Utilizing ArcGIS, Microsoft Excel and Google Maps

DIGESTING MILWAUKEE’S FOOD SYSTEM

Created by Mark Caldwell

IntroductionPersonal experience with the Food Web: Chef,

Urban Farmer and Social ResearcherEmpirical and Theoretical Questions about Food

SystemsIntroduction to Sociological Concepts and GIS

Two types of food systems:Shipped and Processed: Supermarkets, Convenience

Stores and Fast Food RestaurantsLocal, Sustainable, and Produce Driven: Community

Supported Agriculture, SHARE and Farmer’s Markets

Current Research Projects:1.West Side Food Tour: what defines a “grocery

store”?2.Doubling the Green Investment: Market Match at

the Fondy Food Center3.Master’s Thesis: Defining the spatial geography of

food deserts

For the Love of FoodFor the Love of Food

The Position of the ObserverThe Position of the Observer

Bringing Fish to Market: Sweet Water Organics

Social Capital Networks: The main function of such a network would be to prevent the actions of social movements from becoming fragments and dispersed—being absorbed by the particularism of local initiatives—and to enable them to overcome the sporadic character of their action or an alternation between moments of intense mobilization and periods of latency

Social Capital Networks: The main function of such a network would be to prevent the actions of social movements from becoming fragments and dispersed—being absorbed by the particularism of local initiatives—and to enable them to overcome the sporadic character of their action or an alternation between moments of intense mobilization and periods of latency

•Backyard to

Market Youth

Program

Coordinator

•Compost

Collection

Establishment

•Farmer’s Market

Collaborator

•Part of larger

Lindsay Heights

Quality of Life

Development Plan

Walnut Way Conservation Corp.

How does race, income and education affect the location of :

1. CSA Drop-Sites

2. Supermarkets

3. Convenience Stores

4. Fast Food Restaurants How can these results be

utilized to inform future research projects and policy decisions about food systems?

How does race, income and education affect the location of :

1. CSA Drop-Sites

2. Supermarkets

3. Convenience Stores

4. Fast Food Restaurants How can these results be

utilized to inform future research projects and policy decisions about food systems?

What does a “local” food system look like?

How do you define “sustainable” in terms of access and availability?

What is a community or neighborhood’s role in this system?

How do you define these “communities” through spatial analysis?

What does a “local” food system look like?

How do you define “sustainable” in terms of access and availability?

What is a community or neighborhood’s role in this system?

How do you define these “communities” through spatial analysis?

Research Interests and General QuestionsResearch Interests and General Questions

Sociological Theories Sociological Theories

Community Food Security envisions food systems that are decentralized, supportive of equitable food access and created by consumer based decision-making (Anderson and Cook, 1998)

Accessibility to food stores and supermarkets decreases rates of diabetes and obesity. “Neighborhood effects” of this kind have long-term consequences for the health of that community (Cummins and Macintyre, 2005)

A multivariate analysis conducted on the availability of food store outlets in the US in association with neighborhood characteristics on race, ethnicity and SES status. Lower income and minority neighborhoods have less availability to supermarkets (Powell et. al, 2007) (Larson et. al, 2009)

Ecological Inequality Hypothesis: Neighborhoods with higher percentage of minority and low income residents positively associates with increased environmental hazards ( in this case lack of nutritional resources, which is detrimental to health in the short and long term).

Main Claim: Without the availability to fresh foods or access to stores that provide them, the spatial nutritional landscape is a hazardous for residents’ dietary health

What is GIS?What is GIS?GIS is a software package that unites spatial data, such as location of food stores, with data about features that makeup the spatial database, such as number of peopleliving on less than $10,000 in a given census tract.

GIS is a software package that unites spatial data, such as location of food stores, with data about features that makeup the spatial database, such as number of peopleliving on less than $10,000 in a given census tract.

SHIPPED AND PROCESSED: SUPERMARKETS, CONVENIENCE STORES AND FAST FOOD RESTAURANTSRace, Income, and Education

Supermarkets: Spatial ResultsSupermarkets: Spatial Results

Supermarkets: Spatial Results cont.Supermarkets: Spatial Results cont.

Maps show lack of supermarket clustering in predominately Black and lower education tracts

Aldi’s and Lena’s account for two-thirds of supermarkets in these areas

Additional 43 “grocer’s” not catalogued due to lack of information about food provisions

Maps show lack of supermarket clustering in predominately Black and lower education tracts

Aldi’s and Lena’s account for two-thirds of supermarkets in these areas

Additional 43 “grocer’s” not catalogued due to lack of information about food provisions

Convenience Stores: Filling the Food VoidConvenience Stores: Filling the Food Void

Convenience Stores: Filling the Food VoidConvenience Stores: Filling the Food Void

157 locations, not including those “grocers” who also fit into this category

High clustering in predominantly low-income and minority tract areas

In densest areas, convenience stores outnumber supermarkets 10 to 1

157 locations, not including those “grocers” who also fit into this category

High clustering in predominantly low-income and minority tract areas

In densest areas, convenience stores outnumber supermarkets 10 to 1

Fast Food Restaurants: Burgers and FriesFast Food Restaurants: Burgers and Fries

Fast Food Restaurants: SandwichesFast Food Restaurants: Sandwiches

Fast Food Restaurants: Chicken or Pizza?Fast Food Restaurants: Chicken or Pizza?

Fast Food Restaurants: Results All types of fast food

restaurants, excluding chicken vendors, have greater proportions of locations in predominantly white, higher income and higher educated tract areas

Low income and high minority tracts in central to northwest quadrant of the city lack access to a variety of fast food outlets

Displayed is an area considered a “food desert” due to a lack of adequate nutritional options

All types of fast food restaurants, excluding chicken vendors, have greater proportions of locations in predominantly white, higher income and higher educated tract areas

Low income and high minority tracts in central to northwest quadrant of the city lack access to a variety of fast food outlets

Displayed is an area considered a “food desert” due to a lack of adequate nutritional options

LOCAL, SUSTAINABLE, AND PRODUCE DRIVEN: COMMUNITY SUPPORTED AGRICULTURE, SHARE AND FARMER’S MARKETS

A Source for Alternate Ideas and Ways of Conceptualizing Food Systems

What is a CSA? Why is it important as a component of community health?

What is a CSA? Why is it important as a component of community health?

CSA stands for Community Supported Agriculture, where farmer's offer shares of their farm and yield to the public.

Often, these shares or memberships are a set fee for a allotted growing season.

Farmer’s markets act as CSA hubs, since there is a direct exchange between grower and customer

CSA shares and farmer’s markets serves as means for providing nutritional, affordable and accessible food to disadvantaged communities

CSA stands for Community Supported Agriculture, where farmer's offer shares of their farm and yield to the public.

Often, these shares or memberships are a set fee for a allotted growing season.

Farmer’s markets act as CSA hubs, since there is a direct exchange between grower and customer

CSA shares and farmer’s markets serves as means for providing nutritional, affordable and accessible food to disadvantaged communities

Information Gathering

Farmd ID 1

Business Name Backyard Bounty Farms

Contact Info Laura Comerford

Address W 4873 County Rd. Plymouth, WI

Phone Number 920-892-4319

Email ljcomeford@hotmail.com

Website www.backyardbounty.space.live.com

Produce Vegetable, Eggs, Poultry

CSA Yes

Number of Years 12

Payment Cash, Check, Payment Plan Worker Share

Food Distribution Maryland and Menlo Ave, Milwaukee, WI

Prospect and Locust. Milwaukee, WI

Chase near Oklahoma

66th and Loyola

•Obtained from 8th

Annual Local Food and

Farmer Open House

•Jamie Ferschinger,

Community Program

Coordinator, generated

data from interviews

with farmers

•Created Excel

Spreadsheet from

information provided

•Served as Index for

creation of database

table in GIS

Data Coding and Digital Creation of Drop-Off Sites in GIS

•Spreadsheet from Excel used to createfields for drop-off points

•Business Name used as select field for display

•Shapes displayed:1.Milwaukee County boundary in Green2.Milwaukee Neighborhoods in Tan3. Milwaukee Streets (not displayed) used determine location of points

•Thirty distribution points divided amongst thirteen farms

•Pinehold Gardens and Rare Earth Farms have the most drop-off points with five each

Map Output: Race

Map Output: EducationMap Output: Education Research utilizes 2000

Census information in tract form based on number of people per tract

Previous slide shows disparity between drop-off locations in Black and White tracts

Bachelor’s degree being used as standard for education, shows site clustering in tracts with high proportion of degrees

CSA sites still operate as niche food market for those with more economic and cultural capital in the form of farming connections and “locavore” dietary values.

Research utilizes 2000 Census information in tract form based on number of people per tract

Previous slide shows disparity between drop-off locations in Black and White tracts

Bachelor’s degree being used as standard for education, shows site clustering in tracts with high proportion of degrees

CSA sites still operate as niche food market for those with more economic and cultural capital in the form of farming connections and “locavore” dietary values.

Map Output: Income as Annual SalaryMap Output: Income as Annual Salary

Map shows a concentration of poorer income neighborhoods having fewer drop-off sites

Note: Eastside has high proportion of college students, who are typically poor, which skews the display

Harambee neighborhood has 20% infant mortality* and significant rates of diabetes

Growing Power displayed as additional market basket pick-up point for low income tracts

Potential sites for outreach already established:

1. Outpost Natural Foods, 100 W. Capitol Dr.

2. 2107 E. Capitol Dr.*www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/healthybirths/pdf/

trens200802.pdf

Map shows a concentration of poorer income neighborhoods having fewer drop-off sites

Note: Eastside has high proportion of college students, who are typically poor, which skews the display

Harambee neighborhood has 20% infant mortality* and significant rates of diabetes

Growing Power displayed as additional market basket pick-up point for low income tracts

Potential sites for outreach already established:

1. Outpost Natural Foods, 100 W. Capitol Dr.

2. 2107 E. Capitol Dr.*www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/healthybirths/pdf/

trens200802.pdf

Share: Mobile Food Markets cont.Share: Mobile Food Markets cont.

Operates out of predominately churches or other community organizations

Serving Black, Latino and low-income areas of the city for over 25 years

May act as mobile venue for the establishment of weekly CSA baskets, which contain produce from UEC’s farms

Operates out of predominately churches or other community organizations

Serving Black, Latino and low-income areas of the city for over 25 years

May act as mobile venue for the establishment of weekly CSA baskets, which contain produce from UEC’s farms

Share: Mobile Food MarketsShare: Mobile Food Markets

Geoportal: Google Map for Public Use

http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF&msa=0&msid=112046710346463252010.00048398d9588b42e96a9

•Currently conducting

surveys to assess the

economic viability of

the market according

to customer

responses

•Also interested in

what ways market

can be improved or

made more efficient

for customers within

the community

• An increase in

variety of vendors,

buying incentives,

and accessible

information about

market projects

Fondy’s Farmers Market: Direct Community Support

CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTSFood Tours, Fondy Farmers Market, and Walking Produce

West Side Food Tour: Marquette Public Health Field TripWest Side Food Tour: Marquette Public Health Field Trip

40 Food Stores divided by three categories: grocery store, food mart and convenience stores

Marquette pre-med students will go to locations and conduct a nutritional self-survey by answering yes/no for availability of these products:

1. Vegetables 2. Fruit 3. Bread

4. Cheese 5. Milk 6. Eggs

7. Frozen Produce 8. Fresh Meat

9. Canned Produce

10. “Would you shop here?” Helps to define what is

nutritionally available in this geographic area, as well as what differentiates these food store categories.

40 Food Stores divided by three categories: grocery store, food mart and convenience stores

Marquette pre-med students will go to locations and conduct a nutritional self-survey by answering yes/no for availability of these products:

1. Vegetables 2. Fruit 3. Bread

4. Cheese 5. Milk 6. Eggs

7. Frozen Produce 8. Fresh Meat

9. Canned Produce

10. “Would you shop here?” Helps to define what is

nutritionally available in this geographic area, as well as what differentiates these food store categories.

Fondy: Doubling the Produce PowerFondy: Doubling the Produce Power

•Fondy was one of the first markets in the city to acceptWIC vouchers.

•Funded through theFarmers Market NutritionProgram (FNMP), a state-Administered program of theUSDA

•In 2010 season, initiatedMarket Match, which matchesall WIC vouchers dollar fordollar

•Show through GIS spatial analysis WIC users zip codes and WIC agencies correspond to proximity of the market

“How far is to far to go for good food?” The spatial boundaries of food deserts

“How far is to far to go for good food?” The spatial boundaries of food deserts

231 businesses listed as

“Grocers-Retail,” yet 157 of these are actually convenience stores.

Using Moran’s I, a GIS spatial density tool that shows high and low clustering of points, convenience stores and supermarkets will be compared in set distance grids

The hypothesis will show that in given areas residents will encounter a far greater number of stores that provide little nutritional value before they arrive at a fresh produce market.

231 businesses listed as

“Grocers-Retail,” yet 157 of these are actually convenience stores.

Using Moran’s I, a GIS spatial density tool that shows high and low clustering of points, convenience stores and supermarkets will be compared in set distance grids

The hypothesis will show that in given areas residents will encounter a far greater number of stores that provide little nutritional value before they arrive at a fresh produce market.

QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSIONQUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION

What types of action should be taken?

Contact: mac4@uwm.edu Contact: mac4@uwm.edu

References Anderson, Molly D., and John T. Cook. "Community Food Security: Practice in Need of

Theory?" Agriculture and Human Values 16.2 (1999): 141. Web. Apparicio, Phillipe, Marie-Soleil Cloutier, and Richard Shearmur. "The Case of Montreal's

Missing Food Deserts: Evaluation of Accessibility to Food Supermarkets." International Journal of Health Geographics 6.4 (2007). Web.

Cummins, Steven, and Sally Macintyre. "Food Environments and Obesity--Neighbourhood or Nation?" International Journal of Epidemiology 35 (2006): 100-04. Web.

Larsen, Kristian, and Jason Gilliland. "Mapping the Evolution of 'food Deserts' in a Canadian City: Supermarket Accessibility in London, Ontario, 1961-2005." International Journal of Health Geographics 7.16 (2008). Web.

Larson, Nicole, Mary Story, and Melissa Nelson. "Neighborhood Environments: Disparities in Access to Healthy Foods in the US." American Journal of Preventative Medicine 36.1 (2009). Web.

Powell, Lisa M., Frank J. Chaloupka, and Yanjun Bao. "The Availability of Fast-Food and Full-Service Restaurants in the United States." American Journal of Preventative Medicine 33.4s (2007). Web.

Powell, Lisa M., Sandy Slater, Donka Mirtcheva, Yanjun Bao, and Frank J. Chaloupka. "Food Store Availability and Neighborhood Characteristics in the United States." Preventative Medicine 44 (2007): 189-95. Web.

“8th Annual Local Food and Farmer Open House: Know your Farmer, Know Your Food”. Report assembled by Jamie Ferschinger, Community Development Director at the Urban Ecology Center, 1500 E. Park Place, Milwaukee, WI 53211