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Microcontroller Based Design
Muhammad Usman Rafique
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Week 1 - Introduction
Air University, Spring 2015 2 M. Usman Rafique
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Course Introduction
Microcontroller Based Design – MT 253
4 Credit Hours Theory 2
Lab 2
Instructor M. Usman Rafique
Lab Control Instrumentation Lab, Mini Block
Lab Engineer: Ahmad Abdullah
Air University, Spring 2015 3 M. Usman Rafique
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Course Introduction
Course Website
sites.google.com/site/mtsengg/courses/micro
Microcontroller Based Design
Lecture Notes, Assignments and Grading will be uploaded on the course web
Air University, Spring 2015 4 M. Usman Rafique
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Course Outline
Air University, Spring 2015 5 M. Usman Rafique
Week Topic
1 Introduction
2 8051Microcontroller
Architecture and Hardware
3 Assembly Language
4 Assembly Language Contd.
5 Timers and Counters
6 Serial Port
7 Interrupt
8, 9 Design and Interface Examples
10 Midterm Exam
11 PIC 18 F Microcontroller
Introduction, Architecture, I/O Pins
12 Programming in C
13 Timers / Counters
14 Using Internal ADC of PIC
15, 16 Peripherals of PIC 18F Microcontrollers
17 Revision
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Module Percentage
Quizzes 5
Assignments 5
Midterm Exam 15
Projects 30
Final Exam 45
Grading Criteria
Air University, Spring 2015 6 M. Usman Rafique
Note: Assignments will be similar to the projects
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Books
8051 Microcontroller
I. Scott Mackenzie and R.C. Phan, “The 8051 Microcontroller”, Fourth Edition, Pearson Education 2007
Muhammad Ali Mazidi and J. G. Mazidi, “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems”, Pearson Education 2006
PIC 18F Microcontroller
M. Ali Mazidi, R. D. Mickinlay and D. Causey, “PIC Microcontrollers and Embedded Systems”, Pearson Education 2008
Air University, Spring 2015 7 M. Usman Rafique
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Projects Projects
Projects will be individual Only PCBs are acceptable. Hardware sharing is NOT allowed Documentation is compulsory
Final project
Can be done in groups of up to 3 students
Assignments Individual
In case of copying Zero Points will be awarded to all parties involved
Air University, Spring 2015 8 M. Usman Rafique
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Projects
No. Description Deadline Percentage
8051
1 Generic Board Week 02 05
2 LEDs Week 04 05
3 Serial Communication Week 07 07
4 Interface Project Week 09 08
T1 Lab Test Week 11 15
PIC
1 Generic Board Week 12 05
2 Interface Project 2 Week 15 10
T2 Lab Test Week 16 15
Final Project [Submit Proposals] Week 17 30
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Labs
2 Labs per week
Experiments as well as problem solving
Students are welcome to discuss queries
Air University, Spring 2015 10 M. Usman Rafique
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Prerequisites Number Systems
Binary Decimal Hexadecimal
Electronics Basic concepts
DLD Logic Gates Multiplexer, De-multiplexer Encoder, Decoder Basic Concepts
Computer Programming C Basic Concepts
Clear and practice these topics before this course
Air University, Spring 2015 11 M. Usman Rafique
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Introduction
What is a Computer?
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Introduction
What is a Computer?
Computer
Device capable of
Performing computations
Making Logical Decisions
Works billions of times faster than human beings
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Introduction
What is a Computer?
Programs Set of instructions that process data
Guide computer through orderly sets of actions specified by “Programmer”
Computer System Consists of various hardware devices
Keyboard
Screen
Disks
Memory
Processing Units
Air University, Spring 2015 14 M. Usman Rafique
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Introduction
Computer
Inputs
Outputs
Central Processing Unit
RAM
ROM
ALU
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Introduction
Every computer consists of
1. Input Unit
Receiving section of computer
Gets data from input devices e.g. Keyboard, Mouse etc
2. Output Unit
Puts information on various output devices
Monitors
Printouts
Speakers
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Introduction
Every computer consists of
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Administrative section of computer
Supervises other sections
4. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Performs calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division)
Can make decisions and comparisons
Air University, Spring 2015 17 M. Usman Rafique
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Introduction
Every computer consists of 5. Memory Unit
Rapid access, Fast
Temporarily retains information; lost when powered off
Also called Memory, Primary Memory or Random Access Memory (RAM)
6. Secondary Storage Units Long-term high capacity storage
Stores programs Or data not currently being used
Hard drives, Disks, CDs etc
Slower than primary memory
Air University, Spring 2015 18 M. Usman Rafique
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Introduction
Computer Architecture
Von Neumann Vs Harvard
Instruction = Program / Code
Data = Information being used
RISC Vs CISC
Instruction Set = Set of Instructions (low level) that CPU can process
Air University, Spring 2015 19 M. Usman Rafique
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Von Neumann Vs Harvard
Von Neumann Architecture
A single memory has
DATA: the information being used
Instructions: Program to be executed
A single Bus connects CPU with the memory
At a time, either Instruction can be read OR data can be read or written
2 cycles complete an
instruction
1st : Read instruction
2nd : Read/Write Data
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Von Neumann Vs Harvard
Harvard Architecture
Separate Memories for
DATA: the information being used
Instructions: Program to be executed
Separate Buses connects CPU with the memory
When an instruction is being executed, data for next instruction is fetched,
known as Pipelining.
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Von Neumann Vs Harvard
Von Neumann Harvard
Same memory keeps Data and Instructions
A single bus connects CPU with memory
At a time, either reading an instruction OR reading / writing data
Separate memories for data and instructions
Two buses between memory and CPU
Reading / Writing memory
and reading an Instruction can be done simultaneously
Air University, Spring 2015 22 M. Usman Rafique
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RISC Vs CISC CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer
Instruction Set is set of all Instructions (low level Commands)
that CPU can execute
Primary goal of CISC Architecture is to complete task in as few lines of assembly as possible
Processor that understands and performs series of actions for each assembly command
Instructions may be variable in length
Air University, Spring 2015 23 M. Usman Rafique
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RISC Vs CISC
RISC
Reduced Instruction Set Computer
Compact Uniform instructions
Reduces chip complexity by using simpler instructions
Few types of instructions to operate at high speed
Requires more RAM
Has become more popular due to decreasing RAM cost
Air University, Spring 2015 24 M. Usman Rafique
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RISC Vs CISC
CISC RISC
Large Instruction set
Less lines of code
Variable length of instructions
Complex architecture
Small and Compact Instruction set
More lines of Code
Uniform length of instructions
Simple architecture
Air University, Spring 2015 25 M. Usman Rafique
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Programming Languages
Programming Language: A set of rules, symbols and special words used to construct a computer program
High Level Language
A computer language that is more intuitive to the humans. Closer to plain English
Low Level (Assembly Language)
In which a mnemonic is used to represent each machine language instruction
Machine Language
The binary representation of instructions a computer can perform
Air University, Spring 2015 26 M. Usman Rafique
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Programming Languages
High Level Languages
Single statements accomplish substantial tasks
Translated to machine language
Compilers convert to machine language
Conversion takes much time
Instructions comprehensible to humans
Looks mostly like general English
Contains common mathematical notations
Air University, Spring 2015 27 M. Usman Rafique
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Programming Languages
Low Level (Assembly Language)
English-like abbreviations Represent basic operations of computer
Translated to machine language Assemblers convert to machine language
High speed conversion
Easier for human interpretation as compared to Machine language Still tedious and difficult
Many instructions for simple tasks
These problems led to High Level languages
Air University, Spring 2015 28 M. Usman Rafique
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Programming Languages
Machine Language
Only language understood directly by computer
Defined by computer’s hardware design
Machine-dependent
Difficult to understand for human readers
Ultimately reduced binary code i.e. 0s and 1s
Slow, tedious and error prone
Led to assembly language
Air University, Spring 2015 29 M. Usman Rafique
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Programming Languages
Assembly is a Low Level Language
High Level
Middle Level
Low Level
FORTRAN Pascal COBOL BASIC
C++ C
Assembly
Air University, Spring 2015 30 M. Usman Rafique
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Programmer’s Model of Computer
It does not matter whether the machine is microprocessor / microcontroller based or a larger machine
Programmers see the computer as having 3 characteristics
Address Space
Registers
Instruction Set
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Address Space
Address Space is set of storage locations, each of which has an Address
The size of Address Space is defined by number of bits the computer uses to form an address
A machine that uses 8 bits for address can access at most 28 = 256 locations
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Registers
Registers serve many important functions, including temporary storage of data
The register set of a computer is fundamental to its operation
Registers may be:
General Purpose
Special Function
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Instruction Set
Set of commands that computer can obey
Machine codes are generated from instruction set
Very simple commands
Instruction set specifies set of operations e.g. ADD, SUBTRACT, JUMP and Addressing Modes etc
Air University, Spring 2015 34 M. Usman Rafique
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Buses
Bus – Collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of computer to another
Buses can be thought of as highways of computer on which data travels
Types of Buses
1. Data Bus
2. Address Bus
3. Control Bus
Air University, Spring 2015 35 M. Usman Rafique
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Data Bus
Data is shared among various components inside a computer using wires known as Data Lines
Group of data lines is called Data Bus
Each data line carries a bit i.e. it can be Off or On
Data bus is Bi-Directional
Air University, Spring 2015 36 M. Usman Rafique
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Address Bus
Addresses are accessed in a computer using wires known as Address Lines
Group of address lines is call Address Bus
Address bus is Uni-directional
It only specifies the address of the target location
Air University, Spring 2015 37 M. Usman Rafique
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Control Bus
These lines control the operation of a computer
For example, CPU uses these lines to specify whether a read or write is required
This is done by different Control Lines
Air University, Spring 2015 38 M. Usman Rafique
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Next Lecture
What is a microprocessor?
What is a microcontroller?
What are the differences between both?
Which one is better?
Air University, Spring 2015 39 M. Usman Rafique
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Acknowledgement
Material used with permission of
Dr. Javaid Iqbal
Head of Department, Mechatronics Engineering
College of EME, NUST
I am extremely thankful to Dr. Javaid who has been a great teacher and still helps and supports me
Air University, Spring 2015 40 M. Usman Rafique