVerb TenseUse the past tense in referring to results re-

corded in the present paper. Use the presenttense in discussing previously established find-ings and generally accepted phenomena.AbbreviationsDo not use abbreviations or chemical symbols

in titles, and limit their use in abstracts. Abbre-viations should be used as an aid to the reader,rather than as a convenience to the author, andtherefore their use should be limited. Abbrevia-tions other than those recommended by theIUPAC-IUB should be used only when a casecan be made for necessity, such as in tables andfigures.

It is recommended that all abbreviations beintroduced in a paragraph in Materials andMethods. Alternatively, define each abbrevia-tion and introduce it in parentheses the firsttime it is used; e.g., "...cultures were grown inTrypticase soy broth (TSB) or in Luria broth(LB)...." Generally, eliminate abbreviationsthat are not used at least eight times in the text(including tables and figure legends).

It is often possible to use pronouns or toparaphrase a long word after its first use (e.g.,"the drug," "the substrate"). Standard chemicalsymbols, numerical multiples (e.g., Me2SO fordimethyl sulfoxide), and trivial names or theirsymbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may be used forterms that appear in full in the neighboring text.Standard units of measurement and chemical

symbols ofthe elements will be accepted withoutdefinition in the text, and abbreviations for cellline designations (e.g., HeLa cells) need not bedefined.The following abbreviations may be used

without definition in tables:amt (amount)approx (approximately)avg (average)concn (concentration)diam (diameter)

prepn (preparation)sp act (specific activity)sp gr (specific gravity)temp (temperature)tr (trace)

expt (experiment) vol (volume)ht (height) vs (versus)mo (month) wk (week)mol wt (molecular weight) wt (weight)no. (number) yr (year)Reporting Numerical DataStandard metric units are used for reporting

length, weight, and volume. For these units andfor molarity, use the prefixes m, ,l, n, and p (for10-3, 10-6, 10-9, and 10-12, respectively). Like-wise, use the prefix k (for 103). Avoid compoundprefixes such as mu or tW. Parts per million(ppm) may be used when that is the commonmeasure for the science in that field; however, itmust be defined parenthetically at first use (e.g.,,ug/ml). Units of temperature are presented asfollows: 370C or 324°K.When fractions are used to express units such

as enzymatic activities, it is preferable to usewhole units, such as g or mm, in the denominatorinstead of fractional or multiple units such as,ug or 10 min. For example, "pmol/min" wouldbe preferable to "pmol/10 min," and ",umol/g"would be preferable to "nmol/yg."

It is also preferable that an unambiguous formsuch as the exponential notation be used in placeof multiple slashes; for example, "Amol g-'min-"' is preferable to ",umol/g per min."See the CBE Style Manual, 4th edition, for

more detailed information regarding the report-ing of numbers. Also contained in this source isinformation on the appropriate SI units to beused for the reporting of illumination, energy,frequency, pressure, and other physical terms.Always report numerical data in the appropriateSI unit.Isotopically Labeled CompoundsFor simple molecules, the labeling is indicated

in the chemical formula (e.g., 14CO2, 3H20,H235SO4). Brackets are not employed when theisotopic symbol is attached to a word that is nota specific chemical name (e.g., 131I-labeled pro-tein, `4C-amino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.).For specific chemicals, the symbol for the

isotope introduced is placed in square bracketsdirectly preceding the part of the name thatdescribes the labeled entity. Note that configu-ration symbols and modifiers precede the iso-topic symbol. The following examples illustratecorrect usage:[I4C]urea UDP-[ U-_4C]glucoseL-[methyl-'4C]methionine E. coli [32P]DNA[2,3-3Hlserine fructose 1,6-[1-32P]di-[a-'4C]lysine phosphate[y-3P]ATPThis journal follows the same conventions for

isotopic labeling as the Journal of BiologicalChemistry, and more detailed information canbe found in the Instructions to Authors of thatjournal (first issue of each year).

vii

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