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Taxonomy is the science dealing with the description,

identification, naming, and classification of organisms.

Classification is the ‘grouping’ of organisms based on

particular characters and is not arranged in hierarchical

order.

Taxonomy is the science dealing with the description,

identification, naming, and classification of organisms.

Taxonomy provides basic understanding about the

components of biodiversity which is necessary for effective

decision-making about conservation and sustainable use.

Taxonomy's first father was the philosopher

Aristotle(384-322 BC), sometimes called the

“father of science."

He first introduced the two key concepts of :

classification of organisms by type and binomial

definition.

Aristotle was the first to attempt to classify all the

kinds of by grouping the types of creatures

according to their similarities: animals with blood

and animals without blood. He further divided the

animals with blood into live-bearing and egg-

bearing.

Sir Aristotle

Aristotle's view of life was hierarchical. He

assumed that creatures could be grouped in order

from lowest to highest, with the human species

being the highest.davesgarden.com

*A Swedish naturalist named Carolus Linnaeus is

considered the 'Father of Taxonomy‘ since 1700s

*His two most important contributions to taxonomy

were:

•A hierarchical classification system

•The system of binomial nomenclature

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*He proposed that there were three

broad groups, called kingdoms, into

which the whole of nature could fit.

These kingdoms were animals,

plants, and minerals.

*Binomial nomenclature meant naming

species in 2 words : genus , followed by

species.

•The two kingdom classification system was given by Carlous Linaaeus

in 1758.

• He then divided each kingdom into classes and later grouped the

classes into phyla for animals and divisions for plants. karnatakaeducation.org.in

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* The development of optic and electronic microscopy showed

important differences in cells, mainly according to the presence or

absence of distinct nucleus, leading Édouard Chatton to distinguish

organisms in prokaryotes (without a distinct nucleus) and eukaryotes

(with a distinct nucleus) in a paper from 1925.

* Based on it, Copeland proposed a four-kingdom system, moving

prokaryotic organisms, bacteria and “blue-green algae”, into the

kingdom Monera.

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**The position of fungi was not well established, oscillating between

kingdoms Protista and Plantae.

So, in 1969, Robert Whittaker proposed a fifth kingdom to include

them, the called Kingdom Fungi.

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*The three-domain system is a biological classification introduced

by Carl Woese in 1977 that divides cellular life forms

into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains.

*In particular, it emphasizes the separation of prokaryotes into two

groups, originally called Eubacteria (now Bacteria)

and Archaebacteria (now Archaea).

*Woese argued that, on the basis of differences in 16S rRNA genes,

these two groups and the eukaryotes each arose separately from an

ancestor with poorly developed genetic machinery, often called

a progenote.

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•Based on external or expressed characters.

•Consider only few characters.

•Not based on genetic characters or expression of genes.

•Phylogenetic / evolutionary related information is not obtained.

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It is a system of classification based on natural similarities of vegetative

& floral characters.

Example: George Bentham & Joseph Dalton Hooker classified

classified plants into:

• Cryptogams (non flowering plants)

• Phanerogams (seed bearing plants)

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It is a system of classification based on evolutionary & genetic

relationship of organisms in addition to natural characters.

Example: Adolf Engler & Karl Prantle Prantle classified bacteria & all

plants under 14 divisions. The 14 divisions.

The 14th divisions divisions is Embryophyta Embryophyta siphanogama

that includes gymnosperms & angiosperms.

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Polyphasic Taxonomy is used to determine the genus and species of a

newly discovered procaryote.

This polyphasic taxonomy takes into account all available phenotypic

and genotypic data and integrates them in a consensus type of

classification, framed in a general phylogeny derived from 16S rRNA

sequence analysis.

There are no particular set of rules guiding this taxonomy.

It mainly focus on

(i) enormous amounts of data,

(ii) large numbers of strains, and

(iii) data fusion (data aggregation)

Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which

deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their

character states.

It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster

analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties

The concept was first developed by Robert R. Sokal & Peter H. A.

Sneath in 1963

Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which

deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their

character states.

It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster

analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties

Bacteria Bacteria

Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which

deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their

character states.

It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster

analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties

Attribute

BacteriaBacteria

Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which

deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their

character states.

It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster

analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties

Attribute Attribute

Bacteria Bacteria

Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which

deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their

character states.

It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster

analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties

Attribute Attribute

Bacteria Bacteria

100a/(a + b + c)

For study of distribution and

ecology

Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which

deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their

character states.

It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster

analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties

Attribute

BacteriaBacteria

Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which

deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their

character states.

It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster

analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties

Attribute

BacteriaBacteria

100( a + d)]/( a + b + c + d)

System Given by Basis

2 Kingdom Linnaeus Cell wall

3 Kingdom Ernst Haeckel Cellularity level

4 kingdom Copeland Compartmentalization

of cell organelles

5 Kingdom R.H. Whittaker Cell type, wall, mode of

nutrition, motility

3 Kingdom Carl Woese 16S RNA gene

System Example Basis

Artificial Linnaeus Visible/ expressed

characters

Natural Bentham and Hooker Natural similarities

Phylogenetic Engler & Prantle Evolutionary

relationships

Polyphasic Carl Woese Phylogenitics &

phenotypic

Numerical Sokal and Sneath Expression of

characters in terms of

numeric value

*Polyphasic taxonomy, a consensus approach to bacterial

systematics.

P Vandamme, B Pot, M Gillis, P de Vos, K Kersters, and J Swings

*Numerical Taxonomy of Bacteria - Some Published Data Re -

examined BY D. W. GOODALL

*Microbial evolution and diversity ; Part V

*insects.tamu.edu

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