Hyperlinked Entities: decentralised micro-services, Paulo Chainho, Altice Labs
MICRO IMAGE REVIEW #2: LABS 4-6
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Transcript of MICRO IMAGE REVIEW #2: LABS 4-6
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LAB #4 - EPITHELIUM• Epithelia:1. lines tubes or 2. covers surfaces
Cells held together by:1. Cell junctions2. Interdigitation of cell membranes3. Glycocalyx
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Intro to Epi• Number of cells layers:
– 1 = simple– More than 1 = stratified
Shape of cells:- Squamous = flat- Cuboidal = square w/round nucleus- Columnar = taller than they are wide,
oval nucleus
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Simple Epithelium• Has 3 surfaces:1. apical/upper/free surface that faces
outside or into a lumen2. Lateral surface that connects it to
other cells3. Basal surface that lies against the
basement membrane
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Simple Squamous
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More Simple Squamous
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Simple Cuboidal
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Look how the tops are flat…. • Transitional would be rounded on
top. Don’t confuse!
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Simple Columnar• Oval nuclei
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Tip:• They will almost always have to
show you simple columnar in the intestine b/c it isnt found a lot of other places.
• Keep an eye out for the goblet cells and microvilli that are also associated with it.
• Also, they may ask you about “interdigitating cell membranes.”
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Here are goblet cells and microvilli w/ simple columnar
Microvilli
Goblet cell
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Interdigitating cell membranes• Will most likely have to show you
with EM
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium – ciliated and with goblet cells• Nuclei not at the same level• All touch the basement membrane
but not all reach the lumen
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Pseudo blah blah blah
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If they show you pseudostrat it may have stereocilia if it is in the epididymis. Be aware.
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Simple summary
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Stratified epi of many fun varieties• Name them according to the cells
facing the lumen – outermost cells. • Does not matter what the ones
touching the basement membrane look like
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Stratified squamous epi• If top layer has nuclei – NON
keratinized– On wet surfaces - mucosa
• If top layer has no nuclei and looks flaky and like its pulling off – keratinized– On dry surfaces, usually skin of some
sort
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NON keratinized
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keratinized
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Non-keratinized vs. keratinized
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Again…..
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Stratified cuboidal• Usually in glands
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Stratified columnar• In glands too, don’t confuse with
stratified cuboidal. Make sure to see if nucleus is round and in center of cell. If so, cuboidal. If nuclei a little more oval and not exactly in center, go for columnar
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Strat. columnar• So even though the bottom layer
here is cuboidal that doesn’t matter
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More strat. columnar
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Transitional• Pretty much only in the bladder• Often binucleate• Tops of cells bulge into lumen
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Transitional
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LAB 5 – Cellular Specializations
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Cell contacts• Terminal bar (my favorite) vs.
junctional complex– Terminal bar in LM– Junc. Complex in EM
*They will try to trick you. Do not be fooled.*
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What is this?
JUNCTIONAL COMPLEX!!!!!!!!
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The JC has 3 parts• Zonula occludens
– Tight junction– Cells pressed close together, looks black in between
the 2 cells in EM• Zonula adherens
– Lighter between the 2 cells than the zon occludens– If you cant see anything and there is an arrow in
between a zon. occludens on top and a desmosome beneath (both of which are easier to see) then it is a zonula adherens
• Macula adherens– Desmosome– Looks spiny b/c of the filaments branching out
*they will ask you these. Be able to tell them apart*
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Desmosomes- aka macula adherens- Have intercellular bridges- Can be more than one down the
length of a cell
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Gap Junction• This is what I found on google for
gap junction. I don’t think this will be on the test
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Will the real gap junction please stand up• Not spiny on the sides like the
desmosome
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They can show it to you like this too:
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Often in cardiac muscle
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Interdigitation of lateral membranes• Its in the lab book, its fair game
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Basement membrane• Between epithelial cells and
underlying tissue• Made by both epithelial cells and
connective tissue cells– Epi cells secrete basal lamina =
collagen and other stuff– CT cells secrete reticular fibers and
other stuff
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Basement membrane
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Don’t be alarmed• They may stain it funny
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BASAL LAMINA• Like the terminal bar, different names
in different tissues
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hemidesmosomes• Pretty much just desmosomes on the
basal side of the cells
Also note the lamina lucida and lamida densa – they can only label these on EM
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Bottom of cells and looks like desmosome?? HEMIDESMOSOME
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STUFF ON TOPS OF CELLSMicrovilliStereociliaCiliaFlagella
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microvilli• Smooth border on top – not rough
like cilia• Cant really distinguish individual
microvilli like you can with cilia• Filled with actin filaments• Often in intestine
– For absorption– Look for the columnar cells that you find
there
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Pics of microvilli• P.S. microvilli does NOT =
glycocalyx. Glycocalyx is a carb covering. Lets demonstrate:
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Microvilli contd• When in cross section do not
confuse with cilia – cilia have TUBES inside them in the special arrangement, while microvilli have roughly 50 actin filaments in a bundle
microvillicilia
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Even more……..
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In LM:• Look at how smooth it is vs. cilia
Cilia above
Microvilli below
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stereocilia• More like microvilli than cilia
– REALLY long and stringy – cant mistake them!
– Core of actin– Function in absorption– In epididymis
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stereocilia
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More stereo
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cilia• Core of microtubules• Note the basal bodies underneath
them – these can be labeled as well• Remember they have a rough top• We have seen them 2034873489
million times, but just for good measure….
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Cilia w/basal bodies
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Cilia – note longer than microvilli and ragged top edge
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flagella• Structure similar to cilia (microtubules
inside) but only one per cell• Sperm have them…. Hot!
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Glands
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Unicellular glands• aka goblet cells• Look for possible PAS staining• Lots in GI and respiratory system• Product goes into a lumen, like the
stomach or trachea, as opposed to a duct
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NO PAS PAS
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Multicellular Glands• Invaginations of epithelium• 2 kinds:
– Exocrine – still connected to surface epithelium through ducts; 2 kinds of exocrine
• Mucus• serous
– Endocrine – no connection
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Exocine serous secreting vs. mucus secreting• Serous stain more darkly b/c product
is protein – thus cell making lots of protein…. Cytoplasmic basophilia!
duct
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Serous also have rounder nuclei• Compare serous vs. mucous here
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mucus• Stain lightly – product is mucus so
this makes sense• Sometimes cells are so packed with
mucus that the nuclei are pressed flat against the bottom of the cell
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Mucus glands with demilunes
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Serous demilunes• Half moon shaped• Pressed against mucous glands
Blue arrow = demilune
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Loose irregular connective tissue aka areolar• Looks really irregular• All sorts of fun fibers
– Elastic – usually need special stain, can be coiled – purple in this pic
– Reticular – really thin, need special stain– Collagen – fat
• Pink here
– Also look forfibroblast nuclei
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Dense irregular connective tissue• Compared to loose, it looks packed• Lots of times found under
skin/epidermis – a good clue
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Dense irregular• Look and see the dense irreg CT
under the epidermis– FYI this is called the dermis, one place
you often see dense irreg CT
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Dens irreg CT:not as many fibroblasts or elastic fibers – more collagen…. tougher
-makes sense that its under epidermis that takes a lot of wear and tear
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Mast cells• Purple granules and blue nuclei
found in CT – BLATANT granules
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Mast cells in EM• Tricky, but look for scroll-like things
in the granules• Know its not lipid b/c granules in
mast cells are perfectly round like lipid would be
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Scroll stuff in granules
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Metachomasia – what is it and why do we care• Use one stain and get a blue nucleus
and red/purple granules• This shift in staining color =
metachromasia
• Was it all you dreamed of and more??
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EM collagen• Not to be confused with glycogen
please
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Not the red arrows…. the black dots
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Dense regular connective tissue• Fibroblast nuclei are smashed• May be wavy and/or shiny• Usually a tendon, keep your eyes
open for any skeletal muscle
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Tight parallel arrangement of collagen
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Elastic fibers• wavy• Usually funky stain like resorcin
– Stains them purple
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