Microbes Bacteria, Viruses, Protists and...
Transcript of Microbes Bacteria, Viruses, Protists and...
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Microbes – Bacteria, Viruses,
Protists and Fungi
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Biology – Bacteria Notes
and Slides
• Warm-Up:
– Welcome to 4th Quarter! Whoohoo!
– Turn in any missing assignments (a.k.a Virus
Webquest)
– Note your seats will change tomorrow.
• Today in Science:
– This Week in Biology
– Bacteria Presentation and Notes
– Bacteria Slides
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This Week in Biology
Monday Bacteria Presentation and
Notes, Bacteria Slides
Tuesday Hamburger Lab – Design
Wednesday Hamburger Lab –
Experiment
Thursday Set-up Antibiotic Lab
Bacteria Choice Activity
Friday Bacteria and Virus Quiz
Hamburger Lab – Data,
Analysis, and Conclusion
Choice Activity DUE
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Table of Contents
Page Content Date
68 Natural Selection Notes 3/6/17
69 Speciation Notes 3/7/17
70 Virus Notes 3/20/17
71-73 Microbes in School Lab 3/22/17
74 Bacteria Notes 4/3/17
75 Bacteria Slides 4/3/17
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Prokaryotes
• Prokaryote – unicellular organism
without a nucleus
– DNA is found in the cytoplasm
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Classifying Prokaryotes
• 2 Kingdoms of Prokaryotes
– Eubacteria
• Have peptidoglycan in cell walls
• Includes most of the bacteria
– Archaebacteria
• Live in unusually harsh
environments such as hot springs,
stomach acid, and salty water.
• No peptidoglycan in cell walls
• Cell membranes and rRNA different
than Eubacteria
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Identifying Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes can be identified based
on the following:
1. Shapes
2. Cell Walls
3. Movement
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Shapes3 Shapes
1.Bacilli – rod shaped
2.Cocci – spherical shaped
3.Spirochetes – spiral & corkscrew
shaped
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Cell Walls
• Eubacteria can be separated based
on Gram staining.
– Gram Positive
• Eubacteria cell walls have a thick layer
of peptidoglycan that absorbs only
violet dye and appears purple.
– Gram Negative
• Have an extra layer of lipid on the cell
wall that stops the purple stain from
entering and appears pink
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Movement
• Stationary
– Some bacteria do not move.
• Flagella (tails)
– Whip like structures used for movement.
• Other
– Spiral shaped bacteria move in a
corkscrew Motion
– Myxobacteria produce a layer of slime to
glide in.
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Obtaining Energy• Autotrophs (Make their own energy)
– Photoautotroph – uses the sun
– Chemoautotroph – oxidize inorganic compounds as food.
• Heterotrophs (Rely on other organisms for energy)– Fermentation – ferment sugars
– Saprophytes – feed on dead things
• Photoheterotrophs (A mix between the two)– are both autotrophic and heterotrophic
– Use energy from the sun, but they require organic substances such as alcohol, fatty acids or carbohydrates.
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Growth and Reproduction• Bacteria divide very quickly, as often as once
every 20 minutes!
• Binary Fission
– Asexual reproduction where the bacteria
divide into identical cells.
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Endospore
• Endospore – a structure produced
in unfavorable conditions
- A thick internal wall encloses the DNA
and cytoplasm
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Gene Transfer
(Bacterial Evolution)
• Mutation – random changes in DNA-passed on to daughter cells
-one of the main way prokaryotes evolve
• Conjugation– Bacteria make a bridge and exchange
genetic material.
• Transformation– Bacteria incorporate DNA from dead
bacteria.
• Transduction– Use viruses to transfer DNA from bacteria to
other bacteria.
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Importance of Bacteria
• Decomposers
• Producers
• Nitrogen Fixers
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Decomposers• Decomposers
– Bacteria that break down complex
molecules of dead organisms
(trees, corpses) into simple molecules
such as water, nitrogen compounds,
and CO2
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Producers
• Producers – food chains are
dependent on bacteria for
producing food
– 1 cyanobacterium (Prochlorococcus) is
the most abundant photosynthetic
organism – makes over ½ of food in the
open ocean
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Nitrogen Fixers• Nitrogen Fixers – converts nitrogen
into a form plants use (N2 to NH3)
– 90% of the nitrogen organisms use comes
from fixation
– Fix nitrogen to ammonia.
– Ex: Rhizobium grows in nodules of the roots
of soybeans and other legumes. It is a
mutual relationship where the plant provides
nutrients for bacteria and the bacteria
converts nitrogen for the plant.
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Bacteria and Disease
Pathogens – Disease causing agents.
2 Ways Bacteria cause Disease1. Damage Tissues – damage tissues of the
infected organisms directly by breakingthem down for food.– Ex: Tuberculosis – bacteria break down lung
tissue.
2. Toxins – release toxins that harm the organism.– Ex: Streptococcus: causes strep throat, if
untreated, the bacteria releases toxins causing a rash known as scarlett fever.
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Bacterial Diseases
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Human Uses of Bacteria
• Food
– Bacteria are used to make cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, pickles, sauerkraut and vinegar.
• Drugs (Medicines)
– Also used to synthesize drugs such as insulin.
• Environmental Use
– Certain bacteria are used to digest petroleum after an oil spill.
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Bacteria Slides
Name of
Bacteria
Drawing Shape Color Gram - / +
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Practice
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Spirillum voltans
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Staphylococcus aureus
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Bacillus anthracis