Micro Review Utility, Wages, and Externalities. TP and AP Total Product (TP)- the total output of a...
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![Page 1: Micro Review Utility, Wages, and Externalities. TP and AP Total Product (TP)- the total output of a particular good or service produced Average Product.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e0b5503460f94af4023/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Micro Review
Utility, Wages, and Externalities
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TP and AP
• Total Product (TP)- the total output of a particular good or service produced
• Average Product (AP)- the total output produced per unit of a resource employed
• AP = total product divided by quantity of resource employed
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Marginal Product (MP)
• Additional output resulting from using each additional unit of labor
• Law of diminishing returns applies to marginal product---at some point the MP will decrease
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Marginal Revenue Product (MRP)
• The change in a firm’s total revenue when it employs 1 additional unit of a resource
• MRP = change in total revenue/change in the quantity of the resource employed
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Marginal Resource Cost (MRC) aka Marginal Factor Cost (MFC)
• The amount that each additional unit of a resource adds to the firm’s total (resource) cost
• MRC = change in total (resource) cost/unit change in resource quantity
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MRP=MRC Rule
• To maximize profit a firm should employ the quantity of a resource at which MRP=MRC
• To maximize profit, a firm should hire any additional units of a specific resource as long as each successive unit adds more to the firm’s TR than it adds to cost TC
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Labor Market Equilibrium
• The intersection of the market labor demand curve and the market supply curve determines the equilibrium wage rate and level of employment
($10)WC
Quantity of Labor
QC(1000)
0
D=MRP(∑ mrps)
S
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Individual Firm
• The individual firm in a perfectly competitive firm maximizes profit by hiring workers to the point where Wage rate = MRP
Wag
e Ra
te (D
olla
rs)
($10)WC
Quantity of Labor
0
d=mrp
qC(5)
s=MRC
c
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Derived Demand
• Demand that is derived from the products that the resource helps produce
• Resources don’t usually go directly to satisfy the consumer---indirectly through their use in goods and services
• EX- land, tractor, farmer lead to demand for food
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Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
• Added satisfaction declines as a consumer acquires additional units of a given product
• The more the consumer obtains the less they want more of it
• Ex- cars (excluding collectors)
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Optimal Level for Utility
• MU of product A/Price of A = MU of B/Price B• If this equation is not true, then the consumer
should reallocate their funds differently
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Utility-Maximizing Combination of Products A and B Obtainable with an Income of $10
(1)Unit ofProduct
(a)MarginalUtility,
Utils
(a)MarginalUtility,
Utils
(b)Marginal
UtilityPer Dollar
(MU/Price)
(b)Marginal
UtilityPer Dollar
(MU/Price)
(2)Product A:Price = $1
(3)Product B:Price = $2
FirstSecondThirdFourthFifthSixthSeventh
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98632
Compare Marginal UtilitiesThen Compare Per Dollar - MU/PriceChoose the HighestCheck Budget - Proceed to Next Item
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(1)Unit ofProduct
(a)MarginalUtility,
Utils
(a)MarginalUtility,
Utils
(b)Marginal
UtilityPer Dollar
(MU/Price)
(b)Marginal
UtilityPer Dollar
(MU/Price)
(2)Product A:Price = $1
(3)Product B:Price = $2
FirstSecondThirdFourthFifthSixthSeventh
10876543
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64
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98632
Again, Compare Per Dollar - MU/PriceChoose the HighestBuy One of Each – Budget Has $5 LeftProceed to Next Item
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(1)Unit ofProduct
(a)MarginalUtility,
Utils
(a)MarginalUtility,
Utils
(b)Marginal
UtilityPer Dollar
(MU/Price)
(b)Marginal
UtilityPer Dollar
(MU/Price)
(2)Product A:Price = $1
(3)Product B:Price = $2
FirstSecondThirdFourthFifthSixthSeventh
10876543
2420181612
64
10876543
1210
98632
Again, Compare Per Dollar - MU/PriceBuy One More B – Budget Has $3 LeftProceed to Next Item
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(1)Unit ofProduct
(a)MarginalUtility,
Utils
(a)MarginalUtility,
Utils
(b)Marginal
UtilityPer Dollar
(MU/Price)
(b)Marginal
UtilityPer Dollar
(MU/Price)
(2)Product A:Price = $1
(3)Product B:Price = $2
FirstSecondThirdFourthFifthSixthSeventh
10876543
2420181612
64
10876543
1210
98632
Again, Compare Per Dollar - MU/PriceBuy One of Each – Budget Exhausted
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Monopsony
A single employer of labor has substantial buying (hiring power) with the following characteristics:
1. Only a single buyer of a particular good2. Labor is immobile (workers would have to
move or acquire new skills)3. The firm is a wage maker**monopsony power can vary
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Monopsony Model
Wag
e R
ate
(Do
llars
)
Quantity of Labor
0
S
MRP
MRC
c
b
aWc
Wm
Qm Qc
Examples of Monopsony Power
Monopsonistic Labor Market
W 14.1
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Positive Externalities
P S
D private
D Social
Quantity
P
Q mkt Q Social
Spillover BenefitSubsidy
The government can correct this externality by subsidizing the producer or the consumer (vouchers)
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Negative Externalities
P
Pmkt
Quantity
D
S SocialS private
Spillover Costs = Pollution Tax