Mgt 20600: Mgt 20600: IT Management & ApplicationsIT Management & Applications

HardwareHardwareSoftwareSoftware

TuesdayTuesday

September 13, 2005September 13, 2005

RemindersReminders ReadingReading

– For todayFor today Fundamentals text, Chapter Two, Hardware sectionFundamentals text, Chapter Two, Hardware section

– For next weekFor next week Fundamentals text, Chapter Two, Software sectionFundamentals text, Chapter Two, Software section

HomeworkHomework– Homework Two is now availableHomework Two is now available

Due this Friday, 9/16 by 5pmDue this Friday, 9/16 by 5pm Several questions require you to go and search for information on Several questions require you to go and search for information on

Microsoft’s site!Microsoft’s site! Next week’s class session: NetworksNext week’s class session: Networks MIS club luncheon tomorrowMIS club luncheon tomorrow

– Tomorrow, noon-2pmTomorrow, noon-2pm– Mendoza 3Mendoza 3rdrd floor faculty lounge floor faculty lounge– Representatives of firms recruiting MIS students will be thereRepresentatives of firms recruiting MIS students will be there– Bring resumes! Bring resumes! – Never too early to start thinking about internships and getting to know Never too early to start thinking about internships and getting to know

recruitersrecruiters

Information Systems:Information Systems:The System of Hardware ComponentsThe System of Hardware Components

Input Devices Memory andProcessor

Storage andOutput Devices

Processing the InputsProcessing the Inputs

Processing deviceProcessing device works hand in works hand in hand withhand with

MemoryMemory (book uses primary storage (book uses primary storage as a synonym for this)as a synonym for this)– To processTo process

Data transferred to the system by the input Data transferred to the system by the input devicesdevices

Instructions from the operating system and Instructions from the operating system and software applicationssoftware applications

Processing the Inputs: Processing the Inputs: The ProcessorThe Processor

Processors can vary according toProcessors can vary according to– Size – how much data they can process at a timeSize – how much data they can process at a time– Speed – how fast they execute instructionsSpeed – how fast they execute instructions– Coordinated or multi-processing – how many processors Coordinated or multi-processing – how many processors

work togetherwork together– The materials from which they are madeThe materials from which they are made– How fast they can communicate with memory and with How fast they can communicate with memory and with

each othereach other– Of course this affects the cost!Of course this affects the cost!

The trick is to buy the right processor for the task The trick is to buy the right processor for the task at hand!at hand!

ExamplesExamples– WalMart’s transaction processing systemWalMart’s transaction processing system– Individual executive’s spreadsheet analysisIndividual executive’s spreadsheet analysis

Processing the Inputs: MemoryProcessing the Inputs: Memory Memory varies according toMemory varies according to

– Size – how much capacity it hasSize – how much capacity it has– Volatility – whether you lose what’s in it when the Volatility – whether you lose what’s in it when the

electricity goes offelectricity goes off– Function – ROM (read-only memory) holds permanent Function – ROM (read-only memory) holds permanent

instructions whereas RAM (random access memory) instructions whereas RAM (random access memory) holds temporary data and instructionsholds temporary data and instructions

– Speed - How fast it can communicate with the processor Speed - How fast it can communicate with the processor (bus speed)(bus speed)

– How close it is located to the processor (cache memory)How close it is located to the processor (cache memory) Again, you must match your memory purchase to Again, you must match your memory purchase to

the tasks you intend to performthe tasks you intend to perform

Storing the OutputStoring the Output

Secondary or long-term storage is used to Secondary or long-term storage is used to permanently store data or outputpermanently store data or output

Greater capacity and greater economy Greater capacity and greater economy than memorythan memory

Many different types of secondary storage Many different types of secondary storage devices that vary bydevices that vary by– CapacityCapacity– CostCost– Speed of data retrievalSpeed of data retrieval– Access methodAccess method

Storing the OutputStoring the Output Secondary storage devicesSecondary storage devices

– Hard diskHard disk– Magnetic tapesMagnetic tapes– Magnetic disksMagnetic disks– Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID)Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID)– Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)– CD-recordable (CD-R) discsCD-recordable (CD-R) discs– CD-rewritable (CD-RW) discsCD-rewritable (CD-RW) discs– Digital versatile disc (DVD)Digital versatile disc (DVD)– Memory cardsMemory cards– Expandable storageExpandable storage– Storage Area Network (SAN)Storage Area Network (SAN)

Guess what! You have to match your storage device to the Guess what! You have to match your storage device to the tasks you are undertaking!tasks you are undertaking!

What a Hard Disk Looks LikeWhat a Hard Disk Looks Like

Comparison of Secondary Device Comparison of Secondary Device Capacities and CostCapacities and Cost

Displaying the OutputDisplaying the Output

There are also countless ways to display There are also countless ways to display the output of your information processingthe output of your information processing

Output device typesOutput device types– Computer screenComputer screen– PrinterPrinter– Mobile deviceMobile device– TelephoneTelephone– Head phonesHead phones

Need I say it again! Match the output Need I say it again! Match the output device to your needs and budget!device to your needs and budget!

Computer System TypesComputer System Types Very often all the input, output, processing, memory, and Very often all the input, output, processing, memory, and

storage devices will come bundled together in a computer storage devices will come bundled together in a computer system you buy as a wholesystem you buy as a whole

The major computer systems types areThe major computer systems types are– Handheld computersHandheld computers– Portable computersPortable computers– Thin clientThin client– Desktop computersDesktop computers– WorkstationsWorkstations– ServersServers– Mainframe computersMainframe computers– SupercomputersSupercomputers

Each type has a very different role in life!Each type has a very different role in life! Your job, of course, is to choose which best fits your Your job, of course, is to choose which best fits your

organization’s needs and budgetorganization’s needs and budget

Comparison of Major Computer Comparison of Major Computer System TypesSystem Types

MIPS: Millions of instructions per second

Teraflop: A trillion floating point operations per second

Handheld Device ExampleHandheld Device Example SmithsonianSmithsonian

– Provide visitors with wireless handheld devicesProvide visitors with wireless handheld devices– Using the devices visitors canUsing the devices visitors can

Track their progress through the exhibitsTrack their progress through the exhibits– MapMap– Interactive list of exhibitsInteractive list of exhibits– Guided tours to followGuided tours to follow– Instant messagingInstant messaging– Location tracking for other members of your groupLocation tracking for other members of your group

Enhance exhibitsEnhance exhibits– Links to hundreds of video clips and picturesLinks to hundreds of video clips and pictures– Scavenger huntsScavenger hunts– Interactive video clips of items people can’t actually seeInteractive video clips of items people can’t actually see

Inside of Thomas Jefferson’s deskInside of Thomas Jefferson’s desk– Maps to areas with related displaysMaps to areas with related displays

Create scrapbooksCreate scrapbooks– Centrally storedCentrally stored– Store information about your visit that can be retreived in subsequent visitsStore information about your visit that can be retreived in subsequent visits

– Technology usedTechnology used Wireless Hewlett-Packard iPaq HX4700 handhelds connect to Wireless Hewlett-Packard iPaq HX4700 handhelds connect to Standard back-end servers Standard back-end servers Using the 802.11b (WiFi) standard andUsing the 802.11b (WiFi) standard and Content is pulled from existent multimedia exhibits that the Smithsonian has developed Content is pulled from existent multimedia exhibits that the Smithsonian has developed

over the yearsover the years Scrapbooking feature is simply website bookmarking in a different context Scrapbooking feature is simply website bookmarking in a different context

Thin Client ExampleThin Client Example Oakland County, MichiganOakland County, Michigan

– BackgroundBackground Beginning in 90’s purchased 3,600 PCs to support county employeesBeginning in 90’s purchased 3,600 PCs to support county employees By 2002, 900 PCs were past their useful lifeBy 2002, 900 PCs were past their useful life Needed to find most cost effective method for replacing old desktop PCsNeeded to find most cost effective method for replacing old desktop PCs

– Chose thin client approachChose thin client approach Lower cost alternative for desktopLower cost alternative for desktop Computing power could be managed at the server level, driving down costsComputing power could be managed at the server level, driving down costs Easier to adopt new operating system because maintenance would only Easier to adopt new operating system because maintenance would only

occur on serveroccur on server Better disaster recovery – users’ files stored centrallyBetter disaster recovery – users’ files stored centrally

– TechnologyTechnology Used old PCs as thin clientsUsed old PCs as thin clients Thin client users got new flat-screen monitors and keyboardsThin client users got new flat-screen monitors and keyboards Upgraded county’s local area network to gigabyte strengthUpgraded county’s local area network to gigabyte strength

– Necessary for adequate software response timesNecessary for adequate software response times– SavingsSavings

Savings from moving 285 users to thin clients amounted to $744,000 Savings from moving 285 users to thin clients amounted to $744,000 Additional 540 new thin client users will save $1.4 millionAdditional 540 new thin client users will save $1.4 million Savings in hardware costs, support time, and cost-effective software license Savings in hardware costs, support time, and cost-effective software license

managementmanagement

What a Mainframe Looks LikeWhat a Mainframe Looks Like

Mainframe ExampleMainframe Example AARP (American Association of Retired Persons)AARP (American Association of Retired Persons)

– MembersMembers 35 million members35 million members 76 million baby-boomers preparing for retirement76 million baby-boomers preparing for retirement

– Central customer databaseCentral customer database Can be accessed byCan be accessed by

– MembersMembers– Trading partnersTrading partners

Insurance providersInsurance providers Retirement communitiesRetirement communities

– TechnologyTechnology Mainframe used for customer databaseMainframe used for customer database

– CentralizedCentralized Member information can be maintained and secured independently of Member information can be maintained and secured independently of

the numerous IT applications that use it the numerous IT applications that use it – ReliableReliable– ScalableScalable

Will support increasing numbers of transactions as membership growsWill support increasing numbers of transactions as membership grows– Continuously updatedContinuously updated

Makes it easier to market products and services to its membersMakes it easier to market products and services to its members– Application-independentApplication-independent

Common interface to the database for suppliersCommon interface to the database for suppliers Standard method for integrating applications with the databaseStandard method for integrating applications with the database

What a SuperComputer Looks LikeWhat a SuperComputer Looks Like

Terabyte: A thousand billion bytes or a thousand gigabytes

Gigaflop: One billion floating point operations per second

Supercomputer ExampleSupercomputer Example

IBM's Blue Gene/L at Lawrence IBM's Blue Gene/L at Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermore National Laboratory– 131,072 microprocessors 131,072 microprocessors – 135.3 trillion floating-point operations 135.3 trillion floating-point operations

per second (135.3 teraflops)per second (135.3 teraflops)– Used forUsed for

Nuclear weapons simulationsNuclear weapons simulationsBiochemical applicationsBiochemical applications

– Perform intricate calculations to simulate protein Perform intricate calculations to simulate protein folding specified by genetic codes folding specified by genetic codes

Overview of SoftwareOverview of Software

Computer programs: Computer programs: sequences sequences of instructionsof instructions

Two TypesTwo Types– Systems software:Systems software: coordinates the coordinates the

activities of hardware and programsactivities of hardware and programs– Application software: Application software: helps users helps users

solve particular problemssolve particular problems

Supporting Individual, Group, Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goalsand Organizational Goals

Sphere of influence: Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and the scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a particular software applicationopportunities addressed by a particular software application– PersonalPersonal– WorkgroupWorkgroup– EnterpriseEnterprise

Software: Operating SystemSoftware: Operating System

When selecting an operating system, When selecting an operating system, you must consider the current and you must consider the current and future requirements for application future requirements for application software to meet the needs of the software to meet the needs of the organization. In addition, your choice organization. In addition, your choice of a particular operating system of a particular operating system must be consistent with your choice must be consistent with your choice of hardware.of hardware.

Systems Software: Systems Software: Operating SystemsOperating Systems

Operating system (OS): Operating system (OS): set ofset of programs that control the hardware and programs that control the hardware and act as an interface with applicationsact as an interface with applications

Common hardware functionsCommon hardware functions– Get input (e.g., keyboard)Get input (e.g., keyboard)– Retrieve data from disks and store data on Retrieve data from disks and store data on

disksdisks– Display information on a monitor or printerDisplay information on a monitor or printer

Operating SystemsOperating Systems

Operating SystemsOperating Systems

User interfaceUser interface– Allows individuals to access and Allows individuals to access and

command the computer systemcommand the computer system– Command-based user interface: Command-based user interface:

uses text commandsuses text commands– Graphical user interface (GUI): Graphical user interface (GUI): uses uses

icons and menus to send commands to icons and menus to send commands to the computer systemthe computer system

Operating SystemsOperating Systems

Hardware independenceHardware independence– Application program interface (API): Application program interface (API):

allows applications to make use of the allows applications to make use of the operating systemoperating system

Memory managementMemory management– Control how memory is accessed and Control how memory is accessed and

maximize available memory and storagemaximize available memory and storage

Processing tasksProcessing tasks– Multitasking: Multitasking: more than one program more than one program

running at the same timerunning at the same time– Time-sharing: Time-sharing: more than one person using a more than one person using a

computer system at the same timecomputer system at the same time– Scalability:Scalability: ability to handle an increasing ability to handle an increasing

number of concurrent users smoothlynumber of concurrent users smoothly Networking capability: features that aid users in Networking capability: features that aid users in

connecting to a computer networkconnecting to a computer network

Operating SystemsOperating Systems

Operating SystemsOperating Systems

Access to system resourcesAccess to system resources– Protection against unauthorized accessProtection against unauthorized access– Logons and passwordsLogons and passwords

File managementFile management– Ensures that files in secondary storage Ensures that files in secondary storage

are are Available when neededAvailable when neededProtected from access by unauthorized Protected from access by unauthorized

usersusers

Current Operating SystemsCurrent Operating Systems

Operating System ExampleOperating System Example

Open source operating systems (Linux)Open source operating systems (Linux)– Increasing comfort level with this alternativeIncreasing comfort level with this alternative– Dominates as server operating systemDominates as server operating system– Why?Why?

Lower total cost of ownershipLower total cost of ownership Lower capital investmentLower capital investment Greater reliability and uptime compared to Greater reliability and uptime compared to

commercial alternativescommercial alternatives Greater flexibility and controlGreater flexibility and control Faster, cheaper application developmentFaster, cheaper application development

Application SoftwareApplication Software

Gives users the ability to solve problems Gives users the ability to solve problems and perform specific tasksand perform specific tasks

Interacts with systems software; systems Interacts with systems software; systems software then directs the hardware to software then directs the hardware to perform the tasksperform the tasks

Software spheres of influenceSoftware spheres of influence– PersonalPersonal– Work groupWork group– EnterpriseEnterprise– Value ChainValue Chain

Personal Productivity Personal Productivity Application SoftwareApplication Software

Designed primarily for individual useDesigned primarily for individual use Support individual productivitySupport individual productivity Major categoriesMajor categories

– Word processingWord processing– SpreadsheetSpreadsheet– DatabaseDatabase– GraphicsGraphics

Often purchased as suites of Often purchased as suites of softwaresoftware

Workgroup Application SoftwareWorkgroup Application Software

Workgroup application software: Workgroup application software: supports teamwork, whether people supports teamwork, whether people are in the same location or dispersed are in the same location or dispersed around the worldaround the world

Groupware:Groupware: software that helps software that helps groups of people work together more groups of people work together more efficiently and effectivelyefficiently and effectively

Workgroup SoftwareWorkgroup Software

Workgroup software applicationsWorkgroup software applications– EmailEmail– Instant messagingInstant messaging– Video conferencingVideo conferencing– Application sharingApplication sharing– WhiteboardsWhiteboards– Task schedulingTask scheduling– Centralized storage of group filesCentralized storage of group files– File version controlFile version control

Enterprise Application SoftwareEnterprise Application Software

Software that benefits an entire Software that benefits an entire organizationorganization

Enterprise resource planning Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software:(ERP) software: programs that programs that manage a company’s vital business manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, operations for an entire multisite, global organizationglobal organization

Enterprise Software ApplicationsEnterprise Software Applications

In an ERP suite, all of these applications would be softwaremodules that you could buy separately or in combination

Enterprise Software ExampleEnterprise Software Example

Software DevelopmentSoftware Development

Proprietary software: Proprietary software: unique unique program for a specific application, program for a specific application, usually developed and owned by a usually developed and owned by a single companysingle company

Off-the-shelf software: Off-the-shelf software: purchased purchased softwaresoftware– Customized packageCustomized package

Application Service Provider (ASP)Application Service Provider (ASP)

Software DevelopmentSoftware Development Do not develop proprietary application software unless Do not develop proprietary application software unless

doing so will meet a compelling business need that can doing so will meet a compelling business need that can provide a competitive advantage.provide a competitive advantage.

BUILD VS. BUYBUILD VS. BUYThe basic arguments in the buy-vs.-build debate remain The basic arguments in the buy-vs.-build debate remain unchanged. unchanged.

WHY BUILD?WHY BUILD? Avoid painful vendor licensing terms Avoid painful vendor licensing terms Gain competitive advantage Gain competitive advantage Adapt to new technology, such as grid computing Adapt to new technology, such as grid computing

WHY BUY?WHY BUY? Leverage vendors’ economies of scale Leverage vendors’ economies of scale Gain broader integration capabilities Gain broader integration capabilities Ensure that code knowledge won’t be lost Ensure that code knowledge won’t be lost

Software Development ExampleSoftware Development Example

Hyundai Information Service North Hyundai Information Service North America LLCAmerica LLC– IT arm of Hyundai Motor AmericaIT arm of Hyundai Motor America– Builds own software offshoreBuilds own software offshore– Why?Why?

More customizationMore customizationSmall, unique applicationsSmall, unique applicationsNo licensing annoyancesNo licensing annoyances

– Example: switch from concurrent users to name Example: switch from concurrent users to name seat licensing would have raised cost by $3,300 seat licensing would have raised cost by $3,300 per user for a purchased applicationper user for a purchased application

Software Development:Software Development:Programming LanguagesProgramming Languages

Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statementsof rules for constructing statements

Allow humans to communicate instructions Allow humans to communicate instructions to be executed by a computerto be executed by a computer

Syntax: Syntax: a set of rules associated with a a set of rules associated with a programming languageprogramming language

Different languages have characteristics Different languages have characteristics that make them appropriate for particular that make them appropriate for particular types of applicationstypes of applications

Programming Language EvolutionProgramming Language Evolution

Software DevelopmentSoftware Development

Choose a programming language Choose a programming language whose functional characteristics are whose functional characteristics are appropriate for the task at hand, appropriate for the task at hand, taking into consideration the skills taking into consideration the skills and experience of the programming and experience of the programming staff.staff.