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Research Methodology

Lecture No : 5

(Theoretical Framework - Hypothesis Development)

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Recap

•  Types of Variables  Independent, Dependent, Moderating,

Mediating( Intervening)

• Examples of relationships with eachother

• Developing of Theoretical ramewor!  Variables, logical "elationships,

Directions, Explanations

• #e wanted to brea! down a problem

into easily meas$rable into testable

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Exercise

• & prod$ction manager is concerned abo$tthe low o$tp$t levels of his employee% Thearticles that he reads on 'ob performance

fre$ently mentioned three variables asimportant to 'ob performance s!illre$ired by 'ob, rewards and satisfaction%In several of the articles it was also

indicated that only if the rewards wereattractive to the recipients, didsatisfaction, and 'ob performance increasenot otherwise%

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Theoretical Framework ( Description and Discussion of the

Variables)• In this section of theoretical framewor! we

need to provide the description of thevariables and their relationships with

di*erent variables% or example%%• "ewards are two types, intrinsic and

extrinsic +%%, where as 'ob enrichment isma!ing the 'ob more challenging and

$tilies all the s!ills of the employee+when the%% % +"ewards are !nown toenhance the satisfaction of employeeswhich leads to higher organiationperformance +++ -$t for some

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Theoretical Framework (Schematic Diagram)

 .obEnrichment

"ewards

Employe

e/atisfacti

on

0rganiatio

n1erformanc

e

&ttraction for

rewards

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Research uestions

• Does 'ob enrichment and rewardsin2$ence the performance 3

• Does the satisfaction intervenes the

relationship between rewards andperformance3

•  Does the satisfaction intervenes therelationship between 'ob enrichment andperformance3

• Does attractiveness of the rewardsmoderate the relationship between

rewards and satisfaction%

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!"potheses De#elopment

•  The research problem co$ld be bettersolved when we form$late the appropriateresearch $estions%

•  The logically placed relationships need tobe tested%

• /o we develop statements which wo$ld beeasily testable

• orm$lating s$ch testable statements iscalled hypothesis development%

 

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!"pothesis Statements

• & hypothesis can be de4ned as a logicallyspec$lated relationship between two or

more variables expressed in the form of atest able statement%

• Di*erent 5ypotheses statements can bedrawn from the theoretical framewor!

developed earlier%• E%g%

• !a$ Job Enrichment leads to higher jobsatisfaction

• !a%: If rewards are oered the job satisfaction

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•  The logical relationships have been nowstated in a testable format%

• #e need to statistically examine the

relationship between the variables 6"ewards7 and 6satisfaction7 or 6.obEnrichment7 and 6/atisfaction7

• #e need to also statistically establish thatthe satisfaction mediates the relationshipbetween rewards , 'ob enrichment and

organiation performance

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• #e need to statistically see if there ispositive correlation between thesevariables is signi4cant (large eno$gh) then

we wo$ld state that the hypotheses havebeen s$bstantiated(proved)

• In social sciences we call a relationshipstatistically signi4cant when we are

con4dent that 89 times o$t of :;;, theobserved relationship will hold tr$e%

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• It is thro$gh data analysis o$r logicalrelationships are tested%

• In case o$r hypothesis are not proved then

we wo$ld search for possible reasons% Maybe some other variables which in2$encethe relationship e%g% some moderatingvariables%

• It is again the literat$re which can provide$s with the directions% 5ence a goodliterat$re review is important%

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!"potheses Statement Formats

• 5ypotheses statements co$ld be totest  Di*erence between gro$ps

  "elationship between variables

•  The statements co$ld be in theshape of

  1roposition (s$ggestion)

  If

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Examples of di'erent formats of!"potheses statements

• Di*erence between gro$ps  There is di*erence between the motivation

level of men and women

• "elationship between variables  There is a relationship between age and 'ob

satisfaction

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• 1roposition style  Employees who are more healthy will ta!e sic!

leaves less fre$ently

• If

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• Directional  The greater the stress experienced on the 'ob ,

the lower the 'ob satisfaction of the employees

  The motivation level of women is more thenmotivation level of men

  The age and 'ob satisfaction are negatively

related

• =on Directional  There is a relations between stress and 'ob

satisfaction

  There is a di*erence between motivation level

of men and women%

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•  The way the statements are form$lated isdependent on the state of the research%

• #hen little s$pport from the previo$s

research is available then a more g$ardedapproach is $sed to form the hypothesisstatements%

• i%e% the direction of the relationship or thestatement on the clear di*erences areavoided%

• -$t where ever direction is !nown from the

previo$s literat$re it is better to state the

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ull and lternati#e !"potheses

• =$ll hypothesis is a proposition that statesa de4nite, exact relationship between twovariables% i%e% it states that the pop$lation

correlation between two variables is e$alto ero or some de4nite n$mber or thedi*erence between the two gro$ps is ero

•  The alternative hypothesis is the opposite

of the n$ll hypothesis% It is a statementexpressing a relationship between twovariables or indicating di*erence betweengro$ps%

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• =$ll is stated as no signi4cant relationshipbetween the variables or no signi4cantdi*erence between the gro$ps exists%

• &lternate is stated as there is a signi4cantrelationship between variables orsigni4cant di*erence exists between thegro$ps%

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•  The n$ll hypotheses are formed with theob'ective of re'ection%

• &s when we re'ect the n$ll hypothesis thenall other alternate hypotheses can be

s$pported%

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• It is the theory which gives $s the faiththat the alternative hypotheses are tr$e%

•  Therefore we need to have strongliterat$re s$pport for developing o$rtheory on which are alternate hypothesisare based

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Exercise 

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• & fo$rth and 4fth hypothesis can be developedthat is

• 5&> Motivation mediates the relationshipbetween need for achievement and 'ob

involvement

• 5&9 Motivation mediates the relationshipbetween wor! ethic val$es and 'ob involvement

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RE*+

• ?eeping in view the literat$re review wedevelop research $estions to address theresearch problem%

• In order statistically respond to theresearch $estions we develop the5ypotheses statements%

•  These statements are stated in s$ch way

that they can be easily testable

• 5ypotheses statement are written indirectional, non directional formats for

testing gro$p di*erences relationship