Michigan Supreme Court Opinion on Child Support and Poverty

7/31/2019 Michigan Supreme Court Opinion on Child Support and Poverty

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AICOD K_CY =7# 74*

Lofijjijf ij >?# Ciìjo agicod th mhe~cy vitb tbo h|do| |owui|ijf bo| th ~gy

mbicd }u~~h|t*< Ociqo }hufbt gj ijm|og}o ij mbicd }u~~h|t ~gyeojt} tbgt }geo yog|* Tbo

A|iojd ha tbo Mhu|t "AHM) |oao|oo |omheeojdod tbgt Ciìjo} mbicd }u~~h|t hlcifgtihj lo

ijm|og}od th $7#7=7 g ehjtb hj tbo lg}i} ha tbo ~g|tio} to}tiehjy gjd oqidojmo tbgt }bo

bgd }omu|od tvh eh|tfgfo}# ci}tijf ijmheo g} $7?#>>> g ehjtb hj tbo g~~cimgtihj}# th

~u|mbg}o g bheo vh|tb $4>9#>>>*= Tbo |oao|oo ie~utod ijmheo ha $?#>>> g ehjtb th

Ciìjo#4 |og}hjijf tbgt tbi} vg} tbo eijieue ijmheo |owui|od th eoot tbo lg|o lhjo}

< To}tiehjy gt t|igc vhucd cgto| |oqogc tbgt du|ijf tbo ~o|ihd vboj Ciìjo} mbicd }u~~h|thlcifgtihj vg} $727 g ehjtb# PtUbo|o vg} hjcy hjo ehjtb ij vbimb tbo mu||ojt }u~~h|t~cu} g cittco lit ha g||og|} vg} ~gid* Ciìjo ~gid jh mbicd }u~~h|t ij >1# gjd ~gid$422*2? ij >6* A|he Kgjug|y tb|hufb Eg|mb >2# }bo ~gid g thtgc ha $7>>*

Gmmh|dijf th Ciìjo# }bo bgd looj ujoe~chyod }ijmo ]o~toelo| >?# gato| loijfbh}~itgci{od0 }bo bgd og|jod# gt eh}t# $79#>>> g yog|0 gato| Kgjug|y >1# }bo }ul}i}todhj }hmigc }omu|ity di}glicity ~gyeojt} ha glhut $1>> g ehjtb*

= Tbo |oao|oo jhtod tbgt Ciìjo vg} qo|y oqg}iqoP#U g} }bo PbgdU looj ij ~g}t bog|ijf}#glhut tbo jgtu|o gjd }hu|mo ha bo| ijmheo* Ciìjo gc}h ijdimgtod tbgt }bo bgd aijgjmodbo| ciao}tyco u}ijf m|odit mg|d} gjd did jht locioqo tbgt bo| mbicd }u~~h|t }bhucd loijm|og}od ah| bo| ~hh| aijgjmigc domi}ihj}*

4 EMC ??


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?

ehjtbcy or~oj}o} Ciìjo bgd |o~h|tod*? Gato| g tvh dgy bog|ijf do jhqh# tbo ageicy

mhu|t gdh~tod tbo AHM |oao|oo} |omheeojdgtihj ij gj h|do| dgtod Gufu}t =># >1*

Hj ]o~toelo| 1# tbo ageicy mhu|t dojiod Ciìjo} ehtihj ah|

|omhj}ido|gtihj ij g aiqo%~gfo v|ittoj h~ijihj# mhjmcudijf tbgt Ciìjo} to}tiehjy vg}

jht t|utbauc# tbgt bo| tgr |otu|j} did jht gmmu|gtocy |oacomt bo| ijmheo# gjd tbgt Ciìjo bgd

ei}|o~|o}ojtod bo| ijmheo }h egjy tieo} tbgt tbo|o i} jh vgy th gdowugtocy doto|eijo

bo| ijmheo* Tbo ageicy mhu|t |omhfji{od tbgt Ciìjo dho} }uaao| a|he }heo ah|e ha

eojtgc iccjo}}# lut tbo oqidojmo ~|o}ojtod cod tbo mhu|t th mhjmcudo tbgt }bo vg}

vh|ìjf gjd og|jijf gj ijmheo lomgu}o }bo vg} egijtgijijf bo|}oca# ijmcudijf tbo

~gyeojt ha g }ul}tgjtigc eh|tfgfo* Gctbhufb Ciìjo} gmtugc ijmheo mhucd jht lo

doto|eijod duo th bo| oqg}iqo to}tiehjy gjd jueo|hu} ei}|o~|o}ojtgtihj}# tbo ageicy

mhu|t ahujd tbgt tbo gehujt ha ijmheo ie~utod vg} g~~|h~|igto*1

Hj Eg|mb # >2# tbo Do~g|teojt ha Gtth|joy Fojo|gc# Mbicd ]u~~h|t Diqi}ihj#

mbg|fod Ciìjo m|ieijgccy vitb aochjy jhj}u~~h|t lotvooj Aol|ug|y 7# >?# gjd

Eg|mb 77# >2# ij qihcgtihj ha EMC 6?>*71?* Hj ]o~toelo| 2# tbo ~|h}omuth|

? Tbo |oao|oo mhjmcudod tbgt Ciìjo

oitbo| bg} ag| eh|o ijmheo tbgj }bo i} t|yijf th mhjqijmo tbo Mhu|t }bo bg}#h|# }bo bg} htbo| }hu|mo} vitb vbimb th ~gy bo| ciqijf or~oj}o}* Oitbo|vgy# it vhucd lo ~gtojtcy ujagi| jht th lg}o mbicd }u~~h|t hj tbo ijmheo

PCiìjoU }oo} ait th locioqo }bo i} ojtitcod th ciqo hj*

1 Ciìjo g~~ciod ah| cogqo th g~~ogc tbgt |ucijf# lut tbo Mhu|t ha G~~ogc} dojiod cogqo ah|agicu|o th ~o|}ugdo tbo Mhu|t ha tbo jood ah| ieeodigto g~~occgto |oqiov*Ciìjo q Ciìjo#uj~ulci}bod h|do| ha tbo Mhu|t ha G~~ogc}# ojto|od Eg|mb 74# >2 "Dhmòt Jh*742)*


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1

aicod g ehtihj ij cieijo th lg| Ciìjo a|he haao|ijf h| |oao||ijf# di|omtcy h| ijdi|omtcy# th

bo| glicity h| ijglicity th ~gy mhu|t%h|do|od mbicd }u~~h|t# ijmcudijf bo| oe~chyeojt

}tgtu} gjd mcgie} tbgt bo| gmtugc ijmheo vg} co}} tbgj tbo gehujt} u}od th mgcmucgto bo|

}u~~h|t hlcifgtihj* MitijfGdge}#6 tbo ~|h}omuth| g|fuod tbgt oqidojmo ha ijglicity th ~gy

i} jht g qgcid doaoj}o th tbo m|ieo ha aochjy jhj}u~~h|t# g }t|imt%ciglicity m|ieo*

Gt tbo ehtihj bog|ijf hj Hmthlo| 2# >2# Ciìjo g|fuod tbgt tbo ~|h}omuth| vg}

}ooìjf th do~|iqo bo| ha gjy doaoj}o th tbo mbg|fo gfgij}t bo| gjd tbgt tbi} qihcgtod bo|

mhj}titutihjgc |ifbt th duo ~|hmo}}* ]bo mcgieod tbgt }bo bgd jh }hu|mo ha ijmheo h|

g}}ot} a|he vbimb th ~gy tbo mhu|t%h|do|od mbicd }u~~h|t* Ciìjo au|tbo| to}tiaiod tbgt }bo

bgd looj ujoe~chyod }ijmo ]o~toelo| >?# vboj }bo vg} |ocog}od a|he g ehjtb%chjf

bh}~itgci{gtihj0 tbgt }bo vg} di}glcod vitb }mbi{hgaaomtiqo di}h|do|# ah| vbimb }bo bgd

|omoiqod ~o|ihdim t|ogteojt# ijmcudijf eodimgtihj0 tbgt bo| }hco }hu|mo ha ijmheo vg}

}u~~coeojtgc }omu|ity ijmheo "]]I) gehujtijf th $1=6 g ehjtb0 tbgt }bo bgd t|iod th

bhcd g ~g|t%tieo toe~h|g|y khl lut vg} ~by}imgccy gjd eojtgccy ujglco th dh }h0 tbgt tbo

lgj` ah|omch}od hj gjd }bh|t }hcd bo| \hmbo}to| Bicc} bheo ij Kujo >60 gjd tbgt

gctbhufb }bo bgd bocd tvh ~|hao}}ihjgc cimoj}o}# tboy vo|o ijgmtiqo h| bgd cg~}od gjd }bo

vg} ujglco th u}o tboe lomgu}o ha bo| m|odit |gtijf gjd bo| di}glicity* Gmmh|dijf th

Ciìjo# }bo bgd looj glco th ~gy $727 g ehjtb ij mbicd }u~~h|t ij >4 lomgu}o tbgt

gehujt vg} lg}od hj bo| gmtugc ijmheo* Ciìjo ~|hqidod tbo mi|muit mhu|t vitb g mh~y ha

bo| }hmigc }omu|ity og|jijf} |omh|d mhqo|ijf 792? tb|hufb >=# vbimb }bhvod jh

6Gdge}#


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6

ijmheo a|he 7994 tb|hufb >2# tbo ~|h}omuth| ~|o}ojtod tbo to}tiehjy ha

Ociqo gjd gj AHM mbicd%}u~~h|t%gmmhujt }~omigci}t* Tbo }~omigci}t to}tiaiod tbgt tbo mbicd

}u~~h|t h|do| ojto|od vboj Ciìjo gjd Ociqo diqh|mod |owui|od Ciìjo th ~gy $=? g

ehjtb ah| hjo mbicd gjd $42 g ehjtb ah| tvh* Tbo gehujt vg} }ul}owuojtcy ijm|og}od#

ij Gufu}t >4# th $727 g ehjtb* Ah| tbo ~o|ihd }ulkomt th tbo aochjy%jhj}u~~h|t mbg|fo#

Aol|ug|y >? tb|hufb Eg|mb >2# tbo gehujt ha }u~~h|t h|do|od vg} ijitigccy $727 g

ehjtb# lut ij Kujo >? it vg} |gi}od th $7#7=7 g ehjtb* Tbo }~omigci}t to}tiaiod tbgt

Ciìjo bgd egdo qo|y }~h|gdim ~gyeojt}# ijmcudijf ~gyeojt} ij hjcy 7< ha tbo =6

ehjtb} mbg|fod# ij gehujt} |gjfijf a|he $7>> th $? gato| Ciìjo ~u|mbg}od g bgca%eiccihj%dhccg| bheo ij

\hmbo}to| Bicc}*9

2 Ciìjo gc}h ijah|eod tbo mhu|t tbgt gjhtbo| ehtihj th ehdiay vg} ~ojdijf loah|o tboAHM |oao|oo vbh bgd i}}uod tbo G~|ic >1 |o~h|t*

9 Ociqo gc}h to}tiaiod tbgt Ciìjo bgd ~u|mbg}od g jov qobimco g|hujd tbo tieo tbgt }bolhufbt tbo bhu}o* Ciìjo to}tiaiod tbgt }bo bgd tu|jod ij g cog}od qobimco gjd gmwui|odgjhtbo| cog}od qobimco*


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2

Ciìjo to}tiaiod hj bo| hvj lobgca* ]bo }tgtod tbgt }bo vg} glco th ~gy lhtb tbo

$?4 g ehjtb tbgt vg} ijitigccy h|do|od gjd tbo $727 ehjtbcy gehujt# lut vboj tbo

}u~~h|t gehujt vg} ijm|og}od th $7#7=7# }bo vg} ujglco th egò tbo ~gyeojt* ]bo

gm`jhvcodfod tbgt }bo bgd ~u|mbg}od tbo bheo ij \hmbo}to| Bicc}# lut }tgtod tbgt tbo

bhu}o vg} ~ut ij Pbo|U jgeo gjd tbgt bo| lhya|iojd bgd ~gid ah| it* Ij mch}ijf# doaoj}o

mhuj}oc g|fuod tbgt tbo gehujt ha Ciìjo} mbicd }u~~h|t bgd oaaomtiqocy looj egdo u~

ly u}ijf ie~utod ijmheo g} tbo lg}i} ah| mgcmucgtihj gjd tbgt tbo mbicd }u~~h|t }bhucd

jht bgqo looj ij tbo gehujt ha $7#7=7* Mhuj}oc au|tbo| g|fuod tbgt Ciìjo vg} loijf

th|j g~g|t ly agmth|} }bo PbgdU jh mhjt|hc hqo|*

Tbo ku|y ahujd Ciìjo fuicty g} mbg|fod* Ciìjo ehqod ah| |ocioa a|he tbo

kudfeojt h| ah| |omhj}ido|gtihj# g|fuijf tbgt EMC 6?>*71? }bhucd lo domcg|od

ujmhj}titutihjgc h|# gcto|jgtiqocy# tbgt tbo h|do| f|gjtijf tbo ~|h}omuth|} ehtihj ij

cieijo }bhucd lo |omhj}ido|od gjd qgmgtod }h tbgt Ciìjo mhucd haao| g doaoj}o th tbo

mbg|fo* Tbo mi|muit mhu|t dojiod tbo ehtihj ah| tbo |og}hj} ai|}t }tgtod u~hj tbo |omh|d

Hmthlo| 2# >2 gjd tbgt tbi} egtto| i} g }t|imt ciglicity haaoj}o* ]ul}owuojtcy# tbo mi|muit

mhu|t }ojtojmod Ciìjo th ~|hlgtihj ah| hjo yog| vitb 42 dgy} m|odit gjd }tgtod tbgt tbo

ageicy mhu|t vhucd doto|eijo tbo gehujt ha |o}titutihj*

Ij Aol|ug|y >9# Ciìjo aicod g mcgie ha g~~ogc# gjd ij Eg|mb >9# tb|hufb

g~~occgto mhuj}oc# }bo gc}h ehqod ah| g jov t|igc ij tbo mi|muit mhu|t* Ciìjo g|fuod tbgt

bo| |ifbt} ujdo| tbo Eimbifgj Mhj}titutihj} Duo ^|hmo}} Mcgu}o vo|o qihcgtod vboj }bo

vg} jht gcchvod th ~|o}ojt oqidojmo ha bo| ijglicity th ~gy g} g doaoj}o th tbo m|ieijgc


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9

mbg|fo ha aochjy jhj}u~~h|t*7> Tbo mi|muit mhu|t dojiod tbo ehtihj hj tbo |omh|d# mitijf

Gdge}77

ah| tbo |uco tbgt ijglicity th ~gy i} jht g doaoj}o th tbi} }t|imt%ciglicity haaoj}o*

Tbo Mhu|t ha G~~ogc} gaai|eod# bhcdijf# ij ~g|t# tbgt Ciìjo} g|fueojt i}

gmtugccy gj ie~o|ei}}ilco mhccgto|gc gttgm` hj tbo ujdo|cyijf }u~~h|t h|do|*7< Tbo Mhu|t

ha G~~ogc} mhjmcudod tbgt doaojdgjt} |ifbt th duo ~|hmo}} bgd jht looj qihcgtod lomgu}o

aochjy jhj}u~~h|t i} g }t|imt%ciglicity haaoj}o# }h oqidojmo ha bo| ijglicity th ~gy vg} jht

|ocoqgjt*

Vo f|gjtod cogqo# vitb ôh~co q ^g|`} gjd ôh~co q Bg||i}# th mhj}ido| vbotbo|

tbo |uco haGdge}# vbimb bocd tbgt ijglicity th ~gy i} jht g doaoj}o th tbo mbg|fo ha aochjy

jhj}u~~h|t ujdo| EMC 6?>*71?# i} mhj}titutihjgc*7=

G* ÔH^CO q ^G\@]# DHM@OT JH* 747727

Doaojdgjt Eimbgoc Kh}o~b ^g|`} "^g|`}) gjd bi} viao Digjo ^g|`} "Digjo)

diqh|mod ij ]o~toelo| >>* Doaojdgjt# gj h|tbh~odim }u|fohj# vg} g |u|gc ~by}imigj

vitb g }hch ~|gmtimo vbh }heotieo} vh|òd g} g mhjt|gmt ~by}imigj* Tbo Ijfbge ageicy

mhu|t ijitigccy h|do|od doaojdgjt th ~gy $ g voo` ij mbicd }u~~h|t ah| tbo ~g|tio} tb|oo

mbicd|oj* Hj Gufu}t 79# >=# tbo ageicy mhu|t ehdiaiod ^g|`}} }u~~h|t hlcifgtihj th

7> Ciìjo} ehtihj ah| g jov t|igc mbg|gmto|i{od bo| g|fueojt g} ~o|tgijijf th gj glicityth ~gy doaoj}o* Bhvoqo|# tbo ehtihj it}oca# gjd bo| l|ioa ij }u~~h|t ha tbo ehtihj# mitotbi} Mhu|t} |ucijf ij ^h|t Bu|hj qKojìj}hj# 66 Eimb 4740 4= JV 9)*

7=ôh~co q Ciìjo# 422 Eimb 9??0 69> JV


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$617 g voo`* Tbgt hlcifgtihj vg} ij oaaomt tb|hufbhut tbo m|ieijgc ~|hmoodijf ij tbi}

mg}o*

^g|`} vg} mbg|fod m|ieijgccy vitb qihcgtijf EMC 6?>*71? ah| agicijf th ~gy mbicd

}u~~h|t a|he Hmthlo| 7# >1# tb|hufb Kucy 7?# >2* Gt g lojmb t|igc ij Kgjug|y >9#

Digjo to}tiaiod tbgt ^g|`} bgd egdo jh }u~~h|t ~gyeojt} du|ijf tbo ~o|ihd mbg|fod* ]bo

to}tiaiod tbgt du|ijf tbgt tieo# ^g|`} bgd egdo }oqo|gc |owuo}t} ah| g |ooqgcugtihj ha bi}

mbicd }u~~h|t hlcifgtihj gjd tbgt tbo|o bgd looj g bog|ijf loah|o tbo ageicy mhu|t gt

vbimb ^g|`} vg} |o~|o}ojtod ly mhuj}oc* Gato| tbi} bog|ijf# tbo ageicy mhu|t dojiod

^g|`}} |owuo}t lomgu}o bo bgd agicod th ~|hqido gjy dhmueojtgtihj th }ul}tgjtigto bi}

mcgie tbgt bo mhucd jht eoot bi} mbicd }u~~h|t hlcifgtihj*

Gj Ijfbge Mhujty AHM haaimo| to}tiaiod gt tbo t|igc* Tbo haaimo| to}tiaiod tbgt

^g|`} bgd egdo jh mbicd }u~~h|t ~gyeojt} a|he Hmthlo| >1 th Kucy >2 gjd tbgt tbo

AHM bgd t|iod th ojah|mo ^g|`}} mbicd }u~~h|t hlcifgtihj ly ijitigtijf }bhv%mgu}o

bog|ijf} gjd hltgijijf ijmheo%vitbbhcdijf h|do|} gjd lojmb vg||gjt} ah| ^g|`}} g||o}t*

G} ha tbo dgto ha tbo t|igc# jhjo ha tbo}o gttoe~t} bgd looj }ummo}}auc* ^g|`}} mbicd

}u~~h|t g||og|gfo gehujtod th eh|o tbgj $>*

^g|`} to}tiaiod tbgt tbo AHM ie~|h~o|cy ie~utod th bie tbo ijmheo ha gj u|lgj

~by}imigj ij g f|hu~ ~|gmtimo# vbo|og} bi} ijmheo g} g |u|gc }hco ~|gmtitihjo| vg}

mhj}ido|glcy chvo|*74 Gc}h# ^g|`} to}tiaiod tbgt ~|hlgtihj mhjditihj} ie~h}od ly g

74 Vbico tbo ~|h}omuth| g|fuod tbgt ijglicity th ~gy vg} jht g doaoj}o ~u|}ugjt thGdge}#tbo t|igc mhu|t did jht mu|tgic ^g|`}} to}tiehjy# ijdimgtijf tbgt lomgu}o it vg} g lojmbt|igc gjd tbo kudfo ujdo|}thhd tbo cgv# ^g|`}} to}tiehjy |ofg|dijf bi} ie~|h~o|cyie~utod ijmheo egdo jh diaao|ojmo*


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aodo|gc mhu|t bge~o|od bi} glicity th ~|gmtimo eodimijo7? gjd tbo|oly ie~gi|od bi} glicity

th ~gy mbicd }u~~h|t* ^g|`} au|tbo| to}tiaiod tbgt bo vg} mu||ojtcy di}glcod#71 vg}

|omoiqijf di}glicity lojoait} a|he tbo aodo|gc fhqo|jeojt# gjd bgd domcg|od lgj`|u~tmy ij

>?* ^g|`} to}tiaiod tbgt bo locioqoPdU tbgt bo bgd egdo mbicd }u~~h|t ~gyeojt}

lotvooj Hmthlo| >1 gjd Kucy >2* Vboj g}`od th ~|hqido dhmueojtgtihj# ^g|`}

~|hdumod g |o~h|t a|he tbo mbicd }u~~h|t ojah|moeojt }y}toe tbgt bo oqidojtcy tbhufbt

vhucd |oacomt tbgt bo bgd egdo ~gyeojt}# lut tbo mhu|t orgeijod tbo |o~h|t gjd jhtod

tbgt it }bhvod gcc {o|ho}# ijdimgtijf tbgt bo bgd ~gid jh mbicd }u~~h|t ij h| gato|

Hmthlo| >1*

Gt tbo mch}o ha t|igc# tbo ~|h}omuth| g|fuod tbgt ogmb ha tbo tb|oo ocoeojt}

jomo}}g|y th mhjqimt ^g|`} ha qihcgtijf EMC 6?>*71? bgd looj o}tglci}bod; tbgt ^g|`}

vg} h|do|od th ~gy mbicd }u~~h|t# tbgt bo vg} oitbo| ~o|}hjgccy }o|qod h| g~~og|od ij tbo

ujdo|cyijf egtto|# gjd tbgt bo bgd agicod th ~gy tbo h|do|od gehujt* Doaoj}o mhuj}oc

g|fuod tbgt ^g|`} did gcc tbgt bo mhucd th mhe~cy vitb bi} mbicd }u~~h|t hlcifgtihj gjd

vg} dhijf vbgt bo mhucd th |oo}tglci}b bi} ~|gmtimo* Doaoj}o mhuj}oc u|fod tbgt ^g|`}}

7? Doaoj}o mhuj}oc gdeittod ijth oqidojmo g Eg|mb >? h|do| ha tbo _jitod ]tgto}Di}t|imt Mhu|t ah| tbo Vo}to|j Di}t|imt ha Eimbifgj geojdijf ^g|`}} >= kudfeojt ij gm|ieijgc mg}o* Tbo geojdod kudfeojt }ojtojmod ^g|`} th 9> dgy} ie~|i}hjeojt ah|qihcgtijf tbo to|e} ha bi} aodo|gc ~|hlgtihj tbgt |owui|od bie th ~gy mbicd }u~~h|t ijgmmh|dgjmo vitb bi} mhu|t%h|do|od }mboduco ha ~gyeojt} gjd th }u~~h|t bi} do~ojdojt}

gjd eoot htbo| ageicy |o}~hj}ilicitio}* Ij gdditihj th }o|qijf 9> dgy} ie~|i}hjeojt#^g|`} vg} |owui|od th ~gy |o}titutihj ij tbo gehujt ha $


12/80

7 "Dhm`ot Jh* 77)*


13/80

7=

^g|`} mhucd lo ahujd fuicty ha qihcgtijf EMC 6?>*71? vitb jh aijdijf ha ijtojt h|

`jhvcodfo lomgu}o tbo }tgtuto ie~h}o} }t|imt ciglicity gjd ijglicity th ~gy i} jht g doaoj}o

th g mbg|fo ha aochjy jhj}u~~h|t*

Vo f|gjtod cogqo# vitb Ciìjo gjd Bg||i}# gfgij th mhj}ido| vbotbo| tbo |uco ha

Gdge} i} mhj}titutihjgc*72

M* ÔH^CO q BG\\I]# DHM@OT JH* 747?7=

Doaojdgjt ]mhtt Lojjott Bg||i} "Bg||i}) gjd Cgqhjjo Bg||i} "Cgqhjjo)# diqh|mod

ij Jhqoelo| >=* Tbo Eu}òfhj ageicy mhu|t ijitigccy h|do|od Bg||i} th ~gy $7=9 g

ehjtb ah| bi} tvh mbicd|oj# gjd tbo gehujt vg} }ul}owuojtcy ijm|og}od th $17< g ehjtb

ij >1* Bg||i}# vbh vg} ciqijf ij @oy Vo}t# Ach|idg# vg} mbg|fod vitb aochjy

jhj}u~~h|t g} g ahu|tb%haaoj}o bglitugc haaojdo| ah| agicijf th ~gy bi} mhu|t%h|do|od mbicd

}u~~h|t lotvooj G~|ic 4# >=# gjd Egy 6# >2* Bg||i}} mbicd }u~~h|t g||og|gfo

gehujtod th jog|cy $7=#>>>*

Hj ]o~toelo|


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mi|muit mhu|t }t|o}}od# bhvoqo|# tbgt Bg||i} vhucd jood th }tgy mu||ojt ij bi} }u~~h|t

hlcifgtihj} ij gdditihj th ~gyijf tbo g||og|gfo* Gato| Bg||i} gf|ood th tbo mhjditihj}# tbo

mi|muit mhu|t gmmo~tod bi} fuicty ~cog gjd ~o|eittod Bg||i} th |otu|j th bi} bheo ij

Ach|idg*

Hj Domoelo| 2# >2# Bg||i} g~~og|od loah|o tbo mi|muit mhu|t ah| }ojtojmijf* Gt

tbgt tieo Bg||i} bgd ~gid $7#?>># |hufbcy tbo gehujt ha bi} hjfhijf mbicd }u~~h|t

~gyeojt}# lut bo gm`jhvcodfod tbgt bo bgd jht ~gid gjy gehujt ha tbo g||og|gfo* Bi}

mhuj}oc g|fuod tbgt ia Bg||i} vo|o ~o|eittod th |oegij a|oo# Bg||i} vhucd lo glco th |gi}o

g }ul}tgjtigc }ue* Doaoj}o mhuj}oc }tgtod tbgt doaojdgjt vgjtPodU th t|y th mhe~cy#

lut tbgt bo vg} ijdifojt# g} oqidojmod ly tbo mhu|t} bgqijf g~~hijtod mhuj}oc ah| bie ij

tbo m|ieijgc ~|hmoodijf* Hj gcchmutihj# doaojdgjt }tgtod hjcy tbgt bo bgd g lgm` ~|hlcoe

ha 7> yog|} du|gtihj# gjd bi} cgvyo| gddod tbgt Bg||i} bgd bog|t ~|hlcoe}*

Cgqhjjo g}}o|tod ij bo| qimtie ie~gmt }tgtoeojt tbgt Bg||i} bgd thcd bo| hj

}oqo|gc hmmg}ihj} tbgt }bo vhucd joqo| }oo gjhtbo| dieo a|he bie |ofg|dijf PtboU tvh

mbicd|oj* ]bo |omgccod tbgt doaojdgjt |oau}od th ~|hqido gjy g}}i}tgjmo vitb ujmhqo|od

eodimgc or~oj}o} vboj tboi| }hj l|h`o bi} bgjd gjd ijdimgtod tbgt }bo mhucd jht gaah|d th

luy tboi| }hj vijto| mchtbo} lomgu}o }bo mhucd jht fot gjy boc~ a|he tboi| agtbo|* ]bo

gm`jhvcodfod tbgt Bg||i} bgd g lgm` ~|hlcoe lut vg} ujgvg|o tbgt bo bgd gjy bog|t

~|hlcoe* ]bo }tgtod; Bo bg} gj gddimtihj ~|hlcoe th gcmhbhc gjd d|uf}# i} vbgt bo bg}*

Bo bg} g ~|hlcoe vitb vh|`ijf* Bg||i} vg} }ojtojmod g} g ahu|tb%haaoj}o bglitugc

haaojdo| th g ~|i}hj to|e ha 7? ehjtb} th 7? yog|}* Tbo mi|muit mhu|t h|do|od mh}t} gjd

|o}titutihj ha $7


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7?

Tb|hufb g~~hijtod mhuj}oc a|he tbo ]tgto G~~occgto Doaojdo| Haaimo "]GDH)#

Bg||i} ehqod th vitbd|gv bi} ~cog h| ah| |o}ojtojmijf* Gt tbo bog|ijf hj Gufu}t 7>#

>9# tbo mi|muit mhu|t bog|d ortoj}iqo g|fueojt# ijmcudijf Bg||i}} mcgie tbgt bgd bo

looj ~o|eittod th dh }h# bo vhucd bgqo to}tiaiod tbgt bo bgd t|iod th fojo|gto ijmheo lut

mhucd jht lomgu}o ha bi} bogctb mhjditihj}* Tbo mi|muit mhu|t dojiod tbo ehtihj ij gj

h~ijihj gjd h|do| dgtod Gufu}t 9* Tbo mi|muit mhu|t }tgtod tbgt it vg} lhujd ly

Gdge} th g~~cy EMC 6?>*71? g} g }t|imt%ciglicity }tgtuto gjd tbgt Bg||i} gc}h mhucd jht

mcgie o||h| lg}od hj tbo mhu|t} agicu|o th mhj}ido| bi} gccofod ijdifojmy lomgu}o Bg||i}

bgd gf|ood th tbo }ojtojmo gf|ooeojt*

Hj Kujo 4# 7># tbo Mhu|t ha G~~ogc} dojiod Bg||i}} docgyod g~~cimgtihj ah|

cogqo th g~~ogc ah| cgm` ha eo|it**71?*

Vo f|gjtod cogqo ij tbi} mg}o# vitbCi`ijo gjd ^g|`}# th mhj}ido| vbotbo| tbo |uco

haGdge} i} mhj}titutihjgc*


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71

ageicy mhu|t} doto|eijgtihj ha tbo mbicd%}u~~h|t%g||og|gfo gehujt g} tbo |o}titutihj th lo

ie~h}od ij tbi} m|ieijgc mg}o h| vbotbo| Bg||i} bgd vgiqod tbgt i}}uo*

II* ]TGJDG\D HA \OQIOV

Tbo}o mg}o} ijqhcqo ijto|~|otgtihj ha g }tgtuto# g wuo}tihj ha cgv tbgt vo |oqiov do

jhqh hj g~~ogc*


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76

G* EMC 6?>*71?

Th oqgcugto doaojdgjt} g|fueojt}# vo eu}t ai|}t mhj}ido| tbo |ocoqgjt }tgtuto#

EMC 6?>*71?*


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72

gj ijdiqidugc th ~gy }u~~h|t * * * ah| g mbicd ha tbo ijdiqidugc# gjd tbo ijdiqidugc dho} jht

~gy tbo }u~~h|t * * * # tbo ijdiqidugc i} fuicty ha g aochjy * * * **71?

Ij ^oh~co q Gdge}# tbo doaojdgjt agtbo|# mbg|fod vitb aochjy jhj}u~~h|t ujdo|

EMC 6?>*71?# }hufbt th ijt|hdumo oqidojmo ha bi} ijglicity th ~gy g} g doaoj}o th tbo

mbg|fo* Tbo mi|muit mhu|t ~o|eittod tbo doaoj}o# lut tbo Mhu|t ha G~~ogc} |oqo|}od#

bhcdijf tbgt ijglicity th ~gy i} jht g doaoj}o th aochjy jhj}u~~h|t* Th |ogmb tbi}

mhjmcu}ihj# tbo Mhu|t ha G~~ogc} mhe~g|od tbo mu||ojt }tgtuth|y cgjfugfo ha EMC

6?>*71? vitb tbo }tgtuto} cgjfugfo loah|o it} geojdeojt ij 7999*=> Loah|o tbi}

geojdeojt# tbo }tgtuto ~|hqidod ij |ocoqgjt ~g|t;

Vbo|o ij gjy dom|oo ha diqh|mo * * * tbo mhu|t }bgcc h|do| PgU bu}lgjdth ~gy gjy gehujt th tbo mco|` h| a|iojd ha tbo mhu|t ah| tbo }u~~h|t ha gjyviao h| ah|eo| viao * * * h| agtbo| th ~gy gjy gehujt th tbo mco|` h| a|iojd hatbo mhu|t ah| tbo }u~~h|t ha PgU eijh| mbicd h| mbicd|oj# gjd }gid bu}lgjd h|

egy h|do| tbo ijdiqidugc th g~~og| gjd }bhv mgu}o vby tbo mhu|t }bhucdjht ie~h}o tbo }ojtojmo gjd ojah|mo tbo lhjd* Gato| tbo bog|ijf# tbo mhu|tegy ojah|mo tbo lhjd h| ie~h}o tbo }ojtojmo# h| lhtb# h| egy ~o|eit tboaicijf ha g jov lhjd gjd gfgij }u}~ojd tbo }ojtojmo* Tbo mhu|t }bgcc h|do| g}u~~h|t gehujt ojah|mod ujdo| tbi} }omtihj th lo ~gid th tbo mco|` h| a|iojdha tbo mhu|t h| th tbo }tgto di}lu|}oeojt ujit*

"?) G} u}od ij tbi} }omtihj# }tgto di}lu|}oeojt ujit h| ]D_eogj} tbo ojtity o}tglci}bod ij }omtihj 1 ha tbo haaimo ha mbicd }u~~h|t gmt#7967 ^G 764# EMC 4>>**71? "oe~bg}i} gddod)*U

*71?"7)*

=> Gato| Gdge} vg} domidod# >4 ^G ?6> au|tbo| geojdod EMC 6?>*71? th gdd}ul}omtihj "=)# vbimb mhjmo|jod mg}b lhjd} do~h}itod ly g doaojdgjt# }oo jhto


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79

agtbo| }bgcc |oau}o h| jofcomt th ~gy }umb gehujt gt tbo tieo }tgtod ij }umbh|do| gjd }bgcc cogqo tbo }tgto ha Eimbifgj# }gid bu}lgjd h| agtbo| }bgcc lofuicty ha g aochjy * * * *P=7U

Mhe~g|ijf tbo tvh qo|}ihj} ha tbo }tgtuto# tbo Mhu|t ha G~~ogc} mhjmcudod tbgt tbo

mu||ojt qo|}ihj ha EMC 6?>*71?# vbimb did jht bgqo tbo cgjfugfo }bgcc |oau}o h|

jofcomt# mhjtgij} jh aguct h| ijtojt ocoeojt* Jhtijf tbgt tbo hei}}ihj ha cgjfugfo

or~|o}}cy |owui|ijf aguct g} gj ocoeojt did jht ojd tbo mhu|t} ijwui|y# tbo Gdge} Mhu|t

ahmu}od hj vbotbo| tbo Cofi}cgtu|o ijtojdod th |owui|o aguct g} g ~|odimgto th fuict* =*71?# g} geojdod ly 79=9 ^G 29 "oe~bg}i} gddod)*

=


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docotihj ha cgjfugfo |ocgtijf th |oau}gc h| jofcomt# tbo|o i} jh chjfo|vh|dijf ij tbo }tgtuto tbgt mhucd lo u}od th }u~~h|t g mhj}t|umtihj tbgtvhucd ijmcudo g eoj} |og |owui|oeojt* * * * Tbu}# gj ijtojt |owui|oeojtmgjjht lo ie~ciod ij tbo gl}ojmo ha gjy cgjfugfo }u~~h|tijf }umb gjijto|~|otgtihj*P=?U

Gdge} |omhfji{od tbgt tbo mu||ojt qo|}ihj ha tbo }tgtuto ie~h}o} m|ieijgc ciglicity

|ofg|dco}} ha ijtojt vitb tbo fhgc ha oj}u|ijf ~|htomtihj ha tbo ~ulcim vocag|o# }tgtijf;

M|ieijgc jhj}u~~h|t i} tbo ty~o ha m|ieo tbgt fojo|gccy agcc} vitbij tbo mcg}} ha m|ieo}

ah| vbimb jh m|ieijgc ijtojt i} jomo}}g|y* G cgv tbgt |owui|o} g ~g|ojt th }u~~h|t bi} mbicd

lojoait} jht hjcy tbo mbicd lut gc}h tbo vocc%loijf ha tbo mheeujity gt cg|fo*=1

Vo gf|oo vitb tbo Mhu|t ha G~~ogc} mhjmcu}ihj ij Gdge} tbgt EMC 6?>*71?

ie~h}o} }t|imt ciglicity* Gctbhufb }t|imt%ciglicity haaoj}o} g|o di}agqh|od# tbo|o i} jh

wuo}tihj tbgt tbo Cofi}cgtu|o egy m|ogto }umb haaoj}o} vitbhut |ujjijf gahuc ha

mhj}titutihjgc mhjmo|j}*=6 Mhj}i}tojtcy vitb Gdge}# vo bgqo }tgtod tbgt }t|imt%ciglicity

m|ieo} |ofucgtoPU mhjdumt ujdo| tbo }tgto} ~hcimo ~hvo| th ~|hehto tbo }hmigc fhhd# g

mhu|}o tbo Cofi}cgtu|o egy ocomt vitbhut |owui|ijf eoj} |og#=2 vbimb i} g ~g|timucg| }tgto

ha eijd tbgt tbo ~|h}omutihj eu}t ~|hqo tbo doaojdgjt bgd ij h|do| th }omu|o g

mhjqimtihj*=9 Ij gdditihj# vo bgqo |omhfji{od tbgt mhu|t} vicc ijao| gj ocoeojt ha

=?Gdge}#


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Vo gf|oo vitb tbo bhcdijf ijGdge} tbgt tbo |oqi}od cgjfugfo ha

EMC 6?>*71? oqijmo} g mcog| cofi}cgtiqo ijtojt th di}~oj}o vitb tbo eoj} |og ocoeojt gjd

ie~h}o }t|imt ciglicity ly ocieijgtijf tbo cgjfugfo |ofg|dijf g doaojdgjt} |oau}PgcU h|

jofcomt th ~gy tbo h|do|od }u~~h|t# gjd ij}togd ~|hqidijf }ie~cy tbgt ia tbo ijdiqidugc

dho} jht ~gy tbo }u~~h|t * * * tbo ijdiqidugc i} fuicty ha g aochjy*

M* MHEEHJ%CGV DOAOJ]O HA IE^H]]ILICITY

Mhjmcudijf tbgt EMC 6?>*71? i} g }t|imt%ciglicity haaoj}o# bhvoqo|# dho} jht ojd

hu| gjgcy}i}* TboGdge} Mhu|t hjcy gdd|o}}od tbo doaoj}o ha ijglicity th ~gy gjd did jht

gdd|o}} tbo mheehj%cgv doaoj}o ha ie~h}}ilicity# vbimb ia ~|hqoj jofgto} tbo gmtu} |ou}

ha g m|ieo*47 Fojo|gccy# tbo mheei}}ihj ha g m|ieo |owui|o} lhtb gj gmtu} |ou} gjd g

4>ôh~co q @hvgc}ì# 429 Eimb 422# 499 j 7= JV "77)# mitijf ôh~co q

Thel}# 46< Eimb 441# 4?>0 774 ] Mt 769=0 7 yog|} gfh


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24/80

*71?# bhvoqo|# m|ieijgci{o} gj hei}}ihj# h| g agicu|o th gmt* Gt mheehj

cgv# gj o}tglci}bod doaoj}o th g m|ieo ha hei}}ihj i} ie~h}}ilicity*?> Ci`o it} mhujto|~g|t#

ijqhcujtg|ijo}}# tbo mojtu|io}%hcd doaoj}o ha ie~h}}ilicity do|iqo} a|he tbo Ojfci}b

mheehj%cgv mhu|t}*?7 Ah| orge~co# ij 724=# tbo Wuooj} Lojmb mhj}ido|od g

doaojdgjt} ciglicity ah| agicijf th |o~gi| g ~h|tihj ha bifbvgy tbgt bgd looj |ojdo|od

ie~g}}glco vboj tbo }u||hujdijf }og ojm|hgmbod* Tbo Mbioa Kudfo }tgtod;

Lhtb tbo |hgd vbimb tbo doaojdgjt i} mbg|fod vitb ciglicity th |o~gi|#gjd tbo cgjd hqo| vbimb it ~g}}o}# g|o vg}bod gvgy ly tbo }og* Th |o}th|otbo |hgd# g} Ptbo doaojdgjtU i} |owui|od th dh# bo eu}t m|ogto g ~g|t ha tbo

og|tb gjov* * * * bo|o gcc tbo egto|igc ha vbimb g |hgd mhucd lo egdo bgqolooj }vo~t gvgy ly tbo gmt ha Fhd* _jdo| tbh}o mi|mue}tgjmo} mgj tbodoaojdgjt lo ciglco ah| jht |o~gi|ijf tbo |hgd8 Vo vgjt gj gutbh|ity ah|}umb g ~|h~h}itihj0 gjd jhjo bg} looj ahujd*P? ]oo# o*f*# Viccijf q _jitod ]tgto}# 4 _] "4 Dgcc) =64# =610 7 C Od 26< "72>4) "|ucijf ij

agqh| ha doaojdgjt}# vbh bgd g|fuod ij tbo di}t|imt mhu|t tbgt tbo cgv dho} jht mhe~oc~g|tio} th ie~h}}ilicitio} "cor jhj mhfit gd ie~h}}ilicig))0 ]thm`dgco q Mhuc}hj# = GccO\ 7?4 "7964) "gcchvijf g~~ogc gjd wug}bijf mhjqimtihj gato| aijdijf tbgt it vg}ie~h}}ilco ah| g mhe~gjy} di|omth| gjd }om|otg|y th mhe~cy vitb g }tgtuth|y |owui|oeojtth gttgmb dhmueojt} tbgt did jht ori}t)0 \ofijg q Bhfgj# 719 O\ ?>4# ?>?0 < Doj


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27/80

*71? ~|hqido} jh ijdimgtihj tbgt tbo Cofi}cgtu|o

ijtojdod th gl|hfgto mheehj%cgv ie~h}}ilicity g} g doaoj}o th aochjy jhj}u~~h|t*1>

Mhj}i}tojtcy vitb tbo Eimbifgj Mhj}titutihj gjd gl}ojt g mcog| cofi}cgtiqo ijtojt th

glhci}b tbo mheehj cgv# vo tbu} ~|o}ueo tbgt tbo mheehj%cgv doaoj}o ha ie~h}}ilicity

|oegij} gqgicglco ia }u~~h|tod ly }uaaimiojt oqidojmo*17 Gmmh|dijfcy# vo bhcd tbgt

?2Kojìj}hj# 66 Eimb gt 479%4 "oe~bg}i} gddod)*

?9Id* gt 479*

1> Tbo Eimbifgj Mhj}titutihj ~|hqido} tbgt PtUbo mheehj cgv gjd tbo }tgtuto cgv} jhvij ah|mo# jht |o~ufjgjt th tbi} mhj}titutihj# }bgcc |oegij ij ah|mo ujtic tboy or~i|o ly tboi|hvj cieitgtihj}# h| g|o mbgjfod# geojdod h| |o~ogcod* Mhj}t 791=# g|t =# 6*

17 ôh~co q Du~|oo# 421 Eimb 19=# 6>?%6>10 622 JV*71? fiqoj tbgt tbo Cofi}cgtu|o i} ~|o}ueod th lo gvg|o ha kudimigcijto|~|otgtihj} ha ori}tijf cgv vboj ~g}}ijf cofi}cgtihj* ôh~co q Chvo# 424 Eimb 672#6


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*71?*1< Ku}t g} g doaojdgjt mgjjht lo bocd m|ieijgccy ciglco ah| mheeittijf gj gmt tbgt

bo h| }bo vg} ~hvo|co}} th ~|oqojt# }h# thh# g doaojdgjt mgjjht lo bocd m|ieijgccy ciglco

ah| agicijf th ~o|ah|e gj gmt tbgt vg} fojuijocy ie~h}}ilco ah| tbo doaojdgjt th ~o|ah|e*

Gctbhufb Ojfci}b gjd Eimbifgj mheehj cgv lhtb |omhfji{o tbgt ie~h}}ilicity

egy lo |gi}od g} g doaoj}o th g m|ieo ha hei}}ihj# joitbo| ~|hqido} gjy ~g|timucg|i{od

fuidgjmo |ofg|dijf tbo wugjtue ha oqidojmo jomo}}g|y th o}tglci}b ie~h}}ilicity* Tbo}o

mheehj%cgv mg}o} o}tglci}b ie~h}}ilicity g} g doaoj}o ij mg}o} ij vbimb g doaojdgjt vg}

fojuijocy ujglco th ~o|ah|e g cofgccy |owui|od gmt h|# g} ij tbo Ojfci}b mg}o ijqhcqijf

|o}th|gtihj ha g |hgd vg}bod gvgy ly tbo }og# vboj mhe~cigjmo vg} ~by}imgccy

ie~h}}ilco* Bhvoqo|# it i} }heovbgt }u|~|i}ijf th aijd tbgt ia ie~h}}ilicity ij tbo

ehdo|j mhjtort i} orgeijod eh|o mch}ocy# it} ~h}itihj i} mhjau}od gjd it} aujmtihj

ujmcog|*1=

Ij mhj}ido|ijf tbo ~g|geoto|} ha tbo ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o# vo aijd ij}t|umtiqo tbo

_jitod ]tgto} ]u~|oeo Mhu|t} domi}ihj ij Log|doj q Foh|fig#14 vbimb mhj}ido|od tbo

mhj}titutihjgcity ha |oqh`ijf g m|ieijgc doaojdgjt} ~|hlgtihjah| agicu|o th ~gy g aijo* Ij

Log|doj# tbo ~otitihjo| vg} h|do|od th ~gy g $?>> aijo gjd $ ij |o}titutihj g}

1< Gt h|gc g|fueojt# tbo Gtth|joy Fojo|gc mhjmodod tbgt tbo mheehj%cgv doaoj}o haie~h}}ilicity |oegijod gqgicglco th g doaojdgjt mbg|fod vitb aochjy jhj}u~~h|t lut}tgtod tbgt jhjo ha tbo}o doaojdgjt} mheoP}U oqoj mch}o th o}tglci}bijf ie~h}}ilicity*

1= ]eg|t# M|ieijgc |o}~hj}ilicity ah| agicijf th dh tbo ie~h}}ilco# 7>= C W \ ?=


29/80

U

1?Id* gt 11


30/80

=>

Log|doj ijdimgtod tbgt ia tbo ~|hlgtihjo| bg} egdo gcc |og}hjglco oaah|t} th ~gy tbo aijo

h| |o}titutihj# gjd yot mgjjht dh }h tb|hufb jh aguct ha bi} hvj# it i} aujdgeojtgccy ujagi|

th |oqh`o ~|hlgtihj guthegtimgccy * * * *

67

Tbo Mhu|t bocd tbgt g cgm` ha aguct~|hqido} g

}ul}tgjtigc |og}hj vbimb ku}tiaio} h| eitifgto} tbo qihcgtihj gjd eg`o} |oqhmgtihj

ijg~~|h~|igto*6


31/80

=7

oaah|t} th }oo` oe~chyeojt h| lh||hv ehjoy ij h|do| th ~gy mo|tgijcy g|o or~omtod# lut

}tgjdijf gchjo vicc jht jomo}}g|icy o}tglci}b gj ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o th g mbg|fo ujdo|

EMC 6?>*71?* Ij}togd# doaojdgjt} mbg|fod vitb aochjy jhj}u~~h|t eu}t eg`o gcc

|og}hjglco oaah|t}# gjd u}o gcc |o}hu|mo} gt tboi| di}~h}gc# th mhe~cy vitb tboi| }u~~h|t

hlcifgtihj}* Ah| tbo ~gyeojt ha mbicd }u~~h|t th lo t|ucy ie~h}}ilco# g doaojdgjt eu}t

or~ch|o gjd ocieijgto gcc tbo |og}hjglcy ~h}}ilco# cgvauc gqojuo} ha hltgijijf tbo

|oqojuo |owui|od th mhe~cy vitb tbo }u~~h|t h|do|* Doaojdgjt} eu}t jht hjcy o}tglci}b

tbgt tboy mgjjht ~gy# lut tbgt tboi|} g|o gehjf tbo ormo~tihjgc mg}o} ij vbimb it vg} jht

|og}hjglcy ~h}}ilco th hltgij tbo |o}hu|mo} th ~gy* G doaojdgjt} agicu|o th ujdo|tg`o

tbh}o oaah|t} |oacomt} gj ij}uaaimiojt mhjmo|j ah| ~gyijf tbo dolt6= hjo hvo} th hjo}

mbicd# vbimb g|i}o} a|he tbo ijdiqidugc} |o}~hj}ilicity g} g ~g|ojt*

Th doto|eijo vbotbo| g doaojdgjt bg} o}tglci}bod ie~h}}ilicity ij tbo mhjtort ha g

aochjy jhj}u~~h|t mg}o# vo ~|hqido# ah| iccu}t|gtiqo ~u|~h}o} hjcy# g jhjorbgu}tiqo ci}t ha

agmth|} ah| mhu|t} th mhj}ido|*

64

Tbo}o }bhucd ijmcudo vbotbo| tbo doaojdgjt bg}

dicifojtcy }hufbt oe~chyeojt0 vbotbo| tbo doaojdgjt mgj }omu|o gdditihjgc oe~chyeojt#

}umb g} g }omhjd khl0 vbotbo| tbo doaojdgjt bg} ijqo}teojt} tbgt mgj lo ciwuidgtod0

vbotbo| tbo doaojdgjt bg} |omoiqod }ul}tgjtigc fiat} h| gj ijbo|itgjmo0 vbotbo| tbo

doaojdgjt hvj} g bheo tbgt mgj lo |oaijgjmod0 vbotbo| tbo doaojdgjt bg} g}}ot} tbgt mgj

lo }hcd h| u}od g} chgj mhccgto|gc0 vbotbo| tbo doaojdgjt ~|ih|iti{od tbo ~gyeojt ha mbicd

6=Id*

64 \ocoqgjt th tbi} ijwui|y i} tbo doaojdgjt} mhjdumt gt tbo ageicy mhu|t ~|hmoodijf}#ijmcudijf ~|hqidijf g~~|h~|igto dhmueojtgtihj# gjd mhe~cigjmo vitb tbo ageicy mhu|t}h|do|# vbimb vo vicc di}mu}} cgto| ij tbi} h~ijihj*


32/80

=*71? bg}

~|o}ojtod oqidojmo tbgt eifbt doehj}t|gto fojuijo ie~h}}ilicity* Vo oe~bg}i{o tbgt tboagmtaijdo|} ijwui|y ijth tbo lg}i} ah| gj ie~h}}ilicity mcgie i} l|hgdo| ij }mh~otbgj tbgtjomo}}itgtod ly g eo|o mcgie ha ijglicity th ~gy* Ijglicity th ~gy egy lo gj oqidojtig|yagmth| tbgt mgj lo u}od ij }u~~h|t ha gj ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o# lut# }tgjdijf gchjo# it i}ij}uaaimiojt th }bhv ie~h}}ilicity* Ah| orge~co# oqidojmo tbgt i} mh||hlh|gtod h|dhmueojtod# ly vbgtoqo| eogj} egy lo gqgicglco# tbgt tbo doaojdgjt bg} orbgu}tod gcc habi} h| bo| ehjotg|y |o}hu|mo}# dho} jht ~h}}o}} "h| bg} looj ujglco th aijd g luyo| ah| h|cojdo| gfgij}t) g}}ot} tbgt mhucd lo }hcd h| ~codfod th hltgij tbo eogj} th }gti}ay tbo}u~~h|t hlcifgtihj# gjd bg} egdo gcc |og}hjglco oaah|t} th }omu|o oe~chyeojt th }gti}aytbo }u~~h|t hlcifgtihj egy# ij tbo gl}ojmo ha ~o|}ug}iqo mhjt|gdimth|y oqidojmo# }gti}aytbo }t|imt |owui|oeojt} ha tbo ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o vo |omhfji{o bo|o*

Th ~|hqido gj iccu}t|gtihj ha gj ort|oeo orge~co# ij hu| qiov# g ~o|}hj vbh vg}ujor~omtodcy bh}~itgci{od h| ujdo|vojt oeo|fojmy }u|fo|y egy lo glco th eoot tboorgmtijf }tgjdg|d ha tbo ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o ia# tb|hufb jh aguct ha tbgt ~o|}hj} hvj#bo h| }bo mhucd jht ~by}imgccy h| aijgjmigccy egò tbo mhu|t%h|do|od }u~~h|t ~gyeojt*]oo Viccige}# M|ieijgc Cgv# # ~ 646 "di}mu}}ijf ~by}imgc ie~h}}ilicity)* Voujdo|}mh|o# bhvoqo|# tbgt tbi} eu}t ijqhcqo }heo ocoeojt ha ujor~omtodjo}} gjdmi|mue}tgjmo} loyhjd tbo doaojdgjt} mhjt|hc tbgt egò it t|ucy ie~h}}ilco th eoot tbo}u~~h|t hlcifgtihj* Tbu}# hjo vbh# `jhvijf tbgt bo h| }bo i} glhut th ujdo|fh egkh|}u|fo|y tbgt egy bgqo dolicitgtijf mhj}owuojmo}# joqo|tboco}} tgò} jh }to~} th oj}u|o

tbgt g `jhvj }u~~h|t hlcifgtihj i} eot du|ijf g ~o|ihd ha mhjqgco}mojmo vicc lo }itugtoddiaao|ojtcy a|he hjo vbh i} }uddojcy ijku|od h| ujor~omtodcy ijmg~gmitgtod* ]oo# o*f*#Lgelo|# ? WL gt


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==

g}}o|tihj ha ijglicity th ~gy* G doaojdgjt} agicu|o th or~ch|o oqo|y |og}hjglcy ~h}}ilco

gqojuo ij h|do| th ~gy bi} h| bo| }u~~h|t hlcifgtihj jht hjcy |oacomt} gj ij}uaaimiojt

mhjmo|j ah| ~gyijf tbo dolt bo hvo} th }hmioty#

61

it gc}h |oacomt} gj ij}uaaimiojt mhjmo|j

ah| tbo mbicd* Ij tbh}o ij}tgjmo}# tbo doaojdgjt egy jht ijqhò tbo }biocd ha tbo

ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o*

O* ^\HMOD_\GC G]ÔMT] HA TBO IE^H]]ILICITY DOAOJ]O TH AOCHJY

JHJ]_^^H\T

Bgqijf or~ch|od tbo }ul}tgjtiqo ~g|geoto|} ha tbo ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o# vo tu|j

th ~|hmodu|gc mhj}ido|gtihj} fhqo|jijf it} ijqhmgtihj* Th lo ojtitcod th g ku|y ij}t|umtihj

hj tbi} gaai|egtiqo doaoj}o#66 g doaojdgjt eu}t ~|o}ojt ~|ieg agmio oqidojmo a|he vbimb

tbo aijdo| ha agmt mhucd mhjmcudo tbgt it vg} fojuijocy ie~h}}ilco ah| tbo doaojdgjt th ~gy

tbo }u~~h|t# g} do}m|ilod ij ~g|t III"D)* 62 Ia# bhvoqo|# jh |og}hjglco t|io| ha agmt mhucd

mhjmcudo a|he tbo agmt} gddumod tbgt ~gyeojt ha tbo }u~~h|t vg} t|ucy ie~h}}ilco# tboj

61Log|doj# 417 _] gt 112*

66 Gj gaai|egtiqo doaoj}o gdeit} tbo m|ieo lut }oo`} th ormu}o h|ku}tiay it} mheei}}ihj*It dho} jht jofgto }~omiaim ocoeojt} ha tbo m|ieo* ôh~co q Coehj}# 4?4 Eimb


34/80

=4

tbo doaojdgjt i} jht ojtitcod th tbo ij}t|umtihj*69 G}}ueijf g doaojdgjt bg} egdo tbi}

tb|o}bhcd }bhvijf gjd i} ojtitcod th gj ij}t|umtihj# tboj tbo doaojdgjt egy lo orhjo|gtod

ia tbo t|io| ha agmt aijd} tbgt tbo doaojdgjt bg} o}tglci}bod

2>

ly g ~|o~hjdo|gjmo ha tbo

oqidojmo27 tbgt it vg} fojuijocy ie~h}}ilco ah| bie h| bo| th mhe~cy vitb tbo ageicy

mhu|t h|do| ah| ogmb gjd oqo|y qihcgtihj vitbij tbo |ocoqgjt mbg|fijf ~o|ihd*2 Eimb 17# 270 ?=6 JV9 "799?) "G t|igc mhu|t i} |owui|od thfiqo g |owuo}tod ij}t|umtihj Pah| g doaoj}o tboh|yU# ormo~t vbo|o tbo tboh|y i} jht}u~~h|tod ly oqidojmo*)*

2> Gt mheehj cgv# tbo lu|doj ha ~|hqijf gj gaai|egtiqo doaoj}o |o}tod hj tbo doaojdgjt*^gtto|}hj q Jov Yh|`# 4=< _] 796#


35/80

=?

hj tbo oqidojtig|y |omh|d a|he tbo ageicy mhu|t ~|hmoodijf}* Ah| orge~co# oqidojmo tbgt

tbo doaojdgjt vg} jht t|utbauc ij tbo ageicy mhu|t ~|hmoodijf h| tbgt tbo doaojdgjt bid

g}}ot}# agicod th ~|hqido gmmu|gto dhmueojtgtihj ha tbo |o}hu|mo} gjd g}}ot} gt bi} h| bo|

di}~h}gc# vg} qhcujtg|icy ujoe~chyod h| ujdo|oe~chyod# agicod th orbgu}t gcc |og}hjglco

gjd cgvauc eogj} ha fojo|gtijf tbo ijmheo jomo}}g|y th }gti}ay tbo }u~~h|t hlcifgtihj# h|

agicod th }oo` tieocy ehdiaimgtihj ha tbo ageicy mhu|t h|do| vboj it lomgeo oqidojt tbgt it

mhucd jht lo ~o|ah|eod egy# }ijfcy h| ij mhelijgtihj# doaogt gjy mcgie tbgt it vg}

ie~h}}ilco ah| tbo doaojdgjt th mhe~cy vitb tbo mhu|t h|do|*

Fiqoj hu| do}m|i~tihj ha bhv oqidojmo a|he tbo ageicy mhu|t ~|hmoodijf} egy lo

u}od# vo hlqihu}cy di}gf|oo vitb tbo Gtth|joy Fojo|gc} mhjtojtihj tbgt tbo ageicy

mhu|t} doto|eijgtihj ha vbgt gehujt g doaojdgjt i} mg~glco ha ~gyijf ~|omcudo} g

doaojdgjt a|he g}}o|tijf ie~h}}ilicity g} g doaoj}o th aochjy jhj}u~~h|t ij tbo m|ieijgc

~|hmoodijf* Gctbhufb tbo m|ieijgc jhj}u~~h|t mbg|fo achv} a|he g doaojdgjt}

jhjmhe~cigjmo vitb tbo ageicy mhu|t} }u~~h|t h|do|# tbo m|ieijgc ~|hmoodijf hj g mbg|fo

ha aochjy jhj}u~~h|t i} }o~g|gto gjd di}tijmt a|he tbo ageicy mhu|t ~|hmoodijf*

Tbo|oah|o# tbo hutmheo ha tbo ageicy mhu|t ~|hmoodijf }ie~cy dho} jht ~|omcudo g

doaojdgjt ij g m|ieijgc ~|hmoodijf ah| aochjy jhj}u~~h|t a|he g}}o|tijf ie~h}}ilicity g}

g doaoj}o*2= Ly tbo }geo chfim# tbo m|ieijgc ~|hmoodijf dho} jht ~|hqido g doaojdgjt

2= ]oo# o*f*#Bim`} or |oc Aoihm` q Aoihm`# 42? _] 1


36/80

=1

vitb tbo h~~h|tujity th gttgm` tbo cofitiegmy h| gmmu|gmy ha tbo ageicy mhu|t} }u~~h|t

h|do| h| tbo qgcidity ha it} ujdo|cyijf aijdijf}*24 Ij tbo ageicy mhu|t ~|hmoodijf# tbo

gehujt ha }u~~h|t h|do|od i} doto|eijod ujdo| tbo ~|o~hjdo|gjmo ha tbo oqidojmo

}tgjdg|d* Joitbo| tbo }u~~h|t h|do| jh| oqidojmo ha g doaojdgjt} agicu|o th ~gy

ijt|hdumod ij ageicy mhu|t ~|hmoodijf}# }ijfcy h| thfotbo|# o}tglci}bo} ~|hha loyhjd g

|og}hjglco dhult tbgt g doaojdgjt i} fuicty ha aochjy jhj}u~~h|t* \gtbo|# lomgu}o g

mbg|fo ha aochjy jhj}u~~h|t i} gdd|o}}od hjcy ij g m|ieijgc ~|hmoodijf# it ijqh`o} tbo aucc

~gjh~cy ha mhj}titutihjgc ~|htomtihj} tbgt ijbo|o ij gjy m|ieijgc ~|h}omutihj# vbimb g|o

}ie~cy ijg~~cimglco ij miqic ageicy mhu|t ~|hmoodijf}*

Ij g m|ieijgc ~|hmoodijf# tbo doaojdgjt bg} g mhj}titutihjgc |ifbt th bgqo tbo

~|h}omutihj ~|hqo bi} h| bo| fuict loyhjd g |og}hjglco dhult gjd th bgqo g ku|y doto|eijo

bi} h| bo| fuict h| ijjhmojmo# g} vocc g} tbo eo|it} ha tbo ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o# ia

g~~cimglco# ij gmmh|dgjmo vitb tbgt }tgjdg|d ha ~|hha* Tbo}o ~|htomtihj} g|o aujdgeojtgc

th g doaojdgjt} |ifbt th g ku|y t|igc* G} tbo ]u~|oeo Mhu|t }tgtod ij ]toqoj}hj q _jitod

]tgto};

P]Uh chjf g} tbo|o i} }heo oqidojmo u~hj tbo }ulkomt Pha vbotbo| tbodoaojdgjt vg} fuicty ha egj}cgufbto| |gtbo| tbgj eu|do|U# tbo ~|h~o|voifbt th lo fiqoj it i} ah| tbo ku|y th doto|eijo* Ia tbo|o vo|o gjyoqidojmo vbimb tojdod th }bhv }umb g }tgto ha agmt} g} eifbt P}u~~h|t tbodoaoj}oU# it tboj lomgeo g ~|h~o| wuo}tihj ah| tbo ku|y th }gy vbotbo| tbooqidojmo vo|o t|uo * * * * Tbo oqidojmo eifbt g~~og| th tbo mhu|t th lo}ie~cy hqo|vboceijf th }bhv Ptbo doaojdgjt} fuictU# gjd yot# }h chjf g}tbo|o vg} }heo oqidojmo |ocoqgjt th tbo i}}uo ha Ptbo doaoj}oU# tbo

24 Eimbifgj cgv dho} jht ~o|eit tbo |ot|hgmtiqo ehdiaimgtihj ha }u~~h|t h|do|}* EMC??="


37/80

=6

m|odilicity gjd ah|mo ha }umb oqidojmo eu}t lo ah| tbo ku|y# gjd mgjjht loegtto| ha cgv ah| tbo domi}ihj ha tbo mhu|t*P2?U

Ijdood# tbo |ifbt th ~|o}ojt tbo doaojdgjt} qo|}ihj ha tbo agmt} g} vocc g} tbo

~|h}omutihj} th tbo ku|y }h it egy domido vbo|o tbo t|utb cio}21

i} owugccy aujdgeojtgc ij

g ~|h}omutihj ah| tbo }t|imt%ciglicity haaoj}o ha aochjy jhj}u~~h|t hjmo tbo doaojdgjt bg}

m|h}}od tbo bifb oqidojtig|y tb|o}bhcd |owui|od th ~|o}ojt tbo gaai|egtiqo doaoj}o ha

ie~h}}ilicity th tbo ku|y*

Vo oe~bg}i{o tbgt jhtbijf ij hu| h~ijihj thdgy ujdo|eijo} tbo qgcidity ha tbo

ageicy mhu|t ~|hmoodijf h| it} |hco ij }ottijf tbo gehujt ha mbicd }u~~h|t* Vo }ie~cy

vi}b th egò mcog| tbgt diaao|ojt ~|hmodu|gc }gaofug|d} ori}t ij ageicy mhu|t ~|hmoodijf}

tbgj ij tbo m|ieijgc ~|hmoodijf} tbgt egy achv a|he tbo ageicy mhu|t} h|do|} gjd tbgt

mhu|t} eu}t lo mhfji{gjt ha tbo}o di}tijmtihj}*

7* G^^CIMGTIHJ THCI@IJO

Ij tbi} mg}o# Ciìjo |gi}od gjd ~|o}o|qod tbo ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o ij tbo mi|muit

mhu|t* Gmmh|dijfcy# vo |oqiov tbi} ~|o}o|qod mcgie ha mhj}titutihjgc o||h| th doto|eijo

vbotbo| tbo ~g|ty lojoaittijf a|he tbo o||h| bg} o}tglci}bod tbgt it i} bg|eco}} loyhjd g

|og}hjglco dhult*26

Tbo oqidojmo tbgt Ciìjo }hufbt th ijt|hdumo# vbimb tbo mi|muit mhu|t did jht

gcchv# |ocgto} th bo| eojtgc iccjo}}# ijmg~gmitgtihj# gjd di}glicity* Tbi} oqidojmoia

2?]toqoj}hj q _jitod ]tgto}# 71< _] =7=# =74%=7?0 71 ] Mt 2=90 4> C Od 92> "7291)"oe~bg}i} gddod)*

21Vg}bijfthj q Torg}# =22 _] 74# 790 26 ] Mt 790 72 C Od 79 "7916)*

26ôh~co q Mg|ijo}# 41> Eimb 6?># 6640 ?96 JV "7999)*


38/80

=2

}uleittod th# gjd locioqod ly# g ku|yeifbt o}tglci}b ie~h}}ilicity* _jdo| tbo

mi|mue}tgjmo}# gjd hj tbo mu||ojt ujdoqoch~od }tgto ha tbo |omh|d# vo mgjjht mhjmcudo

tbgt tbo o||h| vg} bg|eco}} loyhjd g |og}hjglco dhult* Vo tbo|oah|o |oqo|}o tbo

kudfeojt ha tbo Mhu|t ha G~~ogc} ij tbi} mg}o gjd |oegjdCi`ijo th tbo mi|muit mhu|t ah| g

jov t|igc*

*71?* Gj ujmhjditihjgc fuicty ~cog tbgt i} `jhvijf gjd ijtoccifojt vgiqo}

mcgie} ha o||h| hj g~~ogc# oqoj mcgie} ha mhj}titutihjgc dieoj}ihj*29 Bo tbo|oah|o agicod

th ~|o}o|qo tbo mhj}titutihjgc i}}uo ~|o}ojtod ij tbi} mg}o# gjd bo gmtugccy gdeittod tbo

22Id* gt 614%61?*

29^oh~co q Jov# 4


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=9

agmtugc lg}i} ah| bi} fuict* Gmmh|dijfcy# vo mhjmcudo tbgt tbo mi|muit mhu|t did jht glu}o

it} di}m|otihj ly |oau}ijf th gcchv Bg||i} th vitbd|gv bi} ~cog# gjd bo i} tbo|oah|o jht

ojtitcod th |ocioa*

9>

IQ* \O]^HJ]O TH TBO DI]]OJT

Tbo di}}ojt ojdh|}o} gj ijglicity th ~gy doaoj}o th aochjy jhj}u~~h|t gjd

}uffo}t} tbgt tbo ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o vo bgqo |omhfji{od i} ~|hlcoegtim gjd jovcy

eijtod*97 Ij hu| kudfeojt# tbo}o g}}o|tihj} g|o lociod ly hu| |ocigjmo hj mg}ocgv dgtijf

th tbo }oqojtoojtb mojtu|y |omhfji{ijf tbi} vocc%o}tglci}bod mheehj%cgv doaoj}o*9*71?*9= Ijdood# it i} loyhjd di}~uto tbgt

9> Ij cifbt ha hu| mhjmcu}ihj tbgt Bg||i} vg} jht ojtitcod th vitbd|gv bi} ~cog# hu|di}mu}}ihj ij ~g|t III"O) ha tbo voifbt th lo gmmh|dod th tbo oqidojtig|y |omh|d ij tboageicy mhu|t ~|hmoodijf# gjd tbo gl}ojmo ha gjy ~o|}ug}iqo g|fueojt ij Bg||i}} l|ioa hjg~~ogc |ofg|dijf tbo g||og|gfo gehujt# Bg||i} i} jht ojtitcod th |ocioa hj tbgt i}}uo*

97^h}tgt 9%7>* Tbo di}}ojt ei}mbg|gmto|i{o} hu| ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o# |oao||ijf th it g}gj ie~h}}ilicity%th%~gy doaoj}o* Ha mhu|}o# tbo ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o tbgt vo |omhfji{othdgy# mhjt|g|y th tbo di}}ojt} g~~occgtihj# i} tbo t|gditihjgc# mheehj%cgv ie~h}}ilicitydoaoj}o# vbimb tg`o} ijth gmmhujt gjd tbo|oly }ul}ueo} tbo ijglicity%th%~gy ijwui|y#vbimb i} tbo }hco mhj}ido|gtihj ah| tbo di}}ojt* Tbo ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o i} jht g }ijfucg|ijwui|y |ocgtijf hjcy th glicity h| ijglicity th ~gy# lut ij}togd mhj}ido|} }oqo|gc |ocoqgjtagmth|} }u||hujdijf g ~g|timucg| doaojdgjt} mi|mue}tgjmo}*

9< ]oo ~g|t III"M) ha tbi} h~ijihj* Tbo di}}ojt gc}h gjgcy{o} tbo di}tijmtihj lotvooj cofgcgjd agmtugc ie~h}}ilicity# vbimb i} i||ocoqgjt gjd ujboc~auc bo|o lomgu}o tbi} di}tijmtihj~o|tgij} hjcy th gttoe~t m|ieo}*

9= Tbu}# it i} ujmcog| vbotbo| tbo di}}ojt} ijglicity%th%~gy doaoj}o i} it} qo|}ihj ha tboie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o h| vbotbo| it i} gj gdditihjgc doaoj}o th tbo m|ieo ha aochjyjhj}u~~h|t* Tbo di}}ojt} do}m|i~tihj ha tbo ijglicity%th%~gy doaoj}o# ~h}t gt 72 "gdoaojdgjt vhucd bgqo th }bhv tbgt bo h| }bo bg} egdo gcc |og}hjglco gjd fhhd%agitboaah|t} th mhe~cy vitb tbo }u~~h|t h|do|# lut mhucd jht)# i} gmtugccy }ieicg| th hu|do}m|i~tihj ha tbo ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o# }u~|g gt => "g doaojdgjt eu}t }bhv tbgt bo h|


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4>

ie~h}}ilicity i} g mojtu|io}%hcd mheehj%cgv doaoj}o|omhfji{od ij Eimbifgj gt cog}t

}ijmoKojìj}hjtbgt gttgm`} tbo gmtu} |ou} ocoeojt ha g m|ieo ha hei}}ihj*94 It i} gc}h

loyhjd di}~uto tbgt EMC 6?>*71? i} g m|ieo ha hei}}ihj gjd tbgt tbo Cofi}cgtu|o bg} jht

gl|hfgtod tbi} doaoj}o*9?

Gdditihjgccy# tbo di}}ojt gf|oo} tbgt EMC 6?>*71? i} g }t|imt%ciglicity haaoj}o* Yot

tbo di}}ojt vhucd |otu|j tbo cgv ha Eimbifgj th tbo ~|omi}o }tgto tbgt ori}tod loah|o tbo

Cofi}cgtu|o geojdod EMC 6?>*71? gjd egdo aochjy jhj}u~~h|t g }t|imt%ciglicity haaoj}o#

mhjt|g|y th tbo Cofi}cgtu|o} mcog| ijtojt*91 Th au|tbo| }u~~h|t it} ~h}itihj# tbo di}}ojt

}bo gmtod ij fhhd agitb gjd egdo gcc |og}hjglco oaah|t} th mhe~cy vitb tbo ageicy mhu|th|do|# lut mhucd jht dh }h tb|hufb jh aguct ha bi} h| bo| hvj)*

94 Tbo di}}ojt ei}mhj}t|uo} Kojìj}hj g} ojdh|}ijf gj ijglicity%th%~gy doaoj}o* Tbodi}}ojt# bhvoqo|# dho} jht dojy tbgt Kojìj}hj |omhfji{od tbo doaoj}o ha ie~h}}ilicitygjd ie~cimitcy |omhfji{o} tbgt# ujdo|Kojìj}hj# ijglicity th ~gy i}~g|t ha tbo gjgcy}i} ah|tbi} doaoj}o* Lomgu}o hu| ie~h}}ilicity }tgjdg|d# ciò tbgt ij Kojìj}hj# ijmh|~h|gto}ijglicity th ~gy g} g mhj}ido|gtihj ha tbo ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o# it i} icchfimgc th mhjmcudo#g} tbo di}}ojt dho}# tbgt hu| ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o i} ujmhj}titutihjgc ujdo|Kojìj}hj*

9? Tbo di}}ojt} hl}o|qgtihj tbgt joitbo| qo|}ihj ha tbo jhj}u~~h|t }tgtuto ~|hqido} gdoaoj}o th tbo mbg|fo eo|ocy }tgto} tbo hlqihu} gjd dho} jht mbgjfo hu| |omhfjitihj hatbo mheehj%cgv doaoj}o ha ie~h}}ilicity ij cifbt ha tbo cgm` ha gjy ijdimgtihj ij tbo}tgtuth|y cgjfugfo tbgt tbo Cofi}cgtu|o ijtojdod th gl|hfgto tbi} doaoj}o*

91 Tbo di}}ojt |ocio} hj cofi}cgtiqo gmwuio}mojmo# g bifbcy di}agqh|od dhmt|ijo ha}tgtuth|y mhj}t|umtihj# Jgv|hmì q Egmhel Mh \d Mhee# 41= Eimb 74=# 766 j ==017? JV< ">>)# wuhtijf Dhjgk`hv}ì q Gc~ojg ^hvo| Mh# 41> Eimb


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|ocio} hj hut%ha%}tgto gutbh|itio}# vbimb it g}}o|t} doehj}t|gto tbgt Eimbifgj i} tbo hjcy

}tgto tbgt dho} jht |omhfji{o ijglicity th ~gy g} g doaoj}o th g mbg|fo ha aochjy

jhj}u~~h|t* Ij }u~~h|t ha tbi} g}}o|tihj# tbo di}}ojt ~|hqido} g =%~gfo%chjf ahhtjhto

di|omtcy |o~cimgtod a|he Ciìjo} l|ioa hj g~~ogc*96 Bhvoqo|# tbo }tgto }tgtuto} gjd

mg}ocgv mitod ij tbo ahhtjhto g|o ijg~~h}ito lomgu}o tboy ijqhcqo }tgtuto} tbgt g|o

egto|igccy diaao|ojt a|he Eimbifgj} aochjy%jhj}u~~h|t }tgtuto*92 Eh|o ie~h|tgjtcy# g

mch}o| orgeijgtihj egò} ~cgij tbgt tbo di}}ojt} mcgie tbgt vo g|o tbo hjcy }tgto jhtth

|omhfji{o ijglicity th ~gy g} g doaoj}o th jhj}u~~h|t i} }ie~cy jht }h* Ah| orge~co# tbo

ahhtjhto mito} g 79> Ijdood# mhjt|g|y

tbgt tbo dhmt|ijo i} di}agqh|od* P]Uhujd ~|ijmi~co} ha }tgtuth|y mhj}t|umtihj |owui|o tbgtEimbifgj mhu|t} doto|eijo tbo Cofi}cgtu|o} ijtojt a|he it} vh|d}# jht a|he it} }icojmo*Dhjgk`hv}ì# 41> Eimb gt


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4 }tgto} or~cimitcy ~|hqido tbgt ijglicity th ~gy i} gj

gaai|egtiqo doaoj}o th jhj}u~~h|t*7>7 Eh|ohqo|# ujdo| Eimbifgj cgv# tbo ageicy mhu|t

Ah| ~u|~h}o} ha tbi} }omtihj# agicu|o th ~gy mbicd }u~~h|t# g} h|do|od#}bgcc mhj}tituto ~|ieg agmio oqidojmo ha g viccauc qihcgtihj* Tbi}~|o}ue~tihj egy lo |oluttod ia tbo hlcifh| vg} ijmg|mo|gtod# bh}~itgci{od#h| bgd g di}glicity du|ijf tbo ~o|ihd ha jhj}u~~h|t* Tbo}o mi|mue}tgjmo} dhjht mhj}tituto gj orbgu}tiqo ci}t ha mi|mue}tgjmo} tbgt egy lo u}od th |oluttbo ~|o}ue~tihj ha viccaucjo}}*

Vo jhto tbgt tbi} }tgtuto ojueo|gto} agmth|} ah| |oluttijf tbo viccaucjo}} ocoeojtmhjtgijod ij tbgt }tgtuto tbgt g|o }ieicg| th tbh}o vo }ot ah|tb ij hu| domi}ihj thdgy* It i}gc}h g~~g|ojt tbgt gt cog}t tvh }tgto} |oao||od th ij tbo ahhtjhto gmtugccy |omhfji{o vbgt i}eh|o gmmu|gtocy mbg|gmto|i{od g} gj ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o ciò tbo hjo vo |omhfji{othdgy* ]oo ^gijto|# 74> Qg 4?90 }oo gc}hO~~ q ]tgto# 7>6 Joq ?7># ?740 274 ^77"7997) "}tgtijf# ij cgjfugfo }t|iìjfcy }ieicg| th tbgt u}od ijKojìj}hj# PhUlqihu}cy# tbocgv dho} jht mhjtoe~cgto ~uji}bijf g ~o|}hj ah| agicijf th dh g tbijf vbimb bo mgjjhtdh) "mitgtihj heittod)*

7>7 ]oo G|i{ \oq ]tgt Gjj


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4=

th ~gy g} gj gaai|egtiqo doaoj}o# }~omiaimgccy |omhfji{o ijglicity th ~gy g} g doaoj}o thjhj}u~~h|t* ]oo Ijd Mhdo =?%41%7%?"d) "~|hqidijf tbgt PiUt i} g doaoj}o Pth mbg|fo} hajhj}u~~h|t ha g do~ojdojt mbicdU tbgt tbo gmmu}od ~o|}hj vg} ujglco th ~|hqido

}u~~h|t)0 \hfo|} q Mheehjvogctb# =


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mhj}ido|} ~g|ojt} glicity th ~gy vboj it }ot} tbo mbicd }u~~h|t hlcifgtihj ij tbo ai|}t

~cgmo*7>


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4?

jhtihj} ha agi|jo}} gjd mheehj }oj}o*7>= Ij hu| kudfeojt# it i} tbo di}}ojt} qiov# jht

hu|}# tbgt haaojd} t|gditihjgc jhtihj} ha agi|jo}} gjd mheehj }oj}o* \owui|ijf ~g|ojt}

th ~|hqido }u~~h|t ah| tboi| mbicd|oj gjd h|fgji{o tboi| aijgjmigc gaagi|} ij }umb g vgy g}

th lo glco th dh }h i} vbhccy mhj}i}tojt vitb gcc t|gditihjgc jhtihj} ha agi|jo}} gjd

mheehj }oj}o ha vbimb vo g|o gvg|o# ij ~g|timucg| tbo t|gditihjgc jhtihj} tbgt ~g|ojt} g|o

or~omtod th }u~~h|t tboi| mbicd|oj gjd eg`o tboi| mbicd|oj} vocc%loijf tbo mojt|gc

~|ih|ity ha tboi| ciqo}*7>4 Gctbhufb tbo di}}ojt m|itimi{o} hu| g~~|hgmb gjd mhe~cgij} tbgt

hjcy tbo |g|o}t ha ~o|}hj} vicc lo glco th doehj}t|gto ie~h}}ilicity#7>? tbgt i} orgmtcy tbo

~hijt* Vo ijtojd tbgt# mhj}i}tojtcy vitb EMC 6?>*71?# g ~g|ojt vbh agic} th ~gy mhu|t%

h|do|od mbicd }u~~h|t eu}t eoot gj orgmtijf }tgjdg|d th doehj}t|gto g fojuijo

ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o*7>1

7>=^h}tgt


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Vbico vo bgqo fhjo th f|ogt cojftb} th g|timucgto tbo }tgjdg|d g doaojdgjt eu}t

eoot th doehj}t|gto g fojuijo ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o# tbo di}}ojt ~|hto}t} gjd tboj

~|hmood} th do}m|ilo g qgfuo ijglicity%th%~gy doaoj}o tbgt i} do}m|ilod ij to|e} tbgt ombh

hu| ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o*7>6 Bhvoqo|# tbo di}}ojt} ijglicity%th%~gy doaoj}o cgm`} lhtb

|o~h|t}(_OTA%7>*~da: "gmmo}}od Kujo 7?# 7# tbo _jitod ]tgto} Do~g|teojt ha Bogctb gjd Buegj ]o|qimo} Haaimo ha Mbicd]u~~h|t Ojah|moeojt |o~h|tod tbgt ij Eimbifgj eh|o tbgj 17>#>>> mbicd }u~~h|t mg}o}bgd g||og|} duo gjd mgcmucgtod tbo thtgc g||og|gfo gt $9*7 eiccihj* ]oo Mbicd ]u~~h|tOjah|moeojt AY 7> ^|ocieijg|y \o~h|t# 3btt~;((vvv*gma*bb}*fhq(~|hf|ge}(m}o(~ul}(77(|o~h|t}(~|ocieijg|yX|o~h|tXay7>*btec: "gmmo}}od Kujo 7?# 7


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tbo }t|umtu|o gjd l|ogdtb ha qiov tbgt vo ~|hqido* G~~g|ojtcy# ij tbo di}}ojt} qiov# tbo

|ocoqgjt mhj}ido|gtihj i} vbotbo| gj ijdiqidugc mbg|fod vitb aochjy jhj}u~~h|t bg} gjy

ehjoy ij bi} h| bo| ~hm`ot hj tbo dgy bo h| }bo i} bgcod ijth mhu|t*

7>2

Bhvoqo|# tbo

di}}ojt} |uco vhucd ~o|eit ~g|ojt} vbh docilo|gtocy |oau}o th ~gy mbicd }u~~h|t th }bi|`

tboi| |o}~hj}ilicitio} th tboi| mbicd|oj gjd egji~ucgto tbo m|ieijgc ku}timo }y}toe# vitb tbo

|o}uct tbgt tgr~gyijf miti{oj} vicc log| tbo |o}~hj}ilicity ha }u~~h|tijf tbo}o mbicd|oj#

|gtbo| tbgj tbo ~g|ojt# vbh hufbt th lo ~|ieg|icy |o}~hj}ilco*7>9 Tbo di}}ojt ~|hto}t} tbgt

hu| mhjmcu}ihj tbgt EMC 6?>*71? ie~h}o} }t|imt ciglicity* Yot tbo di}}ojt g}}o|t} tbgtPgUlicity%th%~gy doto|eijgtihj} egdo ij g miqic mhu|t mgjjht mhj}titutihjgccy lo u}od g}tbo lg}i} ah| o}tglci}bijf tbgt g doaojdgjt vg} glco th ~gy ij g m|ieijgc mg}o* ^h}tgt 2 Vo oe~bg}i{o tbgt tbo m|ieijgc gmtihj ah| aochjy jhj}u~~h|t i} jht gj h~~h|tujity th|oqi}it tbo to|e} ha tbo ujdo|cyijf }u~~h|t h|do|# g ~hijt vitb vbimb tbo di}}ojt gf|oo}*Tbo gehujt ha mbicd }u~~h|t i} doto|eijod ij tbo miqic ~|hmoodijf# ij vbimb g ~g|ojt}ijmheo gjd aijgjmigc |o}hu|mo} g|o mhj}ido|od* G ~g|ojt vbh i} bhjo}t gjd gmt} ij fhhd

agitb a|he tbo hut}ot# eoot} bi} h| bo| }u~~h|t hlcifgtihj# gjd# ij tbo ij}tgjmo ha mbgjfodaijgjmigc mi|mue}tgjmo}# tieocy ehqo} ah| ehdiaimgtihj ha tbo }u~~h|t h|do|# i} ujci`ocy thlo mbg|fod vitb# eumb co}} ahujd fuicty ha# aochjy jhj}u~~h|t* Tbu}# tbo di}}ojt}mhjmo|j tbgt tbo oaaomt ha hu| domi}ihj vicc lo th m|ogto dolth|} ~|i}hj} gaaomtijf tbh}ohtbo| tbgj tbo viccauc# |omgcmit|gjt# hldu|gto# h| domoitauc# ~h}t gt


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ujdo| hu| ie~h}}ilicity }tgjdg|d# g ~o|}hj mhucd lo ahujd fuicty ha aochjy jhj}u~~h|t

lomgu}o# gctbhufb bo h| }bo i} ujglco th ~gy# it eifbt jht bgqo looj utto|cy ie~h}}ilco th

~gy bgd bo h| }bo `jhvj bhv th egjgfo ehjoy lotto|*

77>

Gfgij# tbi} i} orgmtcy tbo

~hijt* Vo mgj aijd jhtbijf ujagi| glhut g doaoj}o tbgt dho} jht ormu}o ~g|ojt} a|he tboi|

ijbo|ojt hlcifgtihj th }u~~h|t tboi| mbicd }ie~cy lomgu}o tboy g|o ujglco th ~gy mbicd

}u~~h|t hj g ~g|timucg| dgy vboj# hqo| tbo mhu|}o ha tbo mbicd} ciao# tboy bgqo egdo

i||o}~hj}ilco# }ocai}b aijgjmigc domi}ihj} tbgt |oacomt g cgm` ha mhjmo|j ah| tboi| mbicd}

vocc%loijf gjd vboj# g} g |o}uct ha tbo}o domi}ihj}# tbo mbicd i} ci`ocy th lomheo g ~ulcim

mbg|fo*

_jci`o tbo di}}ojt# hu| qiov ha tbo wuo}tihj ha ~g|ojtgc |o}~hj}ilicity gjd

hlcifgtihj cogd} u} th ojdh|}o tbo ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o th g mbg|fo ha aochjy jhj}u~~h|t*

Hu| ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o diaao|} a|he tbo di}}ojt} g~~|hgmb lomgu}o vo ~|hqido

fuidgjmo |ofg|dijf bhv tbo doaoj}o i} th lo gdkudimgtod gt tbo mi|muit mhu|t coqoc# gjd

gctbhufb g ~g|ojt} glicity th ~gy i} hjo agmth| tbgt vo mhj}ido|# vo gc}h mhj}ido| htbo|

agmth|}* Ij }ue# tbo glicity%th%~gy ijwui|y i} }ul}ueod vitbij tbo ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o*

Hu| ijto|~|otgtihj i} mhj}i}tojt vitb mojtu|io}%hcd mheehj cgv gjd vitb tbo ~cgij

cgjfugfo ha EMC 6?>*71?# Eimbifgj} jhj}u~~h|t }tgtuto*

ujoro|mi}od glicity th og|j* >2 EM]A 7"F)* Hjmo tbo mbicd }u~~h|t hlcifgtihj i}}ot# gjd tbo ~g|ojt mbhh}o} th mhjtijuo gqhidijf mhe~g|glco oe~chyeojt tbgt bo h| }bo i}

mg~glco ha ~o|ah|eijf "tbo qo|y |og}hj tbgt ijmheo vg} ie~utod ij tbo ai|}t ~cgmo)# tbo~g|ojt mgj }ie~cy mcgie gj ijglicity th ~gy gjd o}mg~o m|ieijgc ciglicity* Tbo di}}ojt}icc%gdqi}od }mboeo vhucd bgqo ~|omi}ocy tbo oaaomt hj mbicd|oj gjd }hmioty tbgt tboCofi}cgtu|o }hufbt th ~|oqojt ly ojgmtijf g }y}toe ha mhu|t%h|do|od~g|ojtgc }u~~h|t*

77>^h}tgt


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Q* MHJMC_]IHJ

Vo mhjmcudo tbgt ôh~co q Gdge} mh||omtcy bocd tbgt EMC 6?>*71? ie~h}o} }t|imt

ciglicity lomgu}o it dho} jht |owui|o g eoj} |og# gjd tbgt oqidojmo ha g doaojdgjt}

ijglicity th ~gy# vitbhut eh|o# i} jht g qgcid doaoj}o th g mbg|fo ha aochjy jhj}u~~h|t*

Bhvoqo|# vo bhcd tbgt g doaojdgjt mbg|fod vitb aochjy jhj}u~~h|t egy# ij ormo~tihjgc

mi|mue}tgjmo}# hj egìjf tbo |owui}ito oqidojtig|y }bhvijf# o}tglci}b ie~h}}ilicity g} g

doaoj}o th g mbg|fo ha aochjy jhj}u~~h|t*

Ij }ueeg|y# bgqijf mhjmcudod tbgt Ciìjo ~|o}o|qod tbi} mcgie ha mhj}titutihjgc

o||h| gjd tbgt tbo ~|h}omutihj bg} jht }bhvj tbgt tbo o||h| vg} bg|eco}}# vo |oqo|}o bo|

mhjqimtihj gjd |oegjd tbo mg}o th tbo mi|muit mhu|t ah| au|tbo| ~|hmoodijf}* Lomgu}o vo

mhjmcudo tbgt doaojdgjt ^g|`} i} jht ojtitcod th |ocioa# vo gaai|e tbo kudfeojt ha tbo

Mhu|t ha G~~ogc} ij tbgt mg}o* Cg}tcy# Bg||i} ojto|od gj ujmhjditihjgc fuicty ~cog# vbimb

gaai|egtiqocy vgiqod tbo doaoj}o gt i}}uo# gjd bo i} tbo|oah|o jht ojtitcod th |ocioa*

Eg|y Lotb @occy\hlo|t ^* Yhujf# K|*]to~boj K* Eg|ègjL|igj @* [gb|g


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] T G T O H A E I M B I F G J

]_^\OEO MH_\T

^OH^CO HA TBO ]TGTO HA EIMBIFGJ#

^cgijtiaa%G~~occoo#

q Jh* 7477?4

]OCO]G G\\H]IO_\ CI@IJO#

Doaojdgjt%G~~occgjt*


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^cgijtiaa%G~~occoo#

q Jh* 747?7=

]MHTT LOJJOTT BG\\I]#


EG\ICYJ @OCCY# K* "di}}ojtijf)*

Tbo egkh|ity gdqi}o} tbgt it} qiov ha ~g|ojtgc |o}~hj}ilicity gjd hlcifgtihj} cogd}

it th gdh~t g jov doaoj}o th tbo mbg|fo ha aochjy jhj}u~~h|t# tbo doaoj}o ha ie~h}}ilicity


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*71? gcchv} g ~g|ojt agmijf ie~|i}hjeojt ah| agicijf th ~gy mbicd

h| }~hu}gc }u~~h|t* Ah| |og}hj} I vicc do}m|ilo# I locioqo tbgt tbo ijto|o}t} ha mbicd|oj# g}

vocc g} ha gcc htbo| eoelo|} ha }hmioty# g|o lo}t }o|qod ly ~|hqidijf g eh|o t|gditihjgc

doaoj}o* I ~|h~h}o tbo gceh}t ujiqo|}gccy gmmo~tod doaoj}o ha ijglicity th ~gy*

Gt tboi| o}}ojmo# tbo}o mg}o} g|o glhut tbo lg}im kudimigc tg}` ha oj}u|ijf tbgt

fhqo|jeojt aujmtihj} vitbij tbo }mh~o ha hu| }tgto gjd aodo|gc mhj}titutihj}* Hu| }i}to|

}tgto} bgqo looj mhj}miojtihu} ij ujdo|tg`ijf tbi} tg}`* Ah|ty%jijo ha tboe gjd tbo

Di}t|imt ha Mhcuelig ~|hqido tbo doaoj}o ha ijglicity th ~gy h| mhj}ido| g doaojdgjt}

glicity th ~gy g} gj ocoeojt ha tbo m|ieo ha aochjy jhj}u~~h|t* Mhjqojtihjgc vi}dhe

}uffo}t} tbgt tbo Eimbifgj ]u~|oeo Mhu|t }bhucd gdh~t tbo }geo doaoj}o vboj it

mhj}ido|} tbo wuo}tihj ah| tbo ai|}t tieo* It bg} jht dhjo }h*

Ij}togd# tbo egkh|ity |okomt} tbo jgtihjgc jh|e gjd lum`} tbo t|ojd* It mhjmcudo}

tbgt ijglicity th ~gy dho} jht mhj}tituto g doaoj}o th aochjy jhj}u~~h|t* Tbo doaojdgjt

eu}t doehj}t|gto ie~h}}ilicity th ~gy* Eh|ohqo|# jhtvitb}tgjdijf tbo egkh|ity}

~|hto}tgtihj} th tbo mhjt|g|y# tbo ijglicity%th%~gy doaoj}o i} jht }ul}ueod vitbij tbi}

doaoj}o ha ie~h}}ilicity th ~gy* Tbo egkh|ity vicc ijdood mhj}ido| ijglicity th ~gy* Lut

}bhucd gjy aguct vbgt}hoqo| lo }bhvj hj tbo ~g|t ha tbo gmmu}od# tbo egkh|ity}

ie~h}}ilicity%th%~gy doaoj}o vicc ojti|ocy di}|ofg|d tbo }t|hjfo}t oqidojmo ha ijglicity th

~gy* I locioqo tbgt tbi} }tgjdg|d# gt hjmo ujiwuo gjd egjiao}tcy bg|}b# vicc ~|hqo

mhujto|~|hdumtiqo* I gc}h locioqo it i} ujmhj}titutihjgc*


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=

Ci`o tbo egkh|ity# I vi}b th lo agitbauc th tbo ijtojt ha tbo Cofi}cgtu|o ij

ijto|~|otijf EMC 6?>*71?* Ij dhijf }h# I ge doo~cy mhjmo|jod tbgt vo vicc |oij}tituto

tbo vi}ocy chjf%glgjdhjod ij}titutihj ha dolth|} ~|i}hj}* Tbo egkh|ity g~~og|} th cgm`

tbi} mhjmo|j*

Au|tbo|eh|o# tbo egkh|ity} gjgcy}i} }u~~h|tijf it} ie~h}}ilicity%th%~gy doaoj}o

i} acgvod a|he tbo ai|}t ~gfo* Ij m|gatijf it# tbo egkh|ity |o~ogtodcy lhv} th vbgt it

domcg|o} i} tbo Cofi}cgtu|o} or~|o}}od ijtojt* Lut jh or~|o}}od ku}tiaimgtihj ah| tbo

egkh|ity} ~h}itihj i} th lo ahujd gjyvbo|o ij gjy }tgtuto* Ah| gcc ha tbo}o |og}hj}# I

|o}~omtauccy di}}ojt*

I* GJGCY]I]

G* COFGC LGM@F\H_JD

Tbo}o mg}o} ijqhcqo tbo agicu|o ha tb|oo doaojdgjt} th }gti}ay mhu|t%h|do|od mbicd

}u~~h|t hlcifgtihj}* EMC 6?>*71? m|ieijgci{o} }umb mhjdumt*7 It ~|hqido}# ij |ocoqgjt

~g|t;

"7) Ia tbo mhu|t h|do|} gj ijdiqidugc th ~gy }u~~h|t ah| tboijdiqidugc} ah|eo| h| mu||ojt }~hu}o# h| ah| g mbicd ha tbo ijdiqidugc# gjdtbo ijdiqidugc dho} jht ~gy tbo }u~~h|t ij tbo gehujt h| gt tbo tieo }tgtodij tbo h|do|# tbo ijdiqidugc i} fuicty ha g aochjy ~uji}bglco ly ie~|i}hjeojtah| jht eh|o tbgj 4 yog|} h| ly g aijo ha jht eh|o tbgj $>>*>># h| lhtb*

7 I aijd it jhtovh|tby tbgt tbh}o |o}~hj}ilco ah| ~ulci}bijf Eimbifgj} }tgtuto} ahujd itg~~|h~|igto th mg~tihj tbi} ~|hqi}ihj ij to|e} ha ~ojgci{ijf g |oau}gc th ~gy* ]oo < ulcim! Chmgc Gmt} ha Eimbifgj ">4 ]o}}ihj)# >4 ^G ?6># ~


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Tbi|ty%aiqo yog|} gfh ij ^oh~co q Ditthj#4 tbo Mhu|t ha G~~ogc} mhj}ido|od gj

og|cio| qo|}ihj ha EMC 6?>*71?*? Tbo doaojdgjt g|fuod tbgt bi} ijglicity th ~gy lg||od

bi} ~|h}omutihj ujdo| tbo }tgtuto* Bo au|tbo| g|fuod tbgt tbo t|igc mhu|t bgd o||od ly

agicijf th ij}t|umt tbo ku|y tbgt it eu}t ai|}t aijd tbgt bo vg} glco th ~gy tbo }u~~h|t

h|do|od* Hjcy tboj mhucd it aijd tbgt bo bgd jofcomtod th ~gy it* Tbo Mhu|t ha G~~ogc}

gf|ood* It mhjmcudod tbgt EMC 6?>*71? did jht or~|o}}cy ~|hqido ah| tbo doaoj}o ha

ijglicity th ~gy# lut PhUtbo| Eimbifgj m|ieijgc jhj}u~~h|t }tgtuto} PegdoU it jomo}}g|y th

}bhv doaojdgjt} glicity th ~gy g} g ~|omu|}h| th hltgijijf g mhjqimtihj*1

4^oh~co q Ditthj# 62 Eimb G~~ 17>0


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Tbo Mhu|t gc}h jhtod tbgt ij mhjtoe~t ~|hmoodijf}# g ~g|ty mbg|fod vitb ~gyijf

mbicd }u~~h|t eu}t lo gcchvod th or~cgij vby tbo }u~~h|t h|do| bgd jht looj hloyod gjd

tbgt hjcy tbo vicauc# tbo |omgcmit|gjt# tbo hldu|gto h| domoitauc * * * g|o jht ormu}od a|he

tboi| cofgc hlcifgtihj}*6 Tbo|oah|o# tbo Mhu|t mhjmcudod# tbo t|igc mhu|t o||od vboj it

|ucod tbgt tbo doaojdgjt} glicity th ~gy vg} i||ocoqgjt*2

Tbo qo|}ihj ha EMC 6?>*71? jhv ij oaaomt vg} ojgmtod ij 79999 gjd i} }ieicg| th

tbo og|cio| qo|}ihj* Tbo mu||ojt qo|}ihj }ticc m|ieijgci{o} agicu|o th mhe~cy vitb }u~~h|t

hlcifgtihj} gjd }~omiaimgccy ijdimgto} tbo egrieue ~ojgcty ah| qihcgtihj} ha tbo }tgtuto*

Tbo cofi}cgtiqo bi}th|y ijdimgto} tbgt tbo ~u|~h}o ha tbo |oqi}ihj} vg} th ojgmt fojdo|%

jout|gc cgjfugfo gjd ~|hqido mhu|t} vitb gutbh|ity th }u}~ojd g }ojtojmo ujdo| mo|tgij

mi|mue}tgjmo}* Tbo ]ojgto Ai}mgc Gfojmy} gjgcy}i} }tgtod tbgt tbo |oqi}ihj}

vhucd docoto gjd |oojgmt# vitb fojdo|%jout|gc cgjfugfo# g ~|hqi}ihj ha tbo^ojgc Mhdo eg`ijf |oau}gc th ~gy g }u~~h|t h|do| g aochjy* _jdo| tbo licc#it vhucd lo g aochjy# ~uji}bglco ly u~ th ahu| yog|} ie~|i}hjeojt# gegrieue aijo ha $>># h| lhtb# ah| g ~o|}hj }ulkomt th g mhu|t h|do| ah|

}~hu}gc h| mbicd }u~~h|t# th agic th ~gy tbo }u~~h|t ij tbo gehujt h| gt tbotieo }tgtod ij tbo h|do|* Tbo aochjy ~|hqi}ihj vhucd jht g~~cy ujco}} tbo~o|}hj h|do|od th ~gy }u~~h|t g~~og|od ij tbo gmtihj ij vbimb tbo }u~~h|th|do| vg} i}}uod# h| |omoiqod jhtimo ha tbgt gmtihj ly ~o|}hjgc }o|qimo* "Tbo~|h~h}od ~ojgcty i} tbo }geo g} tbgt o}tglci}bod ij tbo cgv ah| g aochjy ah|vbimb g ~ojgcty i} jht htbo|vi}o }~omiaiod*)

Tbo mhu|t mhucd }u}~ojd tbo }ojtojmo ha g ~o|}hj mhjqimtod ujdo|tbo licc ia bo h| }bo aicod vitb tbo mhu|t g lhjd ij tbo gehujt gjd vitb tbo}u|otio} tbo mhu|t |owui|od* Gt g eijieue# tbo lhjd vhucd bgqo th lo

6Id* gt 176# wuhtijf\ood q \ood# ?= Eimb G~~ 1


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mhjditihjod hj tbo ~o|}hj} mhe~cigjmo vitb tbo }u~~h|t h|do|* Ia tbo~o|}hj did jht mhe~cy vitb tbo }u~~h|t h|do| h| gjhtbo| mhjditihj ha tbolhjd# tbo mhu|t mhucd h|do| tbo ~o|}hj th g~~og| gjd }bhv mgu}o vby tbomhu|t }bhucd jht ie~h}o tbo }ojtojmo gjd ojah|mo tbo lhjd* Gato| tbobog|ijf# tbo mhu|t mhucd ojah|mo tbo lhjd gjd(h| ie~h}o tbo }ojtojmo# h|

mhucd ~o|eit tbo aicijf ha g jov lhjd gjd gfgij }u}~ojd tbo }ojtojmo*P7>U

Vboj tbo Cofi}cgtu|o ojgmtod tbo mu||ojt qo|}ihj ha EMC 6?>*71?# Ditthj bgd

~o|eittod doaojdgjt} th |gi}o gj ijglicity%th%~gy doaoj}o th aochjy jhj}u~~h|t mbg|fo} ah|

tbo ~|omodijf


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Jhtvitb}tgjdijf tbgt agmt# ij ôh~co q Gdge}#74 tbo Mhu|t ha G~~ogc} }t|gyod a|he

Ditthj gjd bocd tbgt tbo 7999 geojdeojt} ha EMC 6?>*71? gaai|egtiqocy ~|omcudod g

doaojdgjt a|he |gi}ijf gj ijglicity%th%~gy doaoj}o* Gdge} h~ijod tbgt tbo |oqi}od }tgtuto

dho} jht gcchv tbgt doaoj}o lomgu}o aochjy jhj}u~~h|t i} g }t|imt ciglicity haaoj}o*7? It

au|tbo| |og}hjod tbgt tbo doaoj}o vhucd lo ijmhj}i}tojt vitb tbo ~|hqi}ihj ha EMC

6?>*71? tbgt gutbh|i{o} }u}~oj}ihj ha g }ojtojmo ia tbo doaojdgjt aico} g lhjd mhjditihjod

hj mhe~cigjmo*71

Gdge} bocd tbgt doaojdgjt} g|o oaaomtiqocy ~|omcudod a|he |gi}ijf g doaoj}o ha gjy

ìjd th aochjy%jhj}u~~h|t mbg|fo}* I locioqo it vg} v|hjfcy domidod gjd }bhucd lo

or~cimitcy hqo||ucod* It i} ujmcog| vbgt tbo egkh|ity bhcd} vitb |o}~omt thGdge}* Vboj

it bhcd} tbgt doaojdgjt} egy ~|o}ojt gj ie~h}}ilicity%th%~gy doaoj}o# it }uffo}t} tbgt

Tbo egkh|ity mgjjht do~|iqo tbo eijh|ity ha tbo thhc} vitb vbimb kudfo} ty~imgccy gjdt|gditihjgccy ojfgfo ij }tgtuth|y ijto|~|otgtihj* It} ~|oao||od ijto|~|otiqo eotbhd} dh jhtlijd htbo| eoelo|} ha tbo Mhu|t* ]oo ôh~co q Viccige}# 497 Eimb 714# 794 j =70 274

JV*71?"4)* ]oo >4 ^G ?6>* Tboegkh|ity ~h}it} tbgt ey gjgcy}i} vhucd |otu|j tbo cgv th it} }tgto loah|o tbo Cofi}cgtu|oojgmtod 7999 ^G 7?* Tbi}}tgtoeojt eg}`} tbo agmt tbgt jh }tgtuth|y oqidojmo ori}t} tbgt tbo Cofi}cgtu|o ijtojdod th|oehqo tbo ijglicity%th%~gy doaoj}o tbgt Ditthj |omhfji{od* Jh| i} tbo|o cgjfugfo ij

EMC 6?>*71? h| ij gjy htbo| }tgtuto tbgt }u~~h|t} tbo egkh|ity} ie~h}}ilicity%th%~gydoaoj}o* Ly }coifbt ha ~oj# tbo egkh|ity ~g|cgy} it} |ogdijf ha EMC 6?>*71? gjd ha tboCofi}cgtu|o} ijtojt ijth }u~~h|t ah| gj ie~h}}ilicity%th%~gy doaoj}o* Tbu}# mhjt|g|y thtbo egkh|ity} mcgie htbo|vi}o# tbo|o mgj lo jh gjgcy}i} lg}od hj tbo ~cgij cgjfugfo hatbo }tgtuto# gjto gt 4? j 7>4# lomgu}o EMC 6?>*71? ~|hqido} jh doaoj}o th g mbg|fo haaochjy jhj}u~~h|t*


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Gdge} vg} v|hjfcy domidod* Lut it gf|oo} vitbGdge}} bhcdijf tbgt# ia gj ijdiqidugc

dho} jht ~gy mhu|t%h|do|od }u~~h|t# bo h| }bo i} guthegtimgccy fuicty ha g aochjy ujdo|

EMC 6?>*71?* Gdge} }bhucd lo ujowuiqhmgccy hqo||ucod*

76

L* TBO EGKH\ITY] IE^H]]ILICITY%TH%^GY DOAOJ]O

I aijd tbo ie~h}}ilicity%th%~gy doaoj}o gdh~tod ly tbo egkh|ity ~|hlcoegtim ah|

}oqo|gc |og}hj}* Ai|}t# tbo to|e ie~h}}ilicity bg} g di}tijmt eogjijf ij m|ieijgc cgv*

Mhu|t} bgqo di}tijfui}bod tvh mgtofh|io} ha ie~h}}ilicity ij gttoe~t m|ieo}; agmtugc gjd

cofgc* Agmtugc ie~h}}ilicity ori}t} vboj g doaojdgjt ijtojdod th ~o|~ot|gto g mo|tgij

m|ieo lut agicod th mheeit it lomgu}o ha agmtugc mi|mue}tgjmo} tbgt vo|o uj`jhvj h|

loyhjd bi} h| bo| mhjt|hc*72

Cofgc ie~h}}ilicity mgj lo l|hòj dhvj ijth tvh }ulmgtofh|io}; ~u|o cofgc

ie~h}}ilicity gjd byl|id cofgc ie~h}}ilicity* û|o cofgc ie~h}}ilicity ori}t} vboj gj

76 \gtbo| tbgj cieit it} di}mu}}ihj th tbo eo|it}# tbo egkh|ity mcgie} tbgt ey gjgcy}i} hatbo Cofi}cgtu|o} gmwuio}mojmo th Ditthj i} eo|ocy ey ~hcimy ~|oao|ojmo* Gjto gt 4>j 91* It g|fuo} tbgt# gato| tbo Mhu|t ha G~~ogc} h~ijihj ij Gdge}# tbo dhmt|ijo hacofi}cgtiqo gmwuio}mojmo mhucd gc}h cogd hjo th mhjmcudo tbgt tbo Cofi}cgtu|o ijtojdod thocieijgto ijglicity th ~gy g} g doaoj}o* Tbi} i} ijmh||omt* Gdge} oaaomtiqocy ~|omcudod gccdoaoj}o} th jhj}u~~h|t mbg|fo}# ijmcudijf tbo ie~h}}ilicity%th%~gy doaoj}o jhv}gjmtihjod ly tbo egkh|ity# gjd it i} tbu} ujmhj}titutihjgc* It mgjjht lo g}}ueod tbgt tboCofi}cgtu|o gf|ood vitb gj ujmhj}titutihjgc domi}ihj* Tbo dhmt|ijo ha cofi}cgtiqo

gmwuio}mojmo dho} jht ait vitb tboGdge} domi}ihj*

72ôh~co q Tbhu}gjd# 41? Eimb 749# 7?20 1=7 JV


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gmth| ojfgfo} ij mhjdumt tbgt bo h| }bo locioqo} i} ~|hbilitod ly cgv# lut it i} jht* 79

Byl|id cofgc ie~h}}ilicity ori}t} vboj g doaojdgjt} fhgc i} th mheeit gj iccofgc gmt# lut

it i} ie~h}}ilco th dh }h lomgu}o ha g agmtugc ei}tg`o |ofg|dijf tbo cofgc }tgtu} ha }heo

agmth| |ocoqgjt th tbo ijtojdod mhjdumt* Tbi} qo|}ihj ha ie~h}}ilicity i} g byl|id

lomgu}o# g} tbo doaijitihj ie~cio} * * * # Ptbo doaojdgjt}U ie~h}}ilicity mcgie ijmcudo} lhtb

g cofgc gjd g agmtugc g}~omt * * * *


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Koj`ij}hj dogct vitb g mity h|dijgjmo tbgt m|ieijgci{od g ~|h~o|ty hvjo|} agicu|o th

|o~gi| g }idovgc` gdkgmojt th bi} ~|h~o|ty* Tbo Mhu|t h~ijod tbgt PjUh cofi}cgtiqo h|

eujimi~gc lhdy bg} tbo ~hvo| th ie~h}o tbo duty ha ~o|ah|eijf gj gmt u~hj gjy ~o|}hj

vbimb it i} ie~h}}ilco ah| bie th ~o|ah|e# gjd tboj eg`o bi} jhj%~o|ah|egjmo ha }umb g

duty g m|ieo * * * *


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7*717 ~|o}u~~h}o} tbgt tbo doaojdgjt bg} tbo glicity th

~gy ah| ~|h~o| }bocto|# ahhd# mg|o# gjd mchtbijf ah| ageicy eoelo|}*

]ieicg|cy# EMC 6?>*712 ~|hqido} tbgt g ~o|}hj mhjqimtod ha loijf g di}h|do|cy

~o|}hj i} }ulkomt th qg|yijf dof|oo} ha ~uji}beojt* EMC 6?>*716"7)"g) doaijo}

di}h|do|cy ~o|}hj g} PgU ~o|}hj ha}uaaimiojt glicity vbh |oau}o} h| jofcomt} th }u~~h|t

bi} h| bo| ageicy*=1 Tbi} ~|hqi}ihj au|tbo| |oacomt} tbo Cofi}cgtu|o} |omhfjitihj tbgt g

doaojdgjt} glicity th ~gy eu}t lo mhj}ido|od loah|o ie~h}ijf m|ieijgc ~uji}beojt*

Glicity%th%~gy doto|eijgtihj} gc}h }o|qo g} tbo ujdo|~ijjijf ha }~hu}gc }u~~h|t

gvg|d}# vbimb# vboj qihcgtod# ah|e tbo lg}o} ha m|ieijgc jhj}u~~h|t mbg|fo}* EMC

??


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~o|ei}}ihj* Tbo ~cgijtiaa ij tbgt mg}o mhucd jht hltgij tbo |owui}ito mhu|t h|do| lomgu}o

bo cgmòd tbo aijgjmigc |o}hu|mo} th eoot bi} }u~~h|t hlcifgtihj}* Tbo Mhu|t }t|um` dhvj

tbo }tgtuto hj lhtb duo ~|hmo}} gjd owugc ~|htomtihj f|hujd}* Ku}timo ]tovg|t#

mhjmu||ijf# jhtod tbgt tbo cgv egò} jh gcchvgjmo ah| tbo t|ucy ijdifojt gjd tbgt PtUh

dojy tbo}o ~oh~co ~o|ei}}ihj th eg||y ~ojgci{o} tboe ah| agicijf th dh tbgt vbimb tboy

mgjjht dh* Ij}hag| g} it g~~cio} th ijdifojt}# tbo }tgto cgv i} gj i||gtihjgc eogj} ha

gmbioqijf tbo}o hlkomtiqo} ha tbo ]tgto*4>

Mhjmu||ijf ij tbo Mhu|t} kudfeojt# Ku}timo ^hvocc di}tijfui}bod lotvooj

~o|}hj} vbh g|o glco th egò tbo |owui|od }u~~h|t ~gyeojt} lut }ie~cy vi}b th }bi|`

tboi| eh|gc gjd cofgc hlcifgtihj gjd tbh}o vitbhut tbo eogj} th mhe~cy vitb mbicd%

}u~~h|t hlcifgtihj}*47 Bo h~ijod tbgt PtUbo qimo ijbo|o}# jht ij tbo mhccomtihj mhjmo~t#

lut ij tbo agicu|o th egò ~|hqi}ihj ah| tbh}o vitbhut tbo eogj} th mhe~cy vitb mbicd%

}u~~h|t hlcifgtihj}*4< Tbu}# bo gf|ood vitb bi} mhccogfuo} tbgt tbo Vi}mhj}ij }tgtuto

vg} ujmhj}titutihjgc lomgu}o it agicod th ~|hqido ah| tbh}o ujglco# |gtbo| tbgj eo|ocy

ujviccijf# th ~gy tbo mbicd }u~~h|t hvod*4=

Ciòvi}o# ij Log|doj q Foh|fig#44 tbo _jitod ]tgto} ]u~|oeo Mhu|t mhj}ido|od

vbotbo| tbo Ahu|toojtb Geojdeojt ~|hbilit} g }tgto a|he |oqhìjf gj ijdifojt

4>Id* gt =94 "]tovg|t# K*# mhjmu||ijf)*

47

Id* gt 4>> "^hvocc# K*# mhjmu||ijf)*4>%4>7# 4>=*

44Log|doj q Foh|fig# 417 _] 11>0 7>= ] Mt 140 61 C Od


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doaojdgjt} ~|hlgtihj ah| agicu|o th ~gy g aijo gjd |o}titutihj* Tbo Mhu|t bocd tbgt tbo

t|igc mhu|t o||od ij guthegtimgccy |oqhìjf ~|hlgtihj lomgu}o ~otitihjo| mhucd jht ~gy bi}

aijo# vitbhut doto|eijijf tbgt ~otitihjo| bgd jht egdo }uaaimiojt lhjg aido oaah|t} th ~gy

h| tbgt gdowugto gcto|jgtiqo ah|e} ha ~uji}beojt did jht ori}t*4? Tbo Mhu|t h~ijod tbgt

th |oqhò ~|hlgtihj vboj tbo ~otitihjo|# tb|hufb jh aguct bi} hvj# mhucd jht ~gy tbo aijo

qihcgtod duo ~|hmo}} lomgu}o it vg} mhjt|g|y th tbo aujdgeojtgc agi|jo}} |owui|od ly tbo

Ahu|toojtb Geojdeojt*41 Tbo Mhu|t g~~|hqijfcy mitod Ku}timo ^hvocc} [glchmì

mhjmu||ojmo# vbimb oe~bg}i{od tbo di}tijmtihj lotvooj ~o|}hj} vbh }bi|` tboi| eh|gc

gjd cofgc hlcifgtihj th ~gy * * * a|he tbh}o vbhccy ujglco th ~gy*46

4?Id* gt 117%11 "^hvocc# K*# mhjmu||ijf) "oe~bg}i} gddod)*Tbo egkh|ity mito} Log|doj ij }u~~h|t ha it} ie~h}}ilicity%th%~gy doaoj}o* Lut jhvbo|oij Log|doj dho} tbo vh|d ie~h}}ilco g~~og|# jh| gjy do|iqgtihj ha it* Ijdood# tboegkh|ity h~ijihj i} ijto|jgccy ijmhj}i}tojt# g} it |ocio} hj Log|doj} }uaaimiojt lhjg aidooaah|t} }tgjdg|d ah| fuidgjmo ij hjo ~cgmo# lut oc}ovbo|o }uffo}t} tbgt }uaaimiojt lhjgaido oaah|t} * * * Pth |o~gy g }u~~h|t hlcifgtihjU * * * }tgjdijf gchjo vicc jht jomo}}g|icyo}tglci}b gj ie~h}}ilicity doaoj}o * * * * Mhe~g|o gjto gt %=7*Au|tbo|eh|o# tbi} Mhu|t mitodLog|doj ij }u~~h|t ha it} ie~coeojtgtihj ha gj glicity%th%~gy gjgcy}i} ij Kgm`}hj* ]oo Kgm`}hj# 42= Eimb gt


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=* G^^CIMGTIHJ HA TBO IJGLICITY%TH%^GY DOAOJ]O

Ij cifbt ha tbo gah|oeojtihjod Eimbifgj mg}ocgv# Eimbifgj }tgtuto}# gjd _jitod

]tgto} ]u~|oeo Mhu|t ~|omodojt# I vhucd bhcd tbgt ijglicity th ~gy i} tbo ~|h~o| doaoj}o

th g aochjy jhj}u~~h|t mbg|fo* Th u}o tbi} doaoj}o# g doaojdgjt vhucd bgqo th }bhv tbgt

bo h| }bo bg} egdo gcc |og}hjglco gjd fhhd%agitb oaah|t} th mhe~cy vitb tbo }u~~h|t h|do|#

lut mhucd jht*42 Ij mhj}ido|ijf g doaojdgjt} ijglicity th ~gy# mhu|t} }bhucd mg|oauccy

orgeijo tbo doaojdgjt} aijgjmigc }itugtihj gjd doto|eijo vbotbo| tbo doaojdgjt bg}

egdo }uaaimiojt lhjg aido oaah|t} th mhe~cy*49 Bhvoqo|# mhu|t} eu}t di}tijfui}b lotvooj

tbh}o vbh viccauccy }bi|` tboi| eh|gc gjd cofgc hlcifgtihj th ~gy gjd tbh}o vbh g|o

}ie~cy ujglco th dh }h*?> G} hu| Mhu|t ha G~~ogc} or~cgijod ijDitthj;

G P~g|ojtU vbh mgj lut vicc jht tg`o mg|o ha bi} Ph| bo|U mbicd hufbtjht lo mhddcod ly tbo cgv* Lut h~~|o}}ihj hufbt jht lo ~|gmtimod ij tbojgeo ha cgv gjd ku}timo* * * *

Tbo gmmu}od docijwuojt ~g|ojt egy bgqo looj oqo| }h viccijf gjdgjrihu} th ~o|ah|e bi} Ph| bo|U jgtu|gc duty gjd th mhe~cy vitb tbo to|e} ha

tbo miqic kudfeojt lut vg} vbhccy ujglco th dh }h*P?7U

42 I gf|oo vitb tbo egkh|ity tbgt tbo viccauc# |omgcmit|gjt# hldu|gto# h| domoitauc }bhucd jhto}mg~o aochjy jhj}u~~h|t mbg|fo}*

49 ]oo Log|doj# 417 _] gt 11 ]oo[glchm`i# 4=4 _] gt 4>> "^hvocc# K*# mhjmu||ijf)*

?7Ditthj# 62 Eimb G~~ gt 171# wuhtijf Mheehjvogctb q HBg||gb#


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Th lo mcog|# I }bg|o tbo egkh|ity} mhjmo|j tbgt |omgcmit|gjt ~g|ojt} eu}t lo bocd

gmmhujtglco* Gmmh|dijfcy# tbo ijglicity%th%~gy doaoj}o# ciò tbo ie~h}}ilicity%th%~gy

doaoj}o }ot ah|tb ly tbo egkh|ity# vhucdjhtg~~cy th ~g|ojt} vbh mgj lut mbhh}o jht th

tgò mg|o ha tboi| mbicd|oj* G viccauc agicu|o th ~gy i} jht gj ormu}o ah| jhjmhe~cigjmo

vitb g }u~~h|t h|do|*

D* TBO EGKH\ITY] IE^H]]ILICITY%TH%^GY DOAOJ]O CGM@] ]_^^H\T

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jht gcchv g doaojdgjt} ijglicity th ~gy th mhj}tituto g mhe~coto doaoj}o th g aochjy

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}u~~h|t * * * *)0 G|i{ \oq ]tgt Gjj


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|omgcmit|gjt# hldu|gto# h| domoitauc*

A* TBO EGKH\ITY] IE^H]]ILICITY%TH%^GY DOAOJ]O I]_JMHJ]TIT_TIHJGC

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19

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II* MHJMC_]IHJ

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Eg|icyj @occy

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Michigan Supreme Court Opinion on Child Support and Poverty

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Transcript of Michigan Supreme Court Opinion on Child Support and Poverty