Mick Cooper, Ph.D. Professor of Counselling University of Strathclyde [email protected]
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Transcript of Mick Cooper, Ph.D. Professor of Counselling University of Strathclyde [email protected]
Hierarchy of wants: An integrating framework
for person-centred therapy and the field of psycho-social change
Mick Cooper, Ph.D.Professor of CounsellingUniversity of Strathclyde
Aim of presentationTo present a presents a contemporary re-formulation of person-centred/humanistic developmental and personality theory, which allows it to act as an integrating basis for a wide variety of psychotherapeutic, and social change, theories and practices
Building on ideas developed in:
Cooper, M. (2000). Person-centred developmental theory: reflections and revisions. Person-Centred Practice, 8(2), 87-94.
Cooper, M. (2006) Socialist Humanism, in Proctor et al. Politicizing the person-centred approach (PCCS Books)
Cooper, M. (2010) WAPCEPC Rome presentation
Cooper, M. (in press) Intrinsic foundations of extrinsic motivations and goals: Towards a unified humanistic theory of wellbeing and change, Journal of Humanistic Psychology.
PCA model of development
Experiencingorganism
Conditional positiveregard
Experiencingorganism
Self-construct
Humanistic psychology• Similar split between:
‘intrinsic’/authentic/’self-concordant’
motivation and goalsvs.
‘extrinsic’/false
• Self-determination theory: Deci and Ryan
• Self-concordance theory: Sheldon and Kasser
But how can we explain why
actualising beings come to act in
extrinsically-driven, ‘non-actualising’
ways?
Introjections: Self vs. Society?
Actualising process Social forces
But…• Is the human being really so weak and
passive that their being is determined by social forces?
• Where is the active, agentic, actualising being?
‘If you conclude that the troubles lies in the fact that human beings are so susceptible to influence by their culture, so obedient to orders that they are given, so pliable to their environment, then you are making the most devastating of all judgment…in human beings. In such case we are all sheep, dependent on whoever is the shepherd; and Fred Skinner is right.’ (Rollo May, letter to Carl Rogers on the issue of evil)
Actualisation process vs. self-actualisation?
Actualisation/intrinsic process
Self-actualisation/extrinsic process
But…1. For Rogers (1959), there is just one motivating
force in the organism, the actualising tendency: ‘There are no homunculi, no other sources of energy or action in the system’
2. Why would an actualising organism behave in non-actualising and non-intelligible ways?
3. Is it really possible/meaningful to differentiate between the need for positive regard, and the need for relatedness?
4. Introducing a judgement over growthful/not for growth motivations may be inconsistent with PCA values and practices
An alternative conceptualisation: A hierarchy
of wants
‘Extrinsic’, ‘inauthentic’ motivations emerge from ‘intrinsic’
foundations‘The human person needs confirmation because man [sic] as man needs it…. Sent forth from the natural domain of species into the hazard of the solitary category, surrounded by the air of chaos which came into being with him, secretly and bashfully he watches for a Yes which allows him to be and which can come to him only from one human person to another. It is from one man to another that the heavenly bread of self-being is passed.’ (Martin Buber)
Actualising in multiple ways
Actualising process
‘Self’-actualisation/
need for approval
Actualisation of non-’self’ component (e.g., sexuality)
Conflict
Actualising process
Actualisation of self-concept
Actualisation of sexualityconflict
Multiple conflicts• Conflict between desire for approval and
other desires can be considered just one splits/conflicts/tensions across organismic desires (Cooper, 2001, 2007)
Other tensions in actualising process
Actualising process
Creative potential
Desire for financial security
conflict
A ‘hierarchy of wants’• Can conceptualise actualising
tendency, and relationship between wants, in hierarchical format
• Cf. William Powers: ‘Perceptual Control Theory’
• Multiple highest order wants may exist: e.g., relatedness, competence, autonomy
• Lower order wants are means of attaining higher order wants
A hierarchy of wantsRelatednes
s
Spend time with close
friends
Others more loving
Accrue positive regard
Fame
• Both intrinsic and extrinsic wants are means of attaining higher order goals
A hierarchy of wants
Actualising process
Self-actualising
processSexuality
Homosexual wants
Heterosexual wants
Creativity Economic stability
Wants and wellbeing• Psychological wellbeing associated with
progress towards, and attainment of, fundamental (i.e., highest order) wants
• ‘Intrinsic’ wants are not inherently more salutogenic, but are more likely to be associated with wellbeing because they are: – More direct and effective means of
attaining highest order wants: are not dependent on external mediation and contingencies
– Less likely to be in conflict with other wants
Wants and wellbeing• Psychological wellbeing is
dependent on having ways of attaining our wants that are:
1. Effective2. Fitted to our present context3. Synergetic
Dysergy and synergy between
wants
Dysergy• A relationship in which, when one
entity gets what it wants, it impedes another entity getting what it wants (and vice-versa)
• E.g., win-lose, or lose-lose relationship
Dysgertic relationship
A hierarchy of wants
Actualising process
Self-actualising process: ‘I should not
experience gay desires’
Sexuality
Homosexual wantsDyse
rgetic
relationsh
ip
Empirical support• ‘Interference among goals is
associated with impairments in subjective well-being’ (Riediger, 2007)
Synergy• Syn = together• ‘the combined, or cooperative,
effects produced by the relationships among various forces’ (Corning, 2003, p.2)
• Synergy = A relationship in which, when one entity gets what it wants, it helps another entity getting what it wants (and vice-versa)
Synergetic relationship
A hierarchy of wants
Actualising process
Self-actualising process: ‘I’m
completely lovable as someone who experiences gay
desires’
Sexuality
Homosexual wantsSynergetic
relationsh
ip
Empirical support• ‘mutual facilitation among goals
enhances goal-directed activities’ (Riediger, 2007) – enhanced behavioral involvement in goal pursuit
Beyond the self-concept• But dysergies are not only brought
about by conflicts with the desire for self-regard: can also emerge across other wants
A hierarchy of wantsActualisi
ng process
Creativity
Economic
stabilityDysergeticrelationship
A hierarchy of wants
Actualising process
Quick solutions: ‘all-
or-nothing’ thinking
Longer term outcomes
Dysergeticrelationship
Why do people come to develop
dysergetic wants?
Aetiology of dysergetic wants
• From person-centred/humanistic standpoint, wants are not inherently dysergetic
• Natural tendency towards synergising of wants/finding mutually compatible strategies for their attainment
= actualising tendency?
Aetiology of dysergetic wants
• But, under certain (restrictive) social circumstances, we may learn that the actualisation of one want requires the subjugation of another want
Unconditionally accepting environment
Actualising process
sexuality
‘self’
Conditionally accepting environment
sexu
ality
‘self’
Actualising process
A conditionally regarding environment is just one kind of
restrictive social context
Other restrictive (and on-going) social contexts (e.g.,
poverty) may also evoke tensions amongst
potentialities
Financially supportive environment
Actualising process
Creativity
Financialsecurity
Financially restrictive environment
crea
tivity
financialsecurity
Actualising process
How can synergies be enhanced?
Person-centred therapy• By creating an unconditionally
positively regarding context, the client’s desire for positive regard (from others and self) need no longer run against their other desires
Conditionally accepting environment
sexu
ality
‘self’
Actualising process
Unconditionally accepting environment
sexu
ality
‘self’
Actualising process
Unconditionally accepting environment
Actualising process
sexuality
‘self’
Social change• If we accept that:...dysergies can emerge...between wants…Partly as a consequence of other
social restrictions• Then intrapsychic work is only one
means of supporting a person towards greater wellbeing
Financially restrictive environment
crea
tivity
financialsecurity
Actualising process
Financially supportive environment
crea
tivity
financialsecurity
Actualising process
Financially supportive environment
Actualising process
Creativity
Financialsecurity
Non-PCA therapies• Other therapeutic approaches can
also help people develop ways of attaining their wants that are more synergetic; and more effective, direct and suited to the present context
Cognitive-behavioural therapy
• Re-evaluating short term benefits of simple, black-and-white thinking over long term benefits of more balanced, nuanced understandings
• Behavioural training: trying out better ways of doing things
• Assertiveness training: learning to ask for things in more direct ways
Psychodynamic therapy• Insight: developing awareness of our
most fundamental wants; and developing ways of actualising/managing them that do not undermine our ability to achieve them, and other wants, in the real world
Discussion• From PCA model of conflict between intrinsic
and extrinsic wants, have suggested that this is just one manifestation of conflicts between wants
• … which is one way in which we can fail to progress towards, and attain, the things we want in life
• Wellbeing comes from having direct, efficient, and synergetic means of moving towards our wants
• Provides the basis for an integrated psycho-social theory of development and change
Mick Cooper, Ph.D.Professor of CounsellingUniversity of Strathclyde
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