Micro Seismic Mapping of Hydraulic Fracture Stimulations
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Transcript of Micro Seismic Mapping of Hydraulic Fracture Stimulations
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Microseismic Mapping of Hydraulic Fracture Stimulations
(Applications, Observations, and Conclusions for Optimizing Production)
Larry GriffinPinnacle Technologies
SPE Egyptian Section MeetingCairo, Egypt
6 December 2006
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Presentation Outline
I. IntroductionII. Microseismic Technology and
Deployment III. Application of MS TechnologyIV. Appling MS mapping in EgyptV. ConclusionsVI. Questions
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Introduction
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The Evolution of Hydraulic Fracturing• First Frac was in 1947• Rapidly proved to be one of the most cost effective
production enhancement techniques• Tremendous advancements made since inception:
– Equipment– Designer Fluids and Proppants– Wide Range of Applications
• Most reservoirs could benefit from placing an optimally designedstimulation
• Over 70% of wells in North America Frac
– Stimulation Models• Now most of the models are 3D• Pressure matching
• What is Missing?
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Perfectly confined frac
We Know Everything About Fractures Now Except…
Out-of-zonegrowth
Twistingfractures
Poor Interval Coverage
T-shapedfractures
Horizontalfractures
Multiple fracturesdipping from vertical
Partial Zonal Coverage
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We Know Everything About Fractures Now Except…
The fracture half-length,the fracture height,
the fracture orientation,and
the fracture location once it leaves the wellbore
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What are the actual dimensions of the fracture and where is it located?
Far-field Fracture mapping technologies for answering this question are now where the most important advancements are being made in hydraulic fracturing.
Fracture Mapping (Monitoring)The Current Advancement Frontier Technology for Fracturing
Fracture model prediction
Calibr ated fr actur e model matches micr oseismic mapping r esults
9 200
9 300
9 400
9 500
9 600
9 700
9 800
9 900
20 20 0GR
0.5 0NEU T
9200
9300
9400
9500
9600
9700
9800
9900
Sa n dSa n dSa n dSa n d
Sa n dSa n d
Sa n dSa n d
Sa n dSa n d
Sa n dSa n d
Sa n dSa n d
Sa n dSa n d
Sh a l eS h a l eSa n d 2Sa n d 2
Sa n d 2Sa n d 2
Sh a l eS h a l e
Sa n dSa n d
Rock type 50 00 7000Stress (psi ( M odulus (psi (
0 0. 5Pore Pe rmea . . .
Concent ration of Proppant in Fractu re (lb/ft² (
100 200 300
92 00
93 00
94 00
95 00
96 00
97 00
98 00
99 000 0 .1 5 0 .3 0 0 .4 5 0 .6 0 0 .7 5 0 .9 0 1 .1 1 . 2 1 .4 1 .5
P ro p p an t C o n cen tratio n (lb /ft² (
Width P rofile (in (
0. 500.5
920 0
930 0
940 0
950 0
960 0
970 0
980 0
990 0
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Motivation for Frac Engineering & Diagnostics
Hydraulic fracturing is done for well stimulation
NOT
for proppant disposal
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Deformation (Tilt)
MicroseismicAcoustic, Micro-Earthquake, Passive Seismic Monitoring
Far-Field Fracture Monitoring
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Microseismic Technology and Deployment
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Microseismic MappingConcept/Principle
Microseisms Originate in an Envelope Surrounding the Fracture
P
S
SHEAR SLIPPAGE
P(t1)S(t1)
P(t2)S(t2)
RECEIVERXY
• Slippage Emits Both P & S Waves (Compressional & Shear)
• Velocities Are DifferentP Wave > S Wave
• Detected At Tri-Axial Receiver
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Microseismic Mapping Obtaining Data From an Offset Observation Well
• Fiber optic wireline• 12-20 Levels, 3 Component
Sensors• Mechanically Coupled• Can be deployed under pressure
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Microseismic Mapping Determining Distance and Elevation
• Slippage Emits Both P & S Waves (Compressional & Shear)
• Velocities Are DifferentP Wave > S Wave
• Detected At Tri-Axial Receiver
P
S
SHEAR SLIPPAGE
P(t1)S(t1)
P(t2)S(t2)
RECEIVER
XY
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Microseismic MappingExample Recorded MS Event
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Microseismic MappingVelocity Model
Microseismic Event
Receivers
Ray Paths
V1
V2
V4
V3
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Microseismic MappingAzimuth Determination
The Direction to a Microseismic Source Is Found by Examining the Particle Motion of the P Wave, Which Is Always Directed Radially Outward from the Source.
Time
Ampl
itude
xy
t x y0 0 01 10 42 20 93 30 144 36 185 30 166 20 127 10 88 0 49 -10 010 -20 -611 -30 -1212 -34 -1813 -30 -1814 -20 -1415 -10 -816 0 -4
While Many Techniques Are Available to Determine the Direction, the Simplest Representation Is a Hodogram, which is a Crossplot of the Amplitudes.
Example HodogramData
Waveform
X Amplitude
Y A
mpl
itude
Anglefrom
x Axis
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-25.5-31.4-37.0-34.4-34.4-28.4-28.3-32.6-38.0-31.1-38.2-30.9
Avg=-32.5St Dev=3.9
Microseismic MappingHodogram Analysis
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Appling Microseismic Mapping
Determining Fracture Growth
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East Texas ExamplesBossier and Cotton Valley
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-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
-180
0
-160
0
-140
0
-120
0
-100
0
-800
-600
-400
-200 0
200
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600
800
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10000
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11400
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-160
0
-140
0
-120
0
-100
0
-800
-600
-400
-200 0
200
400
600
D istance (ft)
Dept
h (ft
)
Microseismic Mapping Results – Taylor Sands
Observation Well B
Well A
Well B Well A
C-Lime Mar ker
L1
L3
Bossier Shale
L2
Events related to casing deformation
N71°E1500’ Xf
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-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-700 -600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600West-East (ft)
Sou
th-N
orth
(ft)
APC Anderson #2York Frac – Map View
Azimuth = N91oE
Anderson #2
Anderson #1
275 ft*550 ft*
* wing lengths from York-only events
DE-PS26-01NT41121SPE 89876
SPE 84876
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12500
12600
12700
12800
12900
13000
13100
13200
13300
13400
13500-700 -600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
Distance Along Fracture (ft)
Dept
h (f
t)
APC Anderson #2York Frac – Side View
Communicating fault between the York and Bonner
York
Bonner
Non-communicating fault, attenuation noted in MS signals
DE-PS26-01NT41121SPE 89876
SPE 84876
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-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-700 -600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600West-East (ft)
Sout
h-N
orth
(ft)
APC Anderson #2 Map ViewYork and Bonner Fracs
Anderson #1
Anderson #2
York Frac – Blue Events Bonner Frac – Red Events
Bonner Azimuth = N87oEYork Azimuth = N91oE
DE-PS26-01NT41121SPE 89876
SPE 84876
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12200
12300
12400
12500
12600
12700
12800
12900
13000
13100
13200
13300
13400
13500-700 -600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Distance Along Fracture (ft)
Dep
th (f
t)
APC Anderson #2 Side ViewYork and Bonner Fracs
York
Bonner
Moore
BM
Non-communicating fault in the York, attenuation noted in
MS signals
Communicating fault between York and Bonner
Communicating fault from the Bonner to the
Moore and BM
York Frac – Blue Events Bonner Frac – Red Events
DE-PS26-01NT41121SPE 89876
SPE 84876
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Plan View Well B Stimulation
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
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1000
1100
-100
0
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100 0
100
200
300
400
500
West - East (ft)
Sout
h -N
orth
(ft)
9:0 5-10:08a m
10:08-11:05 am
11:05-12:13 pm
Observation Well
Well B
Azimuth=N81E
615’
750’
Late events af ter net pressure drop
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
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900
1000
1100
-100
0
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100 0
100
200
300
400
500
West - East (ft)
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
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1000
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-100
0
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100 0
100
200
300
400
500
West - East (ft)
Sout
h -N
orth
(ft)
9:0 5-10:08a m
10:08-11:05 am
11:05-12:13 pm
Observation Well
Well B
Azimuth=N81E
615’
750’
Late events af ter net pressure drop
Xf = 615’ West and 750’ East
Time (min)
Net Pressure (psi) Slurry Rate (bpm)Prop Conc (ppg) Observed Net (psi)
0.0 40.0 80.0 120.0 160.0 200
20
40
60
80
100
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
SPE 84489
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Side/Edge View Well B1170 0
1180 0
1190 0
1200 0
1210 0
1220 0
1230 0
1240 0
1250 0
1260 0
1270 0
1280 0
1290 0
1300 0
1310 0
1320 0
1330 0
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Distance Along Fracture (ft)
MD
(ft)
9:05-10:08am
10:08-11:05am
11:05-12:13pm
pe rfs
11700
11800
11900
12000
12100
12200
12300
12400
12500
12600
12700
12800
12900
13000
13100
13200
13300
-300
-200
-100 0
100
200
300
Distance Across Fractu re (ft)
MD
(ft)
GR
B.M.Moore
Bonner
York
Cotton Valley
Late events af ter net p ressure drop
615’
450’
750’
1170 0
1180 0
1190 0
1200 0
1210 0
1220 0
1230 0
1240 0
1250 0
1260 0
1270 0
1280 0
1290 0
1300 0
1310 0
1320 0
1330 0
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Distance Along Fracture (ft)
MD
(ft)
9:05-10:08am
10:08-11:05am
11:05-12:13pm
pe rfs
11700
11800
11900
12000
12100
12200
12300
12400
12500
12600
12700
12800
12900
13000
13100
13200
13300
-300
-200
-100 0
100
200
300
Distance Across Fractu re (ft)
MD
(ft)
GR
B.M.Moore
Bonner
York
Cotton Valley
Late events af ter net p ressure drop
615’
450’
750’
1170 0
1180 0
1190 0
1200 0
1210 0
1220 0
1230 0
1240 0
1250 0
1260 0
1270 0
1280 0
1290 0
1300 0
1310 0
1320 0
1330 0
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Distance Along Fracture (ft)
MD
(ft)
9:05-10:08am
10:08-11:05am
11:05-12:13pm
pe rfs
11700
11800
11900
12000
12100
12200
12300
12400
12500
12600
12700
12800
12900
13000
13100
13200
13300
-300
-200
-100 0
100
200
300
Distance Across Fractu re (ft)
MD
(ft)
GR
B.M.Moore
Bonner
York
Cotton Valley
Late events af ter net p ressure drop
615’
450’
750’
- 8 perf clusters in the BM/Moore York- Xf = 615’ West and 750’ East- H = 450’- Note events in Shales- Minor stimulation of the York
Time (min)
Net Pressure (psi) Slurry Rate (bpm)Prop Conc (ppg) Observed Net (psi)
0.0 40.0 80.0 120.0 160.0 200
20
40
60
80
100
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
SPE 84489
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Appling Microseismic Mapping
Model Calibration
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Fracture Model Calibration?
History match the OBSERVED net pressure responses with the DIRECTLY measured fracture dimensions using a 3D fracture simulator to develop a reliable tool for understanding and predicting fracture growth.
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Modeling Versus Measuring
Calibrated models more realistically predict how fractures will physically
grow for alternative designs
Fracture growth modelsincomplete physical
understanding
Direct diagnostics not predictive
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Microseismic Fracture MappingCotton Valley Sandstone
Fracture model prediction
Calibrated fracture model matches microseismic mapping results
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12800
12900
13000
13100
13200
13300
13400
0 150GR
Rockt... Stress... Modul...0 1Perme...
0 200Comp...
FracproPT Layer Properties
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Upper Y...
Lower Y...
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
100 200 300 400 500 600
Concentration of Proppant in Fracture (lb/ft²)
0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.0
Proppant Concentration (lb/ft²)
12800
12900
13000
13100
13200
13300
13400
0
Width Prof...
Bossier SandCalibrated Modeling Results for Well C
Before model calibration
12700
12800
12900
13000
13100
13200
13300
13400
0 150GR
Rockt... Stress... Modul...0 1Perme...
0 200Comp...
FracproPT Layer Properties
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Shale
Upper Y...
Lower Y...
Shale
Shale
Shale
100 200 300 400 500 600
Concentration of Proppant in Fracture (lb/ft²)
0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.0
Proppant Concentration (lb/ft²)
12800
12900
13000
13100
13200
13300
13400
0
Width Prof... After model calibration
More confinement than can be attributed to stress contrast, permeability or modulus.
Composite layering
Width decoupling
SPE 84489
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Confined Fracture Height Growth• Hard to explain confinement with current “essential physics” if
– Net fracturing pressures are higher than measured/estimated closure stress contrasts– No known “permeability barriers” exist
• Is there another containment mechanism?
Increased fractureclosure stress
Interfaceslippage
Compositelayering
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FRACTURE COMPLEXITY
HYDRAULIC FRACTUREMINEBACK
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Applying Microseismic Technology In Egypt
Can it be applied it Egypt?
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Reservoirs Where Microseismic Mapping has Been Successfully Applied
Oil/Gas/Geothermal/Disposal
Lithologies• Granites (Geothermal) • Shales• Sandstone/Shale• Carbonates• Coal Bed Methane• Chalk• Unconsolidated Sands
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How Far Can Microseismic See?Microseismic Observation Distance
Range from <100m to over >>1,500m
Observation Distance Depends on:1. Size (Amplitude) of the Microseism
FormationTreatment size and rate
2. Attenuation Formation property
3. Background noiseQuiet WellboreField ActivitiesSame pad operations
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How Far Can Microseismic See?Actual Observation Distances:
• Granites (Geothermal) >>1500m• Shales 900 - 750m• Sandstone/Shale 350 - 450m• Carbonates 300m• Coal Bed Methane 250m• Chalk <100m*• Unconsolidated Sands <100m*
* Long-term reservoir monitoring has seem significantly large observation distances
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ConclusionMicroseismic Mapping Can Be Successfully Applied in Egypt
• Same limitations as found in the North America• Must find suitably near observation wells• There is not a technology problem• Must mobilize specialized FBO equipment to Egypt• Need technology leader (early adopter) to decide to do this in Egypt
The Egyptian Western Desert Should Work Well• Typical Sand/Shale sequences• Reasonably large treatments• Not same pad operations (low noise levels)• Would anticipate observation distances of ~450m
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Questions?
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Future Advances
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Microseismic Mapping From an Active Treatment WellCurrently only Available in North America
Fiber optic wirelineMechanically Coupled geophones
using blocksTypically run 10 tools with ~200’
apertureOnly obtain usable data during SI
timeTools run pulled under pressure
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Microseismic Mapping From A Horizontal WellCurrently only Available in North America
Deployed on tractorCan also be done on treatment
wells
Gravity Coupled geophones using blocks
Typically run 5 tools with ~700’aperture