Michal TIK - Sustainable Final Paper
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Transcript of Michal TIK - Sustainable Final Paper
8/4/2019 Michal TIK - Sustainable Final Paper
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Student: TIK Michal
Academic Year: 2010-2011
Sustainable development
Better Place project and its expansion inIsrael
Accelerating The Transition To Sustainable Transportation.
ISG final Assignment prepared for Professor Eric Britton
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Table of content
Executive Summary………...………………………………………………………….………………………..P.3
The importance of the project ……………………………………………………….
…………………………P.4
The presentation of the project and its costs.
………………………………………………….……………P.4
The offer……………………………………….………………………………………….
………………………P.6
Is it a monopoly?……………………………………………………………………….….
…………….………P.8
Better Place in the future…………..……………………………………………..
…………………………….P.8
The car sharing service…………...
…………………………………………………………………………..P.10
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………P.11
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Executive summary
The world is most definitely shifting to environmental awareness. More and more
companies are being created in order to improve, reduce or at least take into
consideration the environment. Better Place was created exactly for these
reasons. Shai Agassi, the founder and chief executive of Better Place, the leading
electric vehicle services provider, was inspired by a profound question posed at
the World Economic Forum in 2005, “How do you make the world a better place
by 2020?” With a passion for tackling large-scale challenges, Agassi sought to
answer this question with a pragmatic solution to change the world and reduce
global dependency on petroleum, by creating an infrastructure that would
support the electric car.
Agassi works with government leaders, auto manufacturers, energy companies
and others to make his vision, zero-emission vehicles powered by electricity, a
reality in countries around the globe.1 Israeli President Shimon Peres and Prime
Minister Ehud Olmert were prime forces that believed in this project. This effort
will lead Israel to be the first nation in the world that partnered with Better Place
to have an all-electric car infrastructure that will free the country from gas
consumption.
98% of transportation vehicles are powered by oil whereas only 2% are
environmental friendly. The obvious question is why only 2% is environmentally
friendly if the world is becoming greener? The answer is that the electrical car
factors have made it impractical for drivers: the price, the size, the constant need
to charge the battery for long hours, distance restrictions and speed. Better
Places’ solution is to combine a vast country-wide network of convenient
recharge points, with the ability to switch to a full battery in less than a minute,less time than it takes to fill up a regular car with petrol. The car that was chosen
for the project is a very comfortable family car manufactured by Renault – the
Fluence Z.E2. Without suitable infrastructure, a well spread grid, this project
could not succeed. Just as the cell phone without antenna coverage providing
reception could not work. The plan is to have entire areas around the country
covered with battery switching stations providing drivers of electric cars with an
unlimited driving range for long distance trips.
1 http://www.betterplace.com/the-company-leadership-detail/index/id/shai-agassi2 http://www.betterplc.co.il/default.asp?catid={5BFEB3E8-E777-4F8B-8A3D-71BE7B826A33}
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Subscription to Better Places’ project will provide the customer with access to the
switching and charging network for an overnight or workday charge. Members
will pay a monthly fixed fee which is similar to the cell phone companies system.
However, regardless of ones’ usage one will have to pay this fixed price. If a
customer drove more than he paid for, he will have to add the additional fee.
What will happen if he went on vacation or just did not use his full quota? Well,he will have to pay it anyway.
This point is creating a negative approach toward this project as people do not
accept paying for what one has not consumed. The company has its own reasons
for this fixed charge; however, we have a solution – Car Sharing.
Car sharing is a form of car rental where people rent cars for short periods of
time. This is attractive to customers who make only occasional use of a vehicle,
as well as others who would like occasional access to a vehicle of a different type
than they use day-to-day.3 The principle of car sharing is simple: individuals gain
the benefits of private cars without the costs and responsibilities of ownership. Itis a group of people that share the same resource. The car sharing concept was
actually implemented for years in Israel, in the kibbutz. Unfortunately it’s the only
place where it exists today. Car sharing is the solution for these fixed fees and in
addition will market the new cars across the country. The benefit from this new
service is only positive and will help the citizens, the company and the
environment.
Better Place had already changed the Israeli way of thinking regarding vehicles.
Its concept can increase the mind switch even more by adding this service in
order to create better environmental conditions through sustainabletransportation.
The importance of the project
Environment
Gasoline-powered vehicles are a major contributor to the carbon emissions and
air pollution in the world. Carbon emissions from vehicles accounts for 33% of
carbon emissions in the United States, and as much as 50% of carbon emissionsin some of the countries in Europe. Air pollution is increasing in urban centers
around the world. According to the World Health Organization, 900,000 people
die each year from causes directly attributable to outdoor air pollution. If we will
find ways to increase the energy efficiency of our transportation system and shift
away from products that burn fossil fuels, we will achieve major emissions
reductions. If more and more people will adopt the electric vehicles instead of the
gasoline-powered ones, we will achieve both of these goals simultaneously. 4
Some people that criticize the project claim that the mass production of batteries
3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_sharing4http://www.betterplace.com/the-opportunity-environment
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will harm the environment, however; Better Place stated that more than 95% of
the battery materials can be recovered and reused.
Economical
The oil industry represented a market of $440 billion only in the US in 2008 and
globally nearly $3 trillion in the same year. Research has shown that the global
demand for oil has increased at an average of about 1% per year with a strong
volatility of pricing.
A shift to an electric transportation system based on renewable energy would
inevitably result in a significant reduction in oil demand and potentially create
one of the economic opportunities of the 21st century: The development of
renewable energy, the construction of a new infrastructure to support electric
vehicles, and the efficiencies of electric power for transportation providesignificant economic opportunity for the countries and the individuals willing to
take on the challenges.
The shift to EVs also provides an opportunity for transportation cost savings in
the future due to the stable cost of electricity relative to that of oil and the
economy scale related to EVs production.5
Presentation of the project and its costs
Better Place Inc. is an international company that aims to reduce global
dependency on petroleum through the creation of the infrastructure that
supports electric vehicles while providing access to a network of charge spots,
battery switch stations, and systems that optimize the driving experience. This
international company was officially launched in 2007 by Shai Agassi, the
company’s founder and current CEO. The company is based in Palo Alto,
California and has operations in Israel, Denmark, and Australia. Better Place is
building its first electric vehicle network in Israel and has selected Denmark asthe second test market. The reason Israel was selected, is divided into five:
• The country is geographically small, 70 switching battery stations will
cover the entire country. All major urban centers are less than 150
kilometers apart, and 90% of car owners drive less than 70 kilometers per
day.
• It has closed borders as it is surrounded by countries that, unfortunately,
Israel has conflicts with.
5 http://www.betterplace.com/the-opportunity-economics
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• Like Europe, it has high taxation on gasoline coupled with an economic
policy to incent consumers to buy zero-emission vehicles.
• It has a growing solar power sector that stands to gain an important new
market for its green energy with the electric recharge grid. 6
• Israel’s need to be independent of oil as most of the oil producers are
unfriendly to Israel.
Israel will be the first nation in the world that partnered with Better Place to have
an all-electric car infrastructure.
The reason Denmark was chosen is related not only to its small size but also to
its citizen’s environmental awareness.
Agassi’s vision is to move the world from oil-based transportation to a sustainable
one. In order to achieve his goal, the company has created a strategic
partnership with Renault - Nissan after announcing a Memorandum Of
Understanding (MOU).This is a document describing a bilateral agreementbetween two parties. It expresses a convergence of will between the parties,
indicating an intended common line of action. It is a more formal alternative to a
gentlemen’s agreement. Under the agreement, Better Place will build the electric
recharge grid and will provide the entire infrastructure whereas; Renault will
provide the electric cars with swappable batteries. Renault-Nissan was willing to
contribute over $1.5 billion in capital to see the vision turn to reality.
The company’s goal is to enable electric cars to sell for $5,000 less than the price
of the average gasoline car sold in the US. "We environmentalists made a
mistake," Agassi says. "We ask people to pay more to be green, and we should
ask them to pay less." Agassi estimates his customers will pay no more for
battery power than they would spend on gasoline to travel the same distance.
The only way this could be possible, is by selling electric cars separately from
their batteries just as petrol cars are sold separately from their fuel. Better Place
will allow customers to pay incrementally for battery costs including everything
that is related to the battery: electric power, battery life, degradation, warranty
issues, maintenance, capital cost, quality and technology advancement. The
company owns the batteries and the consumer buys a monthly contract to
charge their cars.
Better Place plans on decreasing the charge as the company will charge US$0.08/mile in 2012, then US$ 0.04/mile by 2015 and US$ 0.02/mile by 2020. In
addition, the company believes that the price of cars and battery will decrease as
more people will use electrical cars and the competition will increase. Another
factor that supports the decreasing price in the future will be related to the raw
material. The price of gas is going up whereas the price of battery is going down.
The car market in Israel represents two million vehicles.7 Better Place will be able
to provide electricity for two million electric cars without adding a single
electricity generator or transmission line by using software that will oversee and
6
http://www.betterplace.com/global-progress-israel7 http://www.euractiv.com/en/innovation/better-place-ceo-biggest-obstacle-electric-cars-auto-industry-scepticism-interview-500451
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manage the recharging of electric cars that connect with Better Place. The
system which generates electricity only when it’s needed and sends it only where
it’s needed, could reduce the number of new electric plants. An experiment which
shows five electric cars hooked up at a charge post in the company garage used
20 percent less power than they would have consumed without smart-grid
management.8 Most of the cars will be charged by night when there is lesspressure on the electric system. Moreover, Better Place is searching for an Israeli
utility company to purchase electricity from solar generators, to reduce his
company’s carbon footprint. The Israeli government has already approved a 600-
megawatt solar project in the country's southern desert that can power a half-
million cars a year. 9
In order to succeed with this project Better Place needs to provide and cover
Israel with at least 70 switching battery stations. Every 25 miles there will be a
station. As the range of the car running on just one battery is from about
160 kilometers (100 miles) to 190 kilometers (120 mi)10
Each station costs about 1million U.S$. The entire project in Israel should costs
150 million U.S$.. This entire cost is equal to the price of one week of gas for the
entire state of Israel. This project, equal to 7 days of petroleum use, will pay for
the country’s independence on petroleum forever. The same proportion is
equivalent to the US. (plus minus two days). A battery switch station using only
15 batteries has the ability to swap batteries for 2,500 EV's less than 1% in store
for the number of cars. The company already raised 700 million dollars.11
In order for this project to be profitable the company needs to cover 1 per cent of
the Israeli car market which is about 20,000 people.12 Better Place has bought
from Renault 100,000 Renault Fluence Z.E and already sold around 70,000vehicles mostly to commercial vehicle fleets.13
The offer
EV is Faster
The electric car is two-times faster on acceleration versus a traditional
combustible engine car equivalent. The electric car may not reach the top
speeds of traditional gasoline cars; however, since EVs have no gears, instant
acceleration is achieved.
Improving Battery Technology
8http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hywFVhqyu6QVnz6NcTQxhgsu8YIg?docId=CNG.f6fcd5bb2a7f891c8156a12d7845d240.c119 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/specialsections/40th-anniversary/Charging-Ahead-With-a-New-Electric-Car.html10 http://pcworld.about.net/od/softwareservices/Catching-up-With-Shai-Agassi.htm11
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hk-aVB7LgFI12http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3036789/#4047140713 http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4020489,00.html
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The cost of lithium-ion batteries has come down by over 75% in the past
decade, creating both a cost effective, and high-performance solution for EVs.
The batteries are expected to perform for over 8 years and 2,000 recharges. If
each charge gets 100 miles, the battery is projected to last 200,000 miles.14
Declining Cost Curve
Over the last 35 years battery life has traditionally doubled every 5-7 years. In
addition, the cost per unit of energy and number of cycles on a battery is
doubling every two years. Moreover, the consumer benefits as some of the
cost savings are passed on to lower the cost of the car. On a total cost per
mile basis, Better Place cars can be 70% lower than a gas-powered vehicle in
some markets, even after accounting for the amortized cost of the battery.
Convenient Networks
The most common type of charge spot will provide a standard charge,which will take anywhere from 4-8 hours to fully recharge a typical EV
lithium-ion battery, depending on the amount of charge remaining in the
existing battery. As far as battery switching, about 70 station will cover the
country and in many cases the process will take less than a minute, less
time than the average petroleum refuel. There will be no more trips to gas
stations or the volatility of the charging price such as with gasoline
prices.15 Customers simply swipe their membership card, which
authenticates the car and subscription via the Operations Center, to
activate the battery switch. The rest of the process is automated, similar to
going through a car wash, so the driver never has to leave the car. In just afew minutes, a robotic arm removes the depleted battery and replaces it
with a full one and the driver is back on the road.16
The company offers a subscription for 3 years that will include:17
Car + 25,000 kilometers per year = 32,000 Euro
This car is 35% cheaper than the same car with petrol as cars are very expensive
in Israel as the tax rate is extremely high (150%).
Table 1: Presentation of pricing packages per month 18
Kilometers per
year
Up to
20,000
Up to 23,000 Up to 26,000 Up to 30,000
14 http://www.betterplace.com/the-solution-batteries15 http://wallstcheatsheet.com/trading/are-electric-cars-about-to-deliver-electrifying-profits-2.html/16
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/06/bp-20110628.html17 http://www.betterplc.co.il/default.asp?catid={2AC43228-18E7-4FD2-99A2-05B432082124}18 http://www.betterplc.co.il/default.asp?catid={220A159B-BA86-4C72-8CA9-AC77D98EB8B2}
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Price per
month
1,090 1,300 1,470 1,599
Price for every
additional
kilometer
1 0.95 0.90 0.85
Is it profitable?
The price of gas in Israel is 7.22 shekels per liter19
A family cars average performance is 10.1 kilometer per one liter of gas.20
20,000/10.1= 1980 liters of gas per year
1980* 7.22 = 14,297 gas expenses per year
14,297/12= 1,191 gas expenses per month
1191- 1090 = 101 saved shekel per month
101* 12= 1212 saved shekel per year
Is it a monopoly?
People that criticize the project are afraid that this situation where the company
has no competitors will create a monopoly that will eventually harm the citizens.
Better Place thinks otherwise. The company has stated that every country that
joins the EV system has to adhere to two things: All charge spots have to be internationally standard based. In order for
other competitors to enter the market.
All charge networks will be forced to provide open access to all other
charge networks at the same price across networks. This is in order to
provide a fair chance for all potential actors in the market.
In case of competition, all players will have the same connector and the
connector has to be decided by the ISO (International Organization for
Standardization) not by Better Place nor by its future competitors. The physical
lock is gone. In the future Better Places’ customer will be able to charge the carwith competitors and vice versa. The companies will transfer a fee to one another
not the customer. This will be similar to the use of ATMs across banks with no
fees for the customer.21
Better Place battery switch stations can swap multiple battery types of all kinds
of electric cars as long as the battery can be removed from under the car. From
day one, accommodation of multiple battery types has been a core engineering
requirement for the battery switch stations. The company had made significant
R&D investments to develop an adapter in the battery switch stations that can
19
http://www.betterplc.co.il/default.asp?catid={2AC43228-18E7-4FD2-99A2-05B432082124}20 http://www.kml.co.il/ 21 http://www.cnet.com.au/qanda-better-places-electric-car-plans-brilliant-or-nuts-339296126.htm
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anticipate and supply different battery types for different vehicles with different
battery-to-vehicle connection mechanisms. Therefore, Better Place does not
require one single standardized battery type. In fact, the only element that
requires standardization is that the battery be removed from under the vehicle.22
Better Place in the future
The company is starting its sales this month and planning to officially launch the
project by the end of this year. The main issue in this project is related to the
subscription. People are obliged to buy a subscription for three years however
they might not use it all up. In this case, cars are available, people are paying for
them however, no one is using them. This access to capacity can lead to a new
service for Better Place – car sharing. The company will have a unit that will manage the offer and demand for short
term rentals of the company’s’ EVs.
Car sharing is a model of car rental where people rent cars for short periods of
time. They are attractive to customers who make only occasional use of a
vehicle, as well as others who would like occasional access to a vehicle of a
different type than they use on a daily basis.23 The principle of car sharing is
simple: individuals gain the benefits of private cars without the costs and
responsibilities of ownership.24
SWOT Analysis
Before launching an innovative idea, it is important to analyze the environment in
order to evaluate the company’s strengths and weaknesses in relation to the
opportunities and threats the company might face.
Table 2: Presentation of the SWOT analysis:
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Hugh database Two projects rely on each other.Existing platform Customers are not paying for their useImproving customer serviceSupport servicesEasy access for customersWell equipped carsVery Green
22 http://blog.betterplace.com/2010/12/myth-buster-can-our-switch-stations-accommodate-
different-battery-types/23 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_sharing24 http://76.12.4.249/artman2/uploads/1/UCD-ITS-RP-98-14.pdf
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OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Fixed prices Volatility of electricity price.Exposure to new clients CompetitionBecoming even greenerCustomer satisfaction
Strengths
• Hugh database:In order to start a car sharing service, the company has all the informationof the EVs in the company that are connected to Better Place Israel.
• Existing platform: There is no need for big investments as the platform and technologyalready exists. (website, cars, database, customers)
• Improving customer service: Today people are criticizing the company’s business model as they areobliged to pay even when they don’t use the mileage. This new serviceswill provide them with the possibility for narrowing their expenses byoffering the possibility for car sharing to potential new customers.
• Support services: The company is providing all EVs services and therefore, in case of aproblem it will provide technical help for the renter.
• Easy access for customers:As Better Place will be known all over the country it will be easier tomarket the new service to the potential buyers.
• Well equipped cars: The driving experience is very pleasant as its smooth, calm, has a GPS that
gives information about the battery and changing battery stations.• Very Green:
This service will provide people with the possibility, instead of using a taxior renting a regular car, to use the greenest possibility.
Weakness
• Two projects rely on each other:Incertitude of the Better Place project, as it is an innovative idea in Israelcould affect the car sharing project. If the project will not work the carsharing will not work.
• Customers are not paying for their mileage use:
Today People are paying for unused mileage
Opportunities
• Fixed prices: Users are already paying for the car and their mileagetherefore, no extra charges are required.
• Exposure to new clients:One of the main reasons to do car sharing is to experience a new car. Nodoubt these EVs will create a buzz in the street once they are going to beall over the country. This way a potential client can try the service, tellpeople about it and maybe, when the time comes buy one of his own.
• Becoming even greener:Instead of people renting a car from the rental cars agency, they will rentthe greenest car possible.
• Customer satisfaction:11
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Knowing that as a customer you have the possibility to share yourexpenses whenever you need to or want to will always create satisfaction.
Threats
•
Volatility of the electricity price.Price of electricity might rise.
• CompetitionRental companies and public transportation.
The SWOT analysis provides us with an optimistic evaluation of this innovativeservice.
The Car Sharing Service
It is important to understand that if Better Place will provide this service, thecompany will reach new customers and satisfy the current ones. Once the project
is launched, more and more people will want to try the car before committing to
it. With this car sharing service, they will have the opportunity to do this around
the country and not only in the visitor center near Tel – Aviv. This service will
provide a solution to people who are interested in the car but do not want to
commit to such subscription knowing they will not reach the mileage they will
have to pay for. As for current clients, knowing that you have the possibility to
share you expenses whenever you need to or want to - will always create
satisfaction.
EVs car owners who are interested in car sharing will pay a onetime registrationfee to Better Place. This registration will give them access to all the car sharing
offers and demand. However the potential customer will not pay this fee as he
needs to be motivated in order to be exposed to the EV. This registration fee will
be very symbolic around 100 shekels (about 20 Euros) and the only income the
company will get from this service.
The people that rent the car will pay the owners per hour or per day up to 250
kilometers, however, there will be the possibility to rent a package of up to 500
kilometers, up to 850 kilometers (The distance back and forth from Tel Aviv –
Eilat – Tel Aviv is 700 km) or up to 1000. (The kilometers package offer should be
created after financial research within the company).
The price per hour will be 50 shekels which is about 10 Euros The price per day will be 150 shekels which is about 30 Euros
If the customer passes on his kilometer packages he will pay 1 shekel more forevery additional kilometer (about 20 European cents).
With these figures, a car owner can rent his car for 7.5 days a month and use thecar the rest of the month free of charge.
Conclusion
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Will Better Place make the world a Better Place? Only time will answer this
question. Personally I think it will.
The biggest challenge the company has to deal with is the installation of a grid
that will support an entire country. The nature of transportation as we know it
cannot change until Better Place provides a complete new system. Nobody has
ever tried anything even remotely close to the entire system Better Place is
working on today. Some build electric cars, others batteries and charging
systems. However, no one has ever even attempted to create an entire
revolutionary transport system.
There are electric taxis in Tokyo that are driving 180 days, non-stop, day in day
out and are providing really good results. If this project is working with taxis,
Better Place believes it will definitely work with private users as well.25
If this effort will succeed, Israel will be the first nation in the world that will have
an all-electric car infrastructure that will free the country from gas consuming.
The company will continue to grow and spread in other countries while creatingbetter environmental conditions through sustainable transportation. Today,
Better Place is in communication with many countries, carmakers and other
potential partners around the globe in order to expand their project worldwide.
Even if for some reason this project should fail, it has already succeeded in
changing the global way of thinking regarding vehicles and transportation.
.Better Place has created a revolutionary concept of human transportation and
greatly increased our awareness of the environment and the various possibilities
of improving how we treat planet earth.
In this report we are suggesting a solution to the company for its main criticism,the subscription package for three years - Car Sharing. This will provide Better
Places’ customers with the possibility of sharing their expenses with others. In
addition, this service will promote the marketing of new cars across the country
and will probably attract new customers. The benefits from this new proposed
service are only positive and will help the citizens, the company and the
environment.
25
http://www.euractiv.com/en/innovation/better-place-ceo-biggest-obstacle-electric-cars-auto-industry-scepticism-interview-500451
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Web Sites• Israel gears up to go electric: By Gavin Rabinowitz (AFP) – Feb 12, 2011
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hywFVhqyu6QVnz6NcTQxhgsu8YIg
?docId=CNG.f6fcd5bb2a7f891c8156a12d7845d240.c11
• Better Place about Shai Agassi
http://www.betterplace.com/the-company-leadership-detail/index/id/shai-agassi
• The importance of the project
http://www.betterplace.com/the-opportunity-environment
http://www.betterplace.com/the-opportunity-economics
• Better Place - Better Place opens first electric vehicle demonstration
center, 11 Feb 2010
http://www.betterplace.com/global-progress-israel
• Presentation of kilometers package
http://www.betterplc.co.il/default.asp?catid={220A159B-BA86-4C72-8CA9-
AC77D98EB8B2}
• Better Place CEO: Biggest obstacle to electric cars is auto industry
'scepticism' -13 December 2010
http://www.euractiv.com/en/innovation/better-place-ceo-biggest-obstacle-electric-cars-auto-industry-scepticism-interview-500451
• Charging Ahead With a New Electric Car, Joshua Hammer,Smithsonian magazine, August 2010
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/specialsections/40th-anniversary/Charging-Ahead-With-a-New-Electric-Car.html
• Catching up With Shai Agassi17 Sep 2008
http://pcworld.about.net/od/softwareservices/Catching-up-With-Shai-Agassi.htm
Shai Agassi: A Better Model? Common wealth club Jul 23, 2010
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hk-aVB7LgFI
• Morning Joe – an interview with Shai Agassi
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3036789/#40471407
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• Better Place – The solution, the battery http://www.betterplace.com/the-solution-batteries
Are Electric Cars About to Deliver Electrifying Profits? By Wade Slome Wall
St. cheat sheet, December 16 2010
http://wallstcheatsheet.com/trading/are-electric-cars-about-to-deliver-electrifying-profits-2.html/
Better Place unveils Europe’s first battery switch station in Denmark 28 June
2011
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/06/bp-20110628.html
• Better Places’ Savings calculation
http://www.betterplc.co.il/default.asp?catid={2AC43228-18E7-4FD2-99A2-05B432082124}
• calculation of average kilometer per liter of gas
http://www.kml.co.il/
Cnet Australia- Better Place's electric car plans, brilliant or nuts? By Martin
LaMonica on April 24, 2009
http://www.cnet.com.au/qanda-better-places-electric-car-plans-brilliant-or-nuts-339296126.htm
Better place blog: can our switch stations accommodate different battery types?By Mirko Kerschbaum, Dec7,2010
http://blog.betterplace.com/2010/12/myth-buster-can-our-switch-stations-accommodate-
different-battery-types/
• Promoter of electric cars sees global change, associated Press, 01.29.11
Israel Business.
http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4020489,00.html
• Wikipedia – Car Sharing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_sharing
• Carsharing in Europe and North America: Past, Present, and Future, by
Susan Shaheen, Daniel Sperling, and Conrad Wagner ,Summer 1998
http://76.12.4.249/artman2/uploads/1/UCD-ITS-RP-98-14.pdf
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8/4/2019 Michal TIK - Sustainable Final Paper
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/michal-tik-sustainable-final-paper 16/16
• Better Place car offer
http://www.betterplc.co.il/default.asp?catid={5BFEB3E8-E777-4F8B-8A3D-
71BE7B826A33}
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