Microbial Genomes !

8/4/2019 Microbial Genomes !

1/15

Microbial Genomes.

- MOHAMMED TALHA KHATKHATAY


2/15

Table Of Contents :

Introduction

Need for studying microbial genomes

Potential of complete genome sequence

Challenges and potential solutions.


3/15

What is microbial genome?

Microbial genome is the entirety of an organism'shereditary information. It is encoded either in DNAor, for many types of virus, in RNA.

It is more than the genes;

40% are genes including introns

3% encodes protein products42% is repetitive sequences.

The organisms capabilities are reflected in and

dictated by the DNA it carries.


4/15

Why to study Microbial genome?

Human genome 3.5 gigabases.

Microbial genome is far smaller than the human

genome about 1/1000th

of a mammalian genome butas we know microbes occupy infinite environmentalniches and a single human occupies one, the sameamount of sequence from these micro organismsrepresents a much wider array of function.


5/15

Why to study Microbial genome?

As microbes live everywhere, the tremendousbiochemical and biological diversity can be studiedbest using microbial genome(50% of living matter).

Microbial genome sequence provides a blue printfor its biochemical and behavioral endowment.

To know about Evolution and origin of life.


6/15

Complete genome sequence Potential It provides information about mechanisms how genes

are shared among different branches of tree of life.

The sequencing can provide a doorway to culture

organisms that are difficult to grow in lab conditions.

Understand much more about the role of microbes in

keeping our bodies and environment healthy as well as

making us sick.

This overall knowledge will increase in the number of

products in field of medicine, agriculture and

environmental clean up.


7/15

Current status:In the year 2000, only 29 genomes were sequenced.

At present:

191 Prokaryote genomes fully sequenced and annotated(172 Bacteria, 19 Archaea)

521 Ongoing prokaryote genome projects: (494 Bacteria,27 Archaea)

28 Eukaryote genomes fully sequenced and annotated.453 ongoing eukaryote projects. 7 vertebrates, 9

invertebrates, 7 fungii, 10 protozoa and 2 flys.

1674 virus genomes have been sequenced andannotated.


8/15

Organisations involved :There are several funding agencies existing for variousmicrobial sequencing projects like

Department of Defense (DOD)

Department of Energy (DOE)

National Institutes of health (NIH)

National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST)

National Science Foundation (NSF)

Department of agriculture (USDA).


9/15

Challenges and potential solutions !

Challenge 1: Duplication of Efforts.

This occurs because of absence of inclusive

discussions among interested parties to sequence aparticular genome.

Solution:

There should be federally funded website that wouldallow investigators to inform about their sequencingprojects.


10/15

Challenge 2: what constitutes a complete genomesequence

This challenge arises whenever a new genome issequenced. As in particular agencies can raisequestions to the one who have sequenced thegenome that it is not complete genomic informationof the organism.

Solution:

There must be criteria after which the sequence oforganism must be publically available.


11/15

Challenge 3 : what to sequence

This is another big challenge because this will dependon the objective for sequencing.

The type of organisms selected for sequencingHow easily can it be sequenced

Does it have unique biological feature etc...

There is no possible solution as such ,as in we cannotadd a criteria for selection of an organisms to besequenced.


12/15

Challenge 4: who should sequence

Sequencing is currently being performed through avariety of avenuesfederal, private, academic,businessand by different countries.

Solution:

Sequencing can be done by anyone but these

collaborations must be linked to each other so as toensure that the sequencing data are exploited to theirfullest potential.


13/15

Challenge 5: Lack of Data management tools andaccess to scientists.

This challenge has arisen because of the increase insequencing projects at present and there are no newcomputational biology technologies coming to storethese data and make it available to the Scientists.

At present there are less of management tools whichcan store the enormous data that is generated by

sequencing projects.


14/15

Challenge 6: Lack of Funding

A large increase in funds is required to finance the

sequencing and study of microbial genomes on ascale that would take advantage of existingtechnological and scientific opportunities and bringthe most benefit to society.


15/15

THANK YOU

Microbial Genomes !

Documents

Transcript of Microbial Genomes !