Michael Reid, University of California, Davis Cai-Zhong Jiang, USDA-ARS, Davis.
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Transcript of Michael Reid, University of California, Davis Cai-Zhong Jiang, USDA-ARS, Davis.
![Page 1: Michael Reid, University of California, Davis Cai-Zhong Jiang, USDA-ARS, Davis.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110205/56649cac5503460f9496e88f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Postharvest Biology and Technology of Ornamentals
Putting science into practice
Michael Reid, University of California, DavisCai-Zhong Jiang, USDA-ARS, Davis
![Page 2: Michael Reid, University of California, Davis Cai-Zhong Jiang, USDA-ARS, Davis.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110205/56649cac5503460f9496e88f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Floriculture crops : Cut flowers, cut cultivated greens, foliage plants,
potted flowering plants, annual bedding/garden plants, propagative floriculture material
• Nursery crops : Evergreens_broadleaf, coniferous, Trees_shade,
flowering, Christmas, fruit and nut plants, transplants, shrubs and other ornamentals and propagation material
Ornamental Industry
![Page 3: Michael Reid, University of California, Davis Cai-Zhong Jiang, USDA-ARS, Davis.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110205/56649cac5503460f9496e88f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The California nursery and floriculture industry
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Value of California’s agriculture
2005 total $31.7 billion
Field crops, $3.09
Greenhouse, Nursery &
Floriculture, $3.44
Vegetables & melons, $6.25 Livestock &
poultry, $8.45
Fruits and nuts, $10.47
Data from the California Department of Food and Agriculture.
![Page 5: Michael Reid, University of California, Davis Cai-Zhong Jiang, USDA-ARS, Davis.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110205/56649cac5503460f9496e88f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Contrast with cookies
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
7,000
7,500
8,000
8,500
9,000
9,500
10,000
1984 1989 1994 1999
Co
ok
ie &
cra
ck
er
sa
les
($
m)
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What’s the problem?• Low per capita consumption of
cut flowers–Holidays–Weddings–Funerals
• Very low personal use
• Low per capita consumption of cut flowers–Holidays–Weddings–Funerals
• Very low personal use
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Purchases of Cut flowers (retail) per capita in 2002 (in NTD)
• Switzerland 4000• Netherlands 2400• Belgium 1760• Germany 1600• U.K. 1600• Italy 1320• France 1320• Spain 760• Portugal 640• Poland 280• U.S. 200• Russia 120
Source, Flower Council of Holland
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The postharvest problems
• Flowers are shipped long distances and stored for long times
• >25% product losses in marketing chain
• Flowers and potted plants don’t last long enough
• International market, strong competition
• Lower consumer satisfaction. Customers don’t return
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• Species and cultivar• Temperature• Damage and disease• Water supply• Ethylene and other PGRs• Food supply• Growth
Factors affecting the postharvest life of ornamentals
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Genetic difference in vase life among rose genotypes
0
5
10
15
20
2534
19
Ven
dela
4526
3335
4513
4040
4397
4372
3378
4410
3026
4029
Blu
shin
g A
kito
Brid
al A
kito
Dar
k E
ngag
emen
t
3358
Vas
e lif
e (d
ays)
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Temperature - why is it important?
• Rate of deterioration a rate of respiration• Faster respiration, shorter life• Respiration increases exponentially with T
y = 22.622e0.0847x
R2 = 0.9936
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
temperature (C)
ml C
O2
/ kg
hr
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Roses held 5 days at different temperaturesthen 8 days in vase life room at 20⁰C
2.52.5 55 7.57.500 1010 12.512.5
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Temperature, respiration rate & vase life in stock flowers
y = 0.0012x4 - 0.0619x3 + 1.2003x2 - 3.6913x + 25.509
R2 = 0.9974
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
Temperature (C)
Resp
iratio
n (ml
CO2
/ kg h
r)
y = -0.0299x + 7.1564R2 = 0.9426
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 50 100 150 200 250
Total CO2 respired during storage (x100) ml CO2/kg
Vase
life a
fter s
torag
e (da
ys)
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Postharvest Disease
Postharvest disease (primarily caused by gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) is a common cause of poor quality and shortened vase
life
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Disease control strategies
Host
Environment
Pathogen
The disease life cycle
The disease triangle
Disease
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Disease control – the pathogen
Reduce spore loado sanitation in field, greenhouse, shed
Prevent spore germinationo reduce condensation, injury, temperature
Prevent fungal entryo care in handling
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Disease control - the host
Maintain in good condition, grow healthy plants, enhance physiological resistance.
Molecular biology-introduce resistance genes
Select resistant cultivars-variance is commonly observed
Treat with fungicides
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Fungicides Rely on synthetic
chemical fungicides Effective Applied by dipping, in
fogs Development of
resistance Safety & environmental
concerns
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Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
• A strong oxidizing agent with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
• Active ingredient in household bleach
• Commonly used for reducing bacterial and fungal contamination on fruit and vegetable surfaces and in flower vase solutions
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Using NaOCl to control Botrytis infection in cut rose
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Optimal concentration of sodium hypochlorite for controlling botrytis on rose ‘Akito’ and ‘Gold Strike’
flowers
No dip 0 100 200 400 800
Bo
trytis in
cid
en
ce
(%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100 'Akito' 'Gold Strike'
NaOCl concentration (µL L-1)
aa
a
a
b
bb
bb
b b b
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Water supply
• Plants are mostly water (80-90%)
• Loss of water causes– loss of quality– wilting– accelerated aging– (ethylene production)
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Failure in water relations
• Water uptake < transpiration• Xylem occlusion
– Emboli– Hard water– Bacteria– Physiological plugs
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Air emboli• Recut under water• Acidify the water• Use warm (or cold) water• Pressurize (20 cm H2O)
• Use a brief detergent dip
![Page 25: Michael Reid, University of California, Davis Cai-Zhong Jiang, USDA-ARS, Davis.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110205/56649cac5503460f9496e88f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Water depth
20 cm 10 cm 5 cm
• Roses dehydrated 10%
• Recut• Placed in different
water depths• Photograph taken
after 4 hours
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Bacterial contamination
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The Problem Desiccation of potted plants
Lack of proper wateringAt the retail level
ControlTraining retail staffTreatments to close stomata
Salt stress?ABA?
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Chemical manipulation of ABA Level
Well-watered NaCl ABA No water
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Ethylene-dependent senescence
Carnation model system Ethylene production prior to onset
of natural senescence Pollination accelerates ethylene
production and senescence
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1-MCP - a new ethylene inhibitor
Ethylene
1-MCP
• Ed Sisler, NCSU• Mimics ethylene, blocks the
binding site• Marketed for flowers as EthylBloc• For fruits and vegetables as
‘SmartFresh’
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Studies on environmental requirements
• Experiments to determine the best treatment conditions– concentration– temperature– time of MCP exposure– effective duration
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1-MCP effects may be transient
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Plants were treated with 1-MCP on day 0, then exposed to ethylene on days 1, 2 or 3
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Other growth regulators
• Gibberellins retard leaf yellowing
• So do cytokinins• Including thidiazuron, at
very low concentrations (5 µM)
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Thidiazuron• A non-metabolized cytokinin analog• Mode of action not yet clear
– Reduced metabolism of native cytokinins?– Triggers the cytokinin response mechanism?
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At higher concentrations (500 µM)TDZ improves Iris opening and vase life
Plus TDZ No TDZ
Can stimulate opening of a second flower
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Cyclamen after 2 months display
Control TDZ
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Food
• Flowers need food to grow and develop• Sugar (sucrose, glucose, or fructose)
provides all that is needed• Vase solutions should contain 1.5 – 3%
sugar• Bacteria like sugar too – use a
bactericide
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Effect of sucrose pulse on Eustoma
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Continued growth• Growth away from gravity• Growth towards light• Can cause quality loss
– snapdragons, tulip, red-hot poker• Control
– temperature– orientation– Chemicals
• Naphthylphthalamic acid• Inhibits auxin transport
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Effect of NPA pretreatment
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Acknowledgments
• USDA• BARD_Israel• American Floral
Endowment• Joseph H. Hill
Memorial Foundation• Mellano & Company• Kitayama Brothers• Goldsmith Seeds• Rosen Tantau